Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2005. / Bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

Objectifs : Les résultats d'études épidémiologiques et de laboratoire suggèrent l'existence de relations entre les facteurs de croissance, la vitamine D, le calcium, la densité mammaire et le risque de cancer du sein. Cette étude transversale examine si les niveaux sanguins de facteurs de croissance (IGF-I, IGFBP-3 et peptide C) sont associés aux densités mammaires, et si IGF-I ou IGFBP-3 peut influencer la force de l'association entre les apports alimentaires en vitamine D et en calcium et la densité mammaire. Méthode : Des femmes pré-ménopausées (n=783) et post-ménopausées (n=791) ont été recrutées lors d'une mammographie de dépistage. Le pourcentage de densités mammaires telle que visualisée à la mammographie a été estimée par une méthode assistée par ordinateur, les niveaux d'IGF-I, d'IGFBP-3 et de peptide C par ELISA, et les apports en vitamine D et en calcium par un questionnaire de fréquences alimentaires. Résultats : Chez les femmes pré-ménopausées, les niveaux élevés d'IGF-I et faibles d'IGFBP-3 étaient corrélés de façon indépendante à des densités mammaires élevées (rs=O,083; P=0,021 et rs=-0,124; P=0,0005). De plus, les femmes avec une combinaison de niveaux élevés d'IGF-I et faibles d'IGFBP-3 avaient une densité mammaire moyenne de 53,8% comparée à 40,9% pour celles ayant une combinaison de niveaux faibles d'IGF-I et élevés d'IGFBP-3 (P=0,014). Par ailleurs, les niveaux circulants d'IGF-I ou d'IGFBP-3 semblent modifier la force de l'association négative entre les apports en vitamine D (VitD) ou en calcium (Ca) et la densité mammaire (P ineraction<0,16). Des associations négatives entre ces nutriments et la densité mammaire ont été observées uniquement chez les femmes avec des niveaux élevés d'IGF-I (VitD : |3=-2,8 et Ca : p=-2,5; P<0,002) ou d'IGFBP-3 (VitD : P=-2,7 et Ca : p=-2,7; P<0,001). Aucune de ces associations n'a été observée chez les femmes post-ménopausées. Aucune association n'a été observée entre les niveaux de peptide C et la densité mammaire. Conclusions : Les résultats supportent les hypothèses qu'IGF-I et IGFBP-3 sont associés aux densités mammaires, et que la force de l'association entre les apports en vitamine D ou en calcium et la densité mammaire varie selon les niveaux d'IGF-I ou d'IGFBP-3 chez les femmes pré-ménopausées. / Objectives : Epidemiologic and laboratory findings suggest some relations between IGF-I, IGFBP-3, vitamin D, calcium, mammography breast density and breast cancer risk. This study was designed specifically to test the hypothesis that levels of growth factors (IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and C-peptide) are associated with mammography breast density, and to examine whether levels of IGF-I or IGFBP-3 could affect the strength of the association of vitamin D and calcium dietary intakes with mammography breast density. Methods : A total of 783 premenopausal and 791 postmenopausal women were recruited during screening mammography examinations. Blood samples were collected at the time of mammography, and plasma IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and C-peptide levels were measured by ELISA. The percentage of the breast that is mammographically dense was estimated using a computer-assisted method. Intakes of vitamin D and calcium were obtained by a food frequency questionnaire. Results : Among premenopausal women, high levels of IGF-I and low levels of IGFBP-3 were independently correlated with high breast density (rs=O.O83; P=0.021 and rs=-0.124; P=0.0005, respectively). Women with combined levels of high IGF-I and low IGFBP-3 had higher mean breast density than those with a combination of low IGF-I and high IGFBP-3 levels (53.8% versus 40.9%; P=0.014). On the other hand, levels of IGF-I or IGFBP-3 appear to modify the strength of the negative association of vitamin D (VitD) or calcium (Ca) intake with breast density (^interaction <0.16). Negative associations of these nutrients and breast density were observed only among women with high levels of IGF-I (VitD : p=- 2.8 and Ca: p=-2.5; P<0.002) or high levels of IGFBP-3 (VitD : p=-2.7 and Ca : p=-2.7; P<0.001). None of these associations was observed among postmenopausal women. No association was observed between levels of C-peptide and breast density. Conclusions : Our findings support the hypothesis that IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are associated with premenopausal breast density, and that the strength of the negative relation of vitamin D and calcium intakes with mammography breast density varies with levels of IGF-I or IGFBP-3 among premenopausal women.

L'obésité est une épidémie mondiale qui augmente le risque de développer un diabète de type 2 ainsi que ses complications. Chez les individus obèses, le tissu adipeux sécrète de grandes quantités d'hormones et de cytokines qui affectent négativement le métabolisme du glucose et des lipides, ce qui provoque l'inflammation et la résistance à l'insuline. L'obésité augmente également l'activité du système rénine-angiotensine (RAS) localement au niveau de différents tissus et de façon systémique dans la circulation. L’angiotensinogène est convertie en angiotensine I par la rénine, ainsi que par la prorénine uniquement quand la prorénine est liée au récepteur de la rénine et prorénine [(P)RR] 1 . Ceci est la voie angiotensine-dépendante (Ang-D) du (P)RR. La liaison de la rénine et de la prorénine avec le (P)RR active également une voie angiotensine-indépendante (Ang-ND), ce qui produit une signalisation intracellulaire comportant la mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), la extracellular regulatory kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), la promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) et le tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). Ceux-ci peuvent provoquer la croissance et la prolifération cellulaire, l'apoptose et la fibrose et pourraient donc être reliés aux dommages tissulaires et aux complications associées à l'obésité 1, 2. Plusieurs effets bénéfiques d’un blocage pharmacologique du (P)RR ont été rapportés tels la prévention du développement d'une fibrose cardiaque et rénale ainsi que la prévention de la néphropathie et de la rétinopathie diabétique. Cependant, les effets du (P)RR dans le tissu adipeux ont été peu étudiés. Par conséquent, notre objectif était d'étudier le rôle du (P)RR dans le développement de l'obésité et de la résistance à l'insuline par : 1) l'administration de HRP (un peptide bloquant l’effet du (P)RR) chez un modèle de souris obèse par l’administration d’une diète riche en gras (HFD), et 2) l’évaluation de souris ayant une délétion (KO) du gène (P)RR spécifiquement dans le tissu adipeux, qui a été généré dans notre laboratoire par la technologie Cre-LoxP. L'expression du gène et de la protéine du (P)RR dans les tissus adipeux était augmentée chez les souris nourries avec une HFD indépendamment du traitement au HRP. Le traitement par le HRP a réduit le poids corporel et la masse adipeuse chez les souris nourries avec une HFD alors qu’une tendance pouvait être observée chez les souris sur diète normale (ND). De façon similaire, les souris (P)RR KO spécifiquement dans le tissu adipeux avaient une réduction du poids corporel et de la masse adipeuse, même sur ND, ce qui suggère fortement l'implication du (P)RR dans le tissu adipeux dans le développement de l'obésité. Le phénotype des souris KO incluait une augmentation de l'activité horizontale uniquement dans leur période active, ce qui pourrait contribuer à augmenter leur métabolisme énergétique et ainsi réduire leur poids corporel et leur masse adipeuse. De plus, les souris KO homozygotes mâles avaient un métabolisme de base plus élevé car nous avons observé une augmentation de la consommation d'oxygène et de la production de dioxyde de carbone pendant leur période active et de sommeil. Cette augmentation du métabolisme pourrait résulter, en partie, d'une augmentation de la thermogenèse comme en témoigne l’expression accrue du gène de brunissement, PRDM16, dans le tissu adipeux péri-rénale de souris mâles KO. Conformément à cela, des résultats récents provenant de notre laboratoire ont également démontré que le HRP pouvait induire du brunissement au niveau du tissu adipeux sous-cutanée 3. Chez les souris traitées avec le HRP, bien que la glycémie eût été similaire aux souris recevant le placebo, l'insuline plasmatique et le rapport insuline/glucose était plus faible indépendamment de la diète. De façon similaire, les souris (P)RR KO avaient une insulinémie et un taux de peptide C plus faibles par rapport aux souris contrôles, sans aucune différence dans les courbes de la glycémie au cours d'un test de tolérance au glucose par voie orale. Les niveaux d'insuline dans l’état basal et stimulé étaient significativement plus faibles chez les souris KO, sans aucune modification du contenu pancréatique en insuline et du ratio insuline/peptide-C, ceci indique donc qu’il n’y a pas eu d’altération du niveau du métabolisme pancréatique de l'insuline. L’augmentation de l'adiponectine plasmatique chez les souris KO pourrait, entre autres, contribuer à une meilleure sensibilité à l'insuline observée. De plus, dans les groupes traités aux HRP, nous avons observé une amélioration du profil d'expression des gènes des transporteurs de glucose GLUT1 et GLUT4, du TNF-alpha, MCP-1, F4/80 et de la leptine dans le tissu adipeux ce qui pourrait contribuer à la meilleure sensibilité à l'insuline. Comme une meilleure sensibilité à l'insuline a été observée chez la souris suite au blocage pharmacologique et à la suppression génétique du (P)RR, ceci suggère que le (P)RR est impliqué dans la régulation de l’homéostasie du glucose. De plus, un taux circulant réduit des triglycérides (TG) a été observé chez les souris traitées au HRP, alors que des niveaux inférieurs de TG ont été trouvés seulement dans les muscles squelettiques chez les souris KO. Ces modifications du métabolisme des lipides et des taux circulants d'adiponectine résultent probablement d'un tissu adipeux plus sain tel que révélé par nos analyses histologiques démontrant une réduction de la taille des adipocytes chez les souris KO et traitées au HRP 3. Nos résultats démontrent que le (P)RR, en particulier dans le tissu adipeux, est impliqué dans la régulation du poids corporel et de l'homéostasie du glucose probablement par la modulation de la morphologie et de la fonction des adipocytes. Le développement d'une nouvelle stratégie clinique axée sur le blocage du (P)RR pourrait aider à traiter l'obésité et ses pathologies associées telles la résistance à l'insuline et le diabète de type 2. / Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its complications. In obesity, adipose tissue secretes large amounts of hormones and cytokines that negatively regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, causing inflammation and insulin resistance. Obesity also increases the activity of both local (tissue-specific) and circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin, whereas prorenin may only do so upon binding to the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] 1. This is thus the angiotensin-dependent (Ang-D) pathway of the (P)RR. The binding of renin and prorenin with the (P)RR also activates an angiotensin-independent pathway (Ang-ND), leading to intracellular signaling involving, for instance, the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), the extracellular regulatory kinase ½ (Erk1/2), the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) 1, 2. These can produce cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis and fibrosis 1, 2, and as such may contribute to tissue damage and complications associated with obesity. The beneficial effects of pharmacological blockade of the (P)RR include prevention of the development of cardiac and renal fibrosis, as well as of diabetes-associated nephropathy and retinopathy. However, effects of the (P)RR in adipose tissue have been poorly investigated. Hence, our objective was to study the role of the (P)RR in the development of obesity and insulin resistance by: 1) administering HRP (a (P)RR blocker peptide) to mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and 2) in knock-out (KO) mice with adipose tissue-specific (P)RR gene deletion, which were generated in our laboratory by cre-loxp technology. (P)RR gene and protein expression in adipose tissue were increased in mice fed a HFD independently of HRP treatment. HRP treatment also reduced mice body weight and fat masses in HFD-fed mice while they only tended to be lower in mice on normal diet (ND). Similarly, the adipose tissue specific (P)RR KO mice had reduced body weight and fat masses, even on ND, and as such confirmed the involvement of adipose tissue (P)RR in the development of obesity. The KO phenotype included increased horizontal activity, only in the dark cycle (active period), which would increase energy expenditure and could contribute to their lower body weight and fat mass. Male hemizygous KO mice had higher basal metabolic rate as they had increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during both their active and inactive period. This increased basal metabolism may result in part from an increase in thermogenesis as increased “beiging” gene expression, PRDM16, was observed in peri-renal fat of male KO mice. In line with this, recent results from our laboratory have also shown that HRP may induce “beiging” in subcutaneous fat 3. In mice treated with the HRP, although glycemia was similar to placebo treated mice, plasma insulin and the insulin to glucose ratio were lower compared to untreated groups on both HFD or ND. Similarly, (P)RR KO mice had lower plasma insulin and C-peptide levels compared to controls, without any differences in the glycemia curves during an oral glucose tolerance test. Given that the basal and stimulated insulin levels were significantly lower in KO mice, without any changes in total pancreatic insulin content and with similar insulin to C-peptide ratio, this suggests that pancreatic insulin metabolism was not modified. The increased circulating adiponectin levels observed in KO mice may have contributed to the better insulin sensitivity present in the mice. In the HRP treated mice, we observed an improved gene expression profile of glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, F4/80 and leptin in adipose tissue, which may also contribute to the increased insulin sensitivity. Given that better insulin sensitivity was observed in mice with both (P)RR pharmacological blockade and genetic suppression, this suggests that the (P)RR is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In addition, lower circulating triglycerides (TG) levels were found in mice treated with HRP, whereas lower TG levels were observed only in skeletal muscles in (P)RR KO mice. Put altogether, the lower lipid content and higher plasma adiponectin levels likely result from a healthier fat tissue as revealed by histological analysis which showed a reduction in adipocytes size in KO mice and was recently revealed in HRP treated HFD fed mice 3. Our results demonstrate that the (P)RR, particularly in adipose tissue, is implicated in the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis via modulation of adipocytes morphology and function. The development of a new clinical strategy focused on blockade of the (P)RR specifically in adipose tissue could help to treat obesity and its associated pathologies such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Nos últimos anos, o sistema do peptídeo natriurético do tipo C (CNP) e seu receptor (NPR-B) foi apontado como um importante regulador do processo de ossificação endocondral. Vários estudos em animais evidenciam o seu papel de estímulo à proliferação e diferenciação de condrócitos e secreção de matriz extracelular. Mutações bialélicas com perda de função do gene do NPR-B (NPR2) levam a uma doença denominada displasia acromesomélica do tipo Maroteaux (AMDM), uma displasia esquelética caracterizada por baixa estatura extrema. Observa-se que familiares de pacientes com AMDM carreadores de mutação no NPR2 têm estatura abaixo da média da população a qual pertencem, sugerindo um papel de mutações em heterozigose do NPR2 como causadoras de baixa estatura idiopática (BEI). Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a presença de mutações no gene NPR2 em um grupo de pacientes com BEI e correlacionar os achados moleculares com o fenótipo dos pacientes e familiares. A região codificadora do gene NPR2 foi sequenciada pelo método de Sanger em 60 pacientes com diagnóstico de BEI. Foram identificadas cinco diferentes variantes alélicas missense em heterozigose no NPR2, cada uma em um único paciente. Essas variantes foram submetidas à análise funcional in vitro para avaliação da atividade da guanililciclase e microscopia confocal para localização intracelular dos receptores NPR-B. As variantes c.226T > C / p.Ser76Pro, c.788G > C / p.Arg263Pro e c.2455C > T / p.Arg819Cys segregam com o fenótipo de baixa estatura dentro das famílias e determinam um prejuízo funcional ao NPR-B. As três variantes geram proteínas que exercem efeito dominante negativo e os receptores NPR-B com as mutações p.Ser76Pro e p.Arg263Pro não se localizam na membrana celular. As variantes c.491C > G / p.Ala164Gly e c.1636A > T / p.Asn546Tyr não segregam com o fenótipo de baixa estatura nas famílias e não se evidenciou um efeito dominante negativo. O escore-Z da altura dos indivíduos carreadores das variantes funcionalmente deletérias variou de -4,5 a -1,7. Um dos pacientes e dois familiares apresentam desproporção corporal e um paciente tem metacarpos curtos. Como conclusão, mutações em heterozigose no gene NPR2 são causa de baixa estatura em 3 de 60 pacientes com diagnóstico inicial de BEI (5% da nossa casuística). Os indivíduos afetados têm graus variados de baixa estatura, sem um fenótipo característico / Over the past several years, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its receptor (NPR-B) system has emerged as an important regulator of endochondral bone growth. Animal models showed a CNP/NPR-B role in promoting chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation and matrix synthesis. Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in NPR-B gene (NPR2) cause acromesomelic dysplasia type Maroteux (AMDM), a skeletal dysplasia with extreme short stature. Relatives of patients with AMDM, heterozygous for NPR2 mutations, were noted to be shorter than expected for their population of origin, suggesting that heterozygous mutations in NPR2 could be a cause of idiopathic short stature (ISS). The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of NPR2 mutations in a group of patients with ISS and to correlate molecular findings with phenotype. The NPR2 coding region was sequenced by Sanger\'s method in 60 patients with ISS. Five different heterozygous missense variants in NPR2 were identified in five patients. The functional consequences of those variants were established using in vitro cell-based assay to determine guanylate cyclase activity and confocal microscopy to determine intracellular localization of NPR-B. The variants c.226T > C / p.Ser76Pro, c.788G > C / p.Arg263Pro and c.2455C > T / p.Arg819Cys segregated with short stature phenotype and were functionally deleterious. NPR-B receptors with these three variants have a dominantnegative effect and p.Ser76Pro and p.Arg263Pro NPR-B were not localized in the cell membrane. Cosegregation analysis of the variants c.491C > G / p.Ala164Gly and c.1636A > T / p.Asn546Tyr was inconclusive and they did not have a dominant negative effect. Carriers of functionally deleterious variants have a height SD score that ranged from -4.5 to -1.7. One of these patients and two relatives have disproportionate short stature and one has shortened metacarpal. In conclusion, heterozygous mutations in NPR2 gene are cause of short stature in 3 of 60 patients initially classified as ISS (5% of our cohort). Affected individuals have variable degrees of short stature without a distinct phenotype

Nos últimos anos, o sistema do peptídeo natriurético do tipo C (CNP) e seu receptor (NPR-B) foi apontado como um importante regulador do processo de ossificação endocondral. Vários estudos em animais evidenciam o seu papel de estímulo à proliferação e diferenciação de condrócitos e secreção de matriz extracelular. Mutações bialélicas com perda de função do gene do NPR-B (NPR2) levam a uma doença denominada displasia acromesomélica do tipo Maroteaux (AMDM), uma displasia esquelética caracterizada por baixa estatura extrema. Observa-se que familiares de pacientes com AMDM carreadores de mutação no NPR2 têm estatura abaixo da média da população a qual pertencem, sugerindo um papel de mutações em heterozigose do NPR2 como causadoras de baixa estatura idiopática (BEI). Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a presença de mutações no gene NPR2 em um grupo de pacientes com BEI e correlacionar os achados moleculares com o fenótipo dos pacientes e familiares. A região codificadora do gene NPR2 foi sequenciada pelo método de Sanger em 60 pacientes com diagnóstico de BEI. Foram identificadas cinco diferentes variantes alélicas missense em heterozigose no NPR2, cada uma em um único paciente. Essas variantes foram submetidas à análise funcional in vitro para avaliação da atividade da guanililciclase e microscopia confocal para localização intracelular dos receptores NPR-B. As variantes c.226T > C / p.Ser76Pro, c.788G > C / p.Arg263Pro e c.2455C > T / p.Arg819Cys segregam com o fenótipo de baixa estatura dentro das famílias e determinam um prejuízo funcional ao NPR-B. As três variantes geram proteínas que exercem efeito dominante negativo e os receptores NPR-B com as mutações p.Ser76Pro e p.Arg263Pro não se localizam na membrana celular. As variantes c.491C > G / p.Ala164Gly e c.1636A > T / p.Asn546Tyr não segregam com o fenótipo de baixa estatura nas famílias e não se evidenciou um efeito dominante negativo. O escore-Z da altura dos indivíduos carreadores das variantes funcionalmente deletérias variou de -4,5 a -1,7. Um dos pacientes e dois familiares apresentam desproporção corporal e um paciente tem metacarpos curtos. Como conclusão, mutações em heterozigose no gene NPR2 são causa de baixa estatura em 3 de 60 pacientes com diagnóstico inicial de BEI (5% da nossa casuística). Os indivíduos afetados têm graus variados de baixa estatura, sem um fenótipo característico / Over the past several years, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its receptor (NPR-B) system has emerged as an important regulator of endochondral bone growth. Animal models showed a CNP/NPR-B role in promoting chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation and matrix synthesis. Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in NPR-B gene (NPR2) cause acromesomelic dysplasia type Maroteux (AMDM), a skeletal dysplasia with extreme short stature. Relatives of patients with AMDM, heterozygous for NPR2 mutations, were noted to be shorter than expected for their population of origin, suggesting that heterozygous mutations in NPR2 could be a cause of idiopathic short stature (ISS). The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of NPR2 mutations in a group of patients with ISS and to correlate molecular findings with phenotype. The NPR2 coding region was sequenced by Sanger\'s method in 60 patients with ISS. Five different heterozygous missense variants in NPR2 were identified in five patients. The functional consequences of those variants were established using in vitro cell-based assay to determine guanylate cyclase activity and confocal microscopy to determine intracellular localization of NPR-B. The variants c.226T > C / p.Ser76Pro, c.788G > C / p.Arg263Pro and c.2455C > T / p.Arg819Cys segregated with short stature phenotype and were functionally deleterious. NPR-B receptors with these three variants have a dominantnegative effect and p.Ser76Pro and p.Arg263Pro NPR-B were not localized in the cell membrane. Cosegregation analysis of the variants c.491C > G / p.Ala164Gly and c.1636A > T / p.Asn546Tyr was inconclusive and they did not have a dominant negative effect. Carriers of functionally deleterious variants have a height SD score that ranged from -4.5 to -1.7. One of these patients and two relatives have disproportionate short stature and one has shortened metacarpal. In conclusion, heterozygous mutations in NPR2 gene are cause of short stature in 3 of 60 patients initially classified as ISS (5% of our cohort). Affected individuals have variable degrees of short stature without a distinct phenotype