Balanced scorecard is a management system, which can be used for implementing organized strategy. Balanced scorecard, originated in America in 1990, emphasizes four-dimension performance appraising should be measured by strategy and be linked to business compensation and reward system. Likewise, Balanced scorecard is not only a performance measurement system, but also a management system linking with the strategy planning and reward system. This research is positioned as a case study focusing on one stock-published company in Security Industry and trying to analyze industry environment. In this research, Balanced scorecard can be considered as strategy-base carrying out BSC model by interview and case study . The purposes are listed as below: 1. Using Balanced Scorecard system in Security Industry company 2. Planning Key Performance Index in Security Industry company. 3. Discussing the necessity for Security Industry and suggest future direction for case company and researchers.

A number of factors have contributed to increased pressure on plant operating efficiency in the chemical processing industry. These factors include more stringent environmental and safety regulations, global economic pressures and downsizing of many support services in order to save money. Control performance monitoring is a tool that is used to keep control systems performing as optimally as possible. Various performance metrics and methods exist to evaluate plant operation. In essence, however, they all refer to the same principle which is to indicate how far a plant is operating from its inherent optimum and what can be done to ensure that the gap between the optimum and the current operation is as small as possible over the longest possible period. Performance monitoring is, although well researched, not a generic, complete and specific application. Current shortcomings of monitoring applications include the following; they are process or unit operation specific and they provide local indications of performance and do not provide a plant wide evaluation of how close the plant is operating to its inherent optimum. Performance reports are usually in terms of statistical measures and graphics which are usually abstract and vague. For high level decisions making (on operation end economic investment) simple and quantifiable measures are needed that are repeatable and transparent. The focus of this project was to develop and implement a regulatory performance monitoring structure for real-time application on an industrial pilot scale distillation column. The structure was implemented by means of two graphical interfaces. The first interface provides a holistic plantwide indication of performance and indicates sources of poor performance in the regulatory control structure. The plantwide interface includes a proposed plant wide performance index (PWI) that reduces operational efficiency to one specific number. The second interface supplements the plantwide interface by providing statistical information on individual loop performance. The individual loop interface is a tool to locate causes of poor performance in the regulatory control structure to aid controller and plant maintenance. / Dissertation (MEng (Control Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

With the growing acceptance of photovoltaic (PV) systems globally including Sweden, an increasing number of PV systems has continually been installed all through Sweden. In this study, a selected residential area in Uppsala Sweden is considered as a possible site for PV system installation. Due to the intermittent nature of this energy source and the disturbances it causes to the grid, there is therefore the need to determine the amount of PV that can be accommodated by the already existing grid without any adverse effect to it. This is known as hosting capacity (HC). The HC signifies the level of risks the network operator as well as customers are willing to take with regard to the stability of the grid network. Many possibilities exist by which this can be done which are well discussed later in this report. However, the deterministic method is used in this work. For an effective determination of the HC, the DIgSILENT Power Factory 2021 is used to simulate a synthetic network assumed to be similar to that of the area studied. A parametric analysis is also done to as certain the impact some network variables would have on the limit of PV systems a grid network can accommodate. The results of the study showed that under 0 % penetration, the grid network is stable and no violations witnessed neither from the network with 800 kVA transformer considered as the main network in this study nor that with 500 kVA used for the parametric studies. However, the loadings on the two transformers varied by about 15 %. Integrating PVs into the grid network introduced some level of instability which increases as the size of the PVs increases. This shows the need to peg the PVs’ size to a certain maximum to be able to have control over the grid network. Customers are allowed to install lower sizes but not more than this maximum. The results also showed that changing the transformer size do not affect the nodal voltages nor the cable loadings in the network provided all other parameters remained the same. The only impact is on the transformer loading, with smaller transformers experiencing higher loading condition. This study serves as a basis to determine the initial range of PV sizes customers are allowed to install in the area studied in Uppsala Sweden.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Brandy has a high alcohol content of at least 36% alcohol by volume and a complex volatile chemical structure. Due to this, the sensory evaluation of brandy is challenging to execute and must be carefully managed to avoid panellists’ sensory and mental fatigue. Although rapid sensory profiling methods, such as projective mapping (PM), are commonly used for fast moving consumer goods, it was unclear whether these methods could accommodate the difficulties associated with brandy evaluation. The primary objective of this study was to validate PM, also called Napping®, as a reliable tool for brandy evaluation. Two variations of PM were tested: global napping (GN) where products are evaluated based on overall sensory perception, and partial napping (PN) where the product perception is broken down in to separate sensory modalities, in this case appearance, aroma and in-mouth sensations. Several practical aspects of PM were investigated in order to optimise the method for brandy evaluation and to gain understanding into practical methodological aspects that have not been fully understood at the onset of this study. The results showed that both GN and PN delivered reliable results, but that PN was more reproducible and better suited to larger sample sets (10 products). The concept of in-mouth sensations was found to be ineffective in extracting useful information on mouthfeel differences in the product set and that retronasal flavour should be separated from basic tastes and mouthfeel. A verbal instruction to the panellists was sufficient to obtain reliable information on mouthfeel differences; it was not necessary to use black glasses or nose-clips to eliminate the influence of appearance and flavour perception. In response to the insufficient reproducibility of GN, the sorting method was tested and validated as a suitable screening method that delivered reliable product maps of larger sample sets (10 products) in one replication, compared to GN which has to be replicated several times. A recent hypothesis states that the elongated horizontal dimension of a rectangular PM tasting sheet could be used to elicit more prominent product differences, while tasting sheets without an elongated axis, such as circles or squares, could be used to bring forth more subtle differences. This hypothesis was challenged by testing rectangular, square and round tasting sheet shapes. Although differences were observed between the shapes in terms of product configuration and panellist performance, the practical value of using different tasting sheet shapes to obtain specific information could not be established. The impact of high alcohol content and product complexity on panellist performance in PM was tested and it was concluded that product complexity did influence the panellists’ performance, particularly for high alcohol products. It was also found that prior knowledge of a products’ high alcohol content influenced the panellists’ descriptive language to include more alcohol-related terms. A new panellist performance measure was developed, namely the Relative Performance Index (RPI). This measure can be used to monitor trained panellists’ performance in the PM task more effectively to thereby ensure reliable results. The outcomes of this study extended the brandy sensory evaluation toolbox. Practical measures were identified that can be used to overcome the challenges associated with the sensory evaluation of complex high alcohol products. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met ‘n alkohol inhoud van mintens 36% alkohol per volume en ‘n komplekse vlugtige chemise samestelling is brandewyn ‘n uitdagende produk om sensories te evalueer. Maatreëls moet in plek gestel word om te verhoed dat sensoriese paneellede nie uitgeput raak nie om sodoende betroubare resultate te verseker. Hoewel vinnige sensoriese toetsmetodes, soos projeksiekartering (PM) en sortering, gereeld gebruik word vir die evaluasie van vining bewegende verbruikersgoedere was dit weens die voorafgenoemde redes onduidelik of die metodes geskik sou wees vir brandewynevaluasie. Die oorhoofse doelwit van hierdie projek was om PM, ook genoem Napping®, te valideer as ‘n geskikte metode vir die sensoriese evaluering van brandewyn. Twee variasies van PM is ondersoek: oorhoofse kartering (GN) waar die produkte op grond van ‘n algehele sensoriese waarneming evalueer word, en gedeeltelike kartering (PN), waar die verskillende sensoriese waarnemingsmodaliteite afsonderlik gemeet word. In hierdie geval is voorkoms, aroma en algehele binne-mondse ervaring gemeet. Verskeie aspekte van GN en PN is ondersoek ten einde die metodes vir brandewynevaluasie te optimiseer asook lig te werp op praktiese metodologiese aspekte waaroor daar nog onsekerheid was by die aanvang van hierdie studie. Die resultate het getoon dat beide GN en PN betroubare inligting oor brandewyn kan oplewer, maar dat PN meer herhaalbaar en beter geskik is vir groter produkstelle (10 produkte). Dit is egter bevind dat die konsep van algehele binne-mondse waarneming nie doeltreffend was om mondgevoelverskille tussen produkte uit te lig nie. Smaak- en mondgevoelwaarnemings moet liefs onderskei word van binne-mondse geurwaarneming. Dis bevind dat dit voldoende is om hierdie onderskeid deur skriftelike instruksies tot die paneel te bewerkstelling en dat die gebruik van swart glase en neusknippies nie nodig was om betekenisvolle inligting oor mondgevoel te bekom nie. Na aanleiding van die swak herhaalbaarheid van GN, is sortering getoets en gevalideer as ‘n geskikte siftingsmetode wat betroubare produkkaarte van groot produkstelle (10 produkte) kan oplewer met slegs een evaluasie, teenoor GN waarvoor meer as een sessie benodig word. ‘n Onlangse hipotese stel dat die langer horisontale dimensie van reghoekige PM proekaarte gebruik kan word om meer prominente verskille tussen produkte uit te wys, terwyl proekaarte sonder verlengde asse, soos sirkels en vierkante, gebruik kan word om meer subtiele verskille uit te wys. Hierdie hipotese is bevraagteken deur reghoekige, vierkantige en ronde PM proekaarte teenoor mekaar te toets. Hoewel die resultate vanaf die verskillende proekaarte effens verskil het in terme van produk konfigurasie en die paneel se taakverrigting, kon die praktiese waarde van die gebruik van produkkaarte met verskillende vorms om spesifieke inligting te bekom nie bevestig word nie. Die impak van hoë alkohol en produkkompleksiteit op paneellede se PM taakverrigting is ondersoek. Dit is bevind dat produkkompleksiteit wel hul taakuitvoering beinvloed, en dat hierdie invloed groter is vir hoë alkohol produkte. Dit is ook gevind dat paneellede se beskrywende taalgebruik beïnvloed om meer alkoholverwante woorde in te sluit word indien hul kennis dra van ‘n produk se hoë alkohol inhoud. ‘n Nuwe vaardigheidsberaming vir die meet van paneellede se taakverrigting is ontwikkel, naamlik die Relatiewe Taakverrigtingsindeks (RTW). Dit kan gebruik word om paneellede se vaardigheid in PM meer doeltreffend te monitor en sodoende betroubare resultate te verseker. Die uitkomste van die studie het die poel beskikbare metodes vir die sensoriese evaluering van brandewyn suksesvol verbreed en praktiese maatreëls is geidentifiseer om die uitdagings van ‘n komplekse hoë alkohol produkte te oorkom.

如何吸引外人直接投資（Foreign Direct Investment，以下簡稱FDI）一直是世界各國持續且既定的重點施政目標，因外資對解決資本缺乏及外匯短缺問題、技術及產品引進、創造貿易與就業機會、提振國內業者的投資意願與信心、促進經濟發展、加速金融與賦稅改革等方面均有顯著貢獻。 有鑑於此，本研究首次採用UNCTAD發展的外人直接投資績效指數（Inward FDI Performance Index,以下簡稱INDi），取代傳統以FDI做為衡量一國吸引外資能力的替代變數，另參考文獻歸納出吸引外資因素，輔以最小平方迴歸 (Original Least Square，OLS)、迴歸變異測量、殘差項序列自我相關及殘差項變異數不齊一存在的檢定與修正等步驟，對世界四十五國（另依開發程度區分為已開發國家及開發中國家）1999年至2001年之五大類（總體經濟環境、廠商成本、政府政策、勞動條件、基礎建設）共計11項變數進行實證分析，而獲致以下結論： （一）各模型具顯著解釋能力的變數各不同，故在選擇吸引FDI參考指標 時，應依研究對象類型的不同，選取適當變數分析以減少偏誤。 （二）各模型均不具顯著解釋能力的變數，有被投資國平均稅前所得稅率及勞動力品質，故此二變數是否適宜做為參考指標，仍有待商榷。 （三）各模型解釋變數實證結果對INDt的影響方向與原假設相同者，有被投資國開放程度、就業量、生活成本指數、政治安定度、勞動生產力、勞動力品質及交通網密度。 （四）各模型解釋變數實證結果對INDt的影響方向與原假設相反者，僅獎勵投資政策乙項。會產生此結論可能是因對抽樣國的獎勵外資政策程度評比標準無法一致且客觀所致。故吾人在參考該項變數時，對資料是否具一致性與客觀性應詳予注意。 （五）各模型均將工資率從解釋變數中剔除，此為本研究較為可惜與意外之處。 （六）在全球模型中顯著之變數是已開發國家與開發中國家各變數間互動折衷結果，如生活成本指數及獎勵投資政策。 （七）由前期外人直接投資績效指數（INDt-1）對各模型的影響，顯示出外資在決定「當期」投資區位時，會參考「過去」INDt，而不僅限於納入「當期」該國（區域）的經濟變數考量。 綜上所述，政府在規劃吸引外資政策及投資者在選擇最佳投資地點時，應依被投資國的開發程度，並參考INDt-1，來選取適當的指標以為決策參考。 而建議後續研究者可採追蹤資料的固定效果或隨機效果方式來處理跨區及時間序列資料問題，另可嘗試選取其他參考指標，並克服樣本資料之不足、不適當與有欠客觀的情況，善加利用外人直接投資績效指數為分析工具，則定能對吸引外資進入的決定因素作更精確的描述並符合世界現況。

O setor da construção civil é hoje considerado não somente o maior consumidor de recursos e energia, mas também o maior gerador de resíduos nos centros urbanos. Uma reformulação no setor faz-se necessária para a melhoria dos processos de produção e prevenção dos efeitos da poluição. Estas mudanças são essenciais para que se desenvolvam tecnologias construtivas mais limpas e mais eficientes, que reduzam os impactos ao meio ambiente através de um uso mais racional dos recursos naturais (com menor consumo energético e diminuição dos resíduos gerados), minimizando o desperdício de matéria-prima já escassas. Este trabalho foi realizado a partir de dados coletados em 10 serrarias que processam madeira serrada de pinus na região administrativa de Sorocaba. Nesta região concentra-se atualmente o maior potencial madeireiro do Estado de São Paulo, 42,3% de toda a área de florestas plantadas do Estado, sendo também o maior centro produtor de pinus do Estado, com 58,5%. Esses dados foram convertidos para o cálculo do consumo energético no processamento do eucalipto. Dada a relevância do consumo de energia e a quantidade de entulhos gerados pelo setor da construção civil, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar, dentro da cadeia produtiva da madeira serrada, o consumo energético e os resíduos gerados na produção de componentes construtivos utilizados em painéis de vedação para casas de madeira. Foram analisadas peças de seções comerciais utilizadas em três tipos diferentes de painéis. Dois destes sistemas pré-fabricados, executados na cidade de São Carlos - SP, possuem sistema estrutural em madeira serrada de eucalipto com paredes duplas de pinus. Um deles possui na face interna, lambri e, na externa, deck horizontal, enquanto o outro sistema construtivo possui na face interna, lambri e, na face externa, tábua mata-junta. O terceiro sistema de vedação, construído em Campos do Jordão - SP, é composto por estrutura em pórticos de madeira serrada de pinus com paredes externas de fechamento duplo de lambri de 2,2 cm de espessura. A parede interna é simples com apenas uma camada de lambri de igual espessura. O consumo de energia foi medido para cada tipologia de painel construído, calculando-se o número de operações de corte e a potência de cada equipamento envolvido. Os resíduos gerados foram obtidos a partir do cálculo da área de material particulado removido. O índice de desempenho energético foi aferido em kWh por metro quadrado de painel (energia) e em metros cúbicos por metro quadrado de painel (resíduo). Estes resultados poderão vir a ser comparados com diferentes materiais de construção utilizados em sistemas de vedação, assim como fornecer informações para análise do grau de sustentabilidade na produção de um edifício de madeira em relação ao consumo energético. / The civil construction sector today is considered not only the greatest consumer of material and energy resources in urban centres, but also a major generator of waste. The sector needs a reformulation for the improvement of production and for the prevention of pollution. It is therefore essential to consider cleaner and more efficient technological processes, i. e., to decrease environmental impacts through a more rational use of resources (with lower consumption of energy anbd less production-related waste), minimizing the squandering of scarce resources. The study reported on here was based on data collected from ten pine sawmills in the region of Sorocaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. This region currently possesses the greatest potential for sawed wood in the state of São Paulo, 42.3% of all the forest planted in State, and is the state\'s largest pinewood producer, about 58.5%. Those datas were also aplicated to calculate the energy consumed for sawn eucalyptus pieces. Given the relevance of energy consumption and the quantity of produced rubbish by the construction sector, the purpose of this work is to analyse the consumption of energy and the produced waste in the productive cycle of boards for wooden housing, from the cutting stage, processing, and prefabrication of componentes to the assembly of wall panels. This study involved wooden boards of commercial dimensions applied in three different types of panelling in three buildings. Two of theseprefabricated systems, executed in the city of São Carlos, have a structural system made of sawn eucalyptus wood with double walls of pine. One of them is lined internally with wainscoting and externally with horizontal decking, while the other system has internal wainscotting and external match boarding. The third system, built in Campos de Jordão, is composed of a structural framework of sawed pine, with external double shutter walls of 2.2 mm match boarding and simple internal walls consisting of a single layer of 2.2 mm thick match boarding. The consumption of energy was measured for each kind of board produced, calculated from the number of cutting operations and the power of each machines involved. The produced waste was calculated by the area of removed particulate material. The energy performance index were expressed in kWh consumed per square meter of wood panel produced (enegy) and in m3 produced per square meter of wood panel produced (waste). These data will serve as the basis for a comparison with various types of construction materials used in wall systems (concrete, brick and others), and provide information for the analysis of the sustainability of wooden construction systems from the standpoint of energy consumption.

The main concern of this work is the development of methodsfor automatic condition monitoring of control loops withapplication to the process industry. By condition monitoringboth detection and diagnosis of malfunctioning control loops isunderstood, using normal operating data and a minimum amount ofprocess knowledge. The use of indices for quantifying loop performance is dealtwith in the first part of the thesis. The starting point is anindex proposed by Harris (1989). This index has been modifiedin order to cover a larger range of processes. The same conceptis then used to assess the sampling rate in control loops.Other index-based monitoring methods where some amount ofprocess knowledge is available are discussed. The evaluation of the performance indices discussed requiresknowledge of the process dead-time. Therefore a concept calledevent-triggered estimation is introduced in the second part ofthe thesis. Both automatic data selection and dead-timeestimation methods are proposed and conditions for successfulestimation are discussed. The last part of the thesis deals with the diagnosis ofoscillations. A method to automatically diagnose staticfriction (stiction) in the actuator is presented. Furthermore,two methods are proposed which allow automatic distinction ofexternally and internally generated oscillations. All describedmethods have been implemented in a MATLAB-based graphical userinterface which is briefly described.

The supply chains of military engines are linked by the repair loop, the foreign military sale loop and the procurement loop. Based on the discipline of the performance based logistics, fleet readiness and the low life cycle cost are the key performance requirement. To response the budget constraint from increasing the investment of defensive weapon systems because of the rising of the uncertain tension situation on the both sides of the Taiwan Strait, it is necessary to have good supply chain management. However most of the managers often ignore the side effects and sequelae caused by their actions to persue the success of their strategy resulting from the complicated dynamic relationship between the strategic actions and inbound logistic process of the engine supply chains. When the managers misinterpret the feedback information with the side effects and sequelae, improper strategy planning will be made and fail to make your goals as expectancy. System dynamics can be used as the solution for unlinear, multi-variables and complicated dynamic problems of engine logistic management because of its systematic, dynamic point of view characteristics. The research approach adopts the system dynamics and tries to construct a model with the data which carry on the case study. By the expansion of the supply chain management and life cycle cost, the model was carried on the setting-up, simulation, test and analyzing of the system dynamics and will be a mechanism of decision making. Besides, through the interactive simulation of the test between performance index and system variables, the key performance indexes were found out. At the same time some strategy should be revised based on the result of simulation. Because strategy is based on the logic of cause and effect, the correct strategy map can only be built after the test with the system dynamic model. Study the conclusion: (1) The consequence of the action plan implememtation for engine maintenance management strategy with the system dynamics test can be refered as the reference for policy planning and adjustment of the strategy. (2) Construct the mechanism of spares requirement controling to eliminate the Bullwhip effect. (3) The cost effectiveness of CIP( Component Improvement Program) and RDE( Repair Development Engineering) depends on the timing and cost of implementation. Those can be validated through the interactive simulation of the test. (4) Built up the strategy map with the extension of balanced scorecard for military engine maintenance management. It is benefitted to utilize the business dynamics and strategy map with key performance index as the outcome for decision making to improve the operating performance of corporation. Lastly, to address the research result that in meaning on of managing, study limitation and the suggestion with follow-on research.

In the era of knowledge-based economy, every enterprise invariably expects to maintain and develop its core competence and emphasize that the enterprise should become a knowledge organization based on knowledgement. Meanwhile, through the enterprise culture and the working out of inspiration system, the employees will be willing to share their experiences and knowledge with others. From this respect the personal knowledge will become team knowledge which will speed up the response of learning of innovation and solution of problems to cope with the rapid change of environment and to preserve the advantage of competitiveness. By means of knowledge management (KM) an enterprise can create and pile up efficiently the intelligence accumulation, which maintain the enterprise¡¦s value forever. Success belongs to the enterprise that is constantly innovating, promptly learning and creating the value with new knowledge. This is why an enterprise should regard KM as an important asset and direct it properly. No matter the collection, accumulation, use and innovation of knowledge, human is always the key factor to influence the effect. The first priority of KM is to face the problems of ¡§human¡¨ and ¡§culture change¡¨ To establish the culture of KM is that every member of the organization has to qualify oneself for concept and ability of KM. At the meantime the common behavior of performing KM should be shaped up as a habit to maintain constantly the learning, sharing, innovating and accumulating of knowledge. This study is aimed at the exploration of how to establish the culture of KM in CSC and hope to implement the following goals: 1. To find out and control the key factors of urging KM successfully through research papers, 2. To establish KM performance index which can be traced and evaluated and corresponded with enterprise demand, 3. To collect efficient means which can perform the organization reformation, 4. To confirm the establishment of the fundamental structure of KM, 5. To support other domestic enterprises with the achievements of KM culture made by our research. From the research papers this study explores the successful key factors and the performance indexes of KM. Via the practical application of the fundamental structure of KM in CSC, we reach the construction of KM culture through gathering the methods of organization reformation, the control of accomplishing of key factors and the carry out of estimation of KM performance.

Since 1996 ¡§the Knowledge-Based Economy¡¨ was published by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), knowledge is going to change the growth of global economy and becomes the important Factor of Production. With the development of the Internet and information technology, researchers have the opportunities to implement Knowledge Management. Knowledge Management Enablers are not brand new research issues. Many researchers have mentioned KM Enablers affect KM, but how KM Enablers affect KM processes hasn¡¦t been deeply discussed. In addition, KM has been developed so many years; we still can¡¦t evaluate performance of KM. There are many researchers develop performance indexes of Knowledge Management, but those indexes are not refined. This study attempts to develop an integrated model for KM Enablers, KM processes and organizational performance because KM Enablers affect organizational performance through knowledge processes. For the purpose of supplying a method for enterprises to realize the performance of KM through KMPI (Knowledge Management Performance Index) and feedbacks from performance, we attempt to understand the efforts of the strategies that have been executed, and decide the direction of the strategies is correct or not. This study uses questionnaire investigation. The samples are the employees who adopt and use knowledge management systems in the north and south of Taiwan. In the analysis, this study use multi regression and Partial Least Squares (PLS) to test all hypotheses. In tools, this study used SPSS12.0 for Windows and Visual PLS 1.04b1. Based on statistical analysis, we obtain the conclusions of this study as follows: we find that collaboration, trust, learning, innovation and expertise in organizational culture have positive impacts on Knowledge Circulation Processes (KCP). The formalization of organizational structure also has a positive impact on KCP. Additionally, KCP has a positive impact on task performance and contextual performance.