No description available.

No description available.

A rapid scanning square wave voltammetric detector has been developed for use with high performance liquid chromatography.The electrochemical cell used in the detector was designed so that the HPLC effluent flows through the center of a large diameter platinum disk electrode and is then forced to flow radially across the electrode surface. The arrangement of the electrodes in the cell was intended to result in large analytical currents while minimizing electrical resistance and analyte band spreading in the detection zone. The detector was evaluated in terms of its minimum detectable quantity, linear dynamic range, electrochemical efficiency, and analyte band spreading. The MDQ was found to be in the low parts per billion range for hydroquinone. The detector was shown to provide data that is qualitatively superior to data obtained by amperometric detection and was shown to be compatible with gradient elution HPLC over a broad range of solvent compositions. A sensor based on the quartz crystal microbalance was also developed for use in flowing solvent streams. Quartz crystals were treated with various compounds to produce close - packed monolayer coatings which could interact with solutes entering the flow cell. The solute capacity was determined for one of the monolayer coatings and various factors that influence the magnitude of the OCM signal were investigated. These factors include the solvent flow rate, the solvent strength, solute molecular structure, and bonded phase molecular structure. The QCM sensor was found to be a convenient probe for conducting surface adsorption studies and the molar free energy of adsorption was determined for some chemically related solutes on an amine modified crystal. / Ph. D.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄ ) was closely evaluated as a carrier solvent in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The separation and retention trends of ninety-two selected compounds from eleven chemical classes (furans, thiophenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, esters, ketones, aldehydes, aromatic amines, azaarenes, alcohols and phenols) on three analytical silica-bonded phase (amino (NH₂), cyano (CN) and polar amino-cyano (PAC)) columns were investigated with CCl₄ and refractive index (RI) detection. The sample capacity and column efficiency of each of the NH₂ and PAC columns were measured and compared. Besides, a method of determining unmeasurable capacity factors (k' values) was found and illustrated. / M.S.

The extraction of fifteen (15) polymer additives with supercritical carbon dioxide which are used as antioxidants, uv stabilizers, process lubes, flame retardants and antistats from eight formulations of polystyrene is demonstrated and compared to traditional dissolution/precipitation extractions. The purpose of the study was twofold: 1) the development of a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method(s) for the additives and 2) the determination of the viability of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the additives from polystyrene. Separation of some of the additives was achieved using reversed phase liquid chromatography. Nine of the additives were assayed in this manner while, the remaining six additives could not be assayed using reversed phase liquid chromatography. In order to develop an extraction method for the additives, the effects of static extraction time, CO2 density, and temperature were first investigated. These preliminary extractions revealed that a static extraction period which afforded an opportunity for the polymer to swell combined with a high CO2 density and extraction temperature above the glass transition (Tg) yielded quantitative recoveries of the additives. Triplicate extractions of the various polystyrene formulations matched additive recoveries obtained by the traditional dissolution/precipitation method. / Master of Science

Small diameter LC columns provide rapid thermal equilibration and are ideal candidates for temperature programmed LC. Special instrumentation requirements are presented and details of column assembly are given to permit the preparation of highly efficient, stable microbore columns. Three LC temperature control systems are described and their individual strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Problems encountered in raising the temperature of an LC column are addressed and solutions are described. Experimental results of column and instrumentation evaluation are given and the effects of temperature on speed, efficiency, stability and retention of a broad range of samples is reported. Temperature and solvent programming are compared directly. / Ph. D.

Yes / Microemulsion is a stable, isotropic clear solution consisting of oil based substance, water surfactant and cosurfactant. There are two types of microemulsion which are used as a mobile phase; water in oil (w/o) and oil in water (o/w).Microemulsion has a strong ability to solubilize both hydrophobic and hydrophilic analytes, therefore reducing the pre-treatment of the sample which is needed for the complex sample. Recent reports found that separating the analytes by using microemulsion high performance liquid chromatography can be achieved with superior speed and efficiency compared to conventional HPLC modes. In this work, Oil in water (o/w) microemulsion has been used for the determination of nifedipine in pharmaceutical preparation. The effect of each parameter on the separation process was examined. The samples were injected into C18, analytical columns maintained at 30°C with a flow rate 1 ml/min. The mobile phase was 87.1% aqueous orthophosphate buffer 15 mM (adjusted to pH 3 with orthophosphoric acid), 0.8% of octane as oil, 4.5 SDS, and 7.6% 1-butanol, all w/w. The nifedipine and internal standard peaks were detected by UV detection at λ max 237 nm The calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) over nifedipine concentrations ranging from 1 to 60 μg/ml (n=6). The method has good sensitivity with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.33 μg/ml and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1.005 μg/ ml. Also it has an excellent accuracy ranging from 99.11 to 101.64%. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD %) were <0.45% and <0.9%, respectively.

A avaliação no perfil das impurezas de fármacos está sendo alvo de atenção das agências regulatórias nacionais e internacionais visto que podem gerar implicações na saúde da população. Frente a isso, as indústrias farmacêuticas devem adequarse às novas regulamentações para garantir a qualidade, segurança e eficácia dos medicamentos. O fostato de sitagliptina (STG) e vildagliptina (VLG), liberados para uso clínico no Brasil em 2006 e 2007, respectivamente, são utilizados para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Na literatura pesquisada não foram encontrados relatos referentes à determinação quantitativa de impurezas de síntese da vildagliptina e sitagliptina. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos para a determinação de impurezas dos fármacos sitagliptina e vildagliptina, além de avaliar a toxicidade dos mesmos. Foi desenvolvido e validado método analítico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para determinação do fosfato de sitagliptina na presença de duas impurezas de síntese de acordo com os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez, limites de detecção e quantificação. Para tanto, foi utilizada coluna cromatográfica XBridgeTM Pheny (250 mm x 4,6 mm, 5 μm), vazão 1,0 mL/min e detecção em 207 nm. A fase móvel foi composta por acetonitrila: solução aquosa em 0,05% de ácido fórmico (40:60, v/v). A determinação quantitativa da vildagliptina e duas impurezas de síntese foi desenvolvida e validada utilizando a técnica por cromatografia líquida de ultra-eficiência. A coluna cromatográfica utilizada corresponde ACQUITI UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2,1 mm; 1,7 μm), vazão 0,3 mL/min, volume de injeção de 1 μL e temperatura de 35°C. A fase móvel foi composta por metanol em ácido fórmico 0,1%: solução aquosa em ácido fórmico 0,1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que estes estão de acordo com os requisitos preconizados pelos códigos oficiais. Esta pesquisa também apresenta resultados referentes aos estudos de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade tanto dos fármacos quanto das respectivas impurezas realizados a partir dos ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro, óxido nítrico, espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, potencial de membrana mitocondrial e teste cometa. / Impurities profiling have attention of national and international regulatory agencies as they may generate implications for the health of the population. Against this, pharmaceutical industry must be suitable for new regulations to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of medicines. The phosphate sitagliptin and vildagliptin, released for clinical use in Brazil in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. In the literature, we not found any reports regarding the quantitative determination of impurities synthesis of vildagliptin and sitagliptin. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate analytical methods for the determination of impurities of sitagliptin and vildagliptin in addition to performing toxicological tests. It was developed and validated an analytical method by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sitagliptin in presence of two impurities synthesis according to the specific parameters, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limits of detection and quantification. The XBridgeTM Phenyl column (250 mm x 4.6 mm d.i., 5 μm), flow rate 1.0 mL/min and detection at 207 nm. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile: aqueous solution in 0.05% formic acid (40:60, v/v). The results obtained are in accordance with the requirements recommended by official guides. Quantitative determination of vildagliptin and its synthetic impurities was developed using liquid chromatography ultra efficiency. The chromatographic column ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was used, flow rate 0.3 mL/min, injection volume 1 μL and temperature 35 °C. The mobile phase is composed of methanol in formic acid 0.1%: aqueous solution in formic acid 0.1%. This research presents results for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies of both drugs and the impurities.

A avaliação no perfil das impurezas de fármacos está sendo alvo de atenção das agências regulatórias nacionais e internacionais visto que podem gerar implicações na saúde da população. Frente a isso, as indústrias farmacêuticas devem adequarse às novas regulamentações para garantir a qualidade, segurança e eficácia dos medicamentos. O fostato de sitagliptina (STG) e vildagliptina (VLG), liberados para uso clínico no Brasil em 2006 e 2007, respectivamente, são utilizados para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Na literatura pesquisada não foram encontrados relatos referentes à determinação quantitativa de impurezas de síntese da vildagliptina e sitagliptina. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos para a determinação de impurezas dos fármacos sitagliptina e vildagliptina, além de avaliar a toxicidade dos mesmos. Foi desenvolvido e validado método analítico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para determinação do fosfato de sitagliptina na presença de duas impurezas de síntese de acordo com os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez, limites de detecção e quantificação. Para tanto, foi utilizada coluna cromatográfica XBridgeTM Pheny (250 mm x 4,6 mm, 5 μm), vazão 1,0 mL/min e detecção em 207 nm. A fase móvel foi composta por acetonitrila: solução aquosa em 0,05% de ácido fórmico (40:60, v/v). A determinação quantitativa da vildagliptina e duas impurezas de síntese foi desenvolvida e validada utilizando a técnica por cromatografia líquida de ultra-eficiência. A coluna cromatográfica utilizada corresponde ACQUITI UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2,1 mm; 1,7 μm), vazão 0,3 mL/min, volume de injeção de 1 μL e temperatura de 35°C. A fase móvel foi composta por metanol em ácido fórmico 0,1%: solução aquosa em ácido fórmico 0,1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que estes estão de acordo com os requisitos preconizados pelos códigos oficiais. Esta pesquisa também apresenta resultados referentes aos estudos de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade tanto dos fármacos quanto das respectivas impurezas realizados a partir dos ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro, óxido nítrico, espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, potencial de membrana mitocondrial e teste cometa. / Impurities profiling have attention of national and international regulatory agencies as they may generate implications for the health of the population. Against this, pharmaceutical industry must be suitable for new regulations to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of medicines. The phosphate sitagliptin and vildagliptin, released for clinical use in Brazil in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. In the literature, we not found any reports regarding the quantitative determination of impurities synthesis of vildagliptin and sitagliptin. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate analytical methods for the determination of impurities of sitagliptin and vildagliptin in addition to performing toxicological tests. It was developed and validated an analytical method by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sitagliptin in presence of two impurities synthesis according to the specific parameters, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limits of detection and quantification. The XBridgeTM Phenyl column (250 mm x 4.6 mm d.i., 5 μm), flow rate 1.0 mL/min and detection at 207 nm. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile: aqueous solution in 0.05% formic acid (40:60, v/v). The results obtained are in accordance with the requirements recommended by official guides. Quantitative determination of vildagliptin and its synthetic impurities was developed using liquid chromatography ultra efficiency. The chromatographic column ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was used, flow rate 0.3 mL/min, injection volume 1 μL and temperature 35 °C. The mobile phase is composed of methanol in formic acid 0.1%: aqueous solution in formic acid 0.1%. This research presents results for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies of both drugs and the impurities.

A avaliação no perfil das impurezas de fármacos está sendo alvo de atenção das agências regulatórias nacionais e internacionais visto que podem gerar implicações na saúde da população. Frente a isso, as indústrias farmacêuticas devem adequarse às novas regulamentações para garantir a qualidade, segurança e eficácia dos medicamentos. O fostato de sitagliptina (STG) e vildagliptina (VLG), liberados para uso clínico no Brasil em 2006 e 2007, respectivamente, são utilizados para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Na literatura pesquisada não foram encontrados relatos referentes à determinação quantitativa de impurezas de síntese da vildagliptina e sitagliptina. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos para a determinação de impurezas dos fármacos sitagliptina e vildagliptina, além de avaliar a toxicidade dos mesmos. Foi desenvolvido e validado método analítico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para determinação do fosfato de sitagliptina na presença de duas impurezas de síntese de acordo com os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez, limites de detecção e quantificação. Para tanto, foi utilizada coluna cromatográfica XBridgeTM Pheny (250 mm x 4,6 mm, 5 μm), vazão 1,0 mL/min e detecção em 207 nm. A fase móvel foi composta por acetonitrila: solução aquosa em 0,05% de ácido fórmico (40:60, v/v). A determinação quantitativa da vildagliptina e duas impurezas de síntese foi desenvolvida e validada utilizando a técnica por cromatografia líquida de ultra-eficiência. A coluna cromatográfica utilizada corresponde ACQUITI UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2,1 mm; 1,7 μm), vazão 0,3 mL/min, volume de injeção de 1 μL e temperatura de 35°C. A fase móvel foi composta por metanol em ácido fórmico 0,1%: solução aquosa em ácido fórmico 0,1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que estes estão de acordo com os requisitos preconizados pelos códigos oficiais. Esta pesquisa também apresenta resultados referentes aos estudos de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade tanto dos fármacos quanto das respectivas impurezas realizados a partir dos ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro, óxido nítrico, espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, potencial de membrana mitocondrial e teste cometa. / Impurities profiling have attention of national and international regulatory agencies as they may generate implications for the health of the population. Against this, pharmaceutical industry must be suitable for new regulations to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of medicines. The phosphate sitagliptin and vildagliptin, released for clinical use in Brazil in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. In the literature, we not found any reports regarding the quantitative determination of impurities synthesis of vildagliptin and sitagliptin. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate analytical methods for the determination of impurities of sitagliptin and vildagliptin in addition to performing toxicological tests. It was developed and validated an analytical method by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sitagliptin in presence of two impurities synthesis according to the specific parameters, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limits of detection and quantification. The XBridgeTM Phenyl column (250 mm x 4.6 mm d.i., 5 μm), flow rate 1.0 mL/min and detection at 207 nm. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile: aqueous solution in 0.05% formic acid (40:60, v/v). The results obtained are in accordance with the requirements recommended by official guides. Quantitative determination of vildagliptin and its synthetic impurities was developed using liquid chromatography ultra efficiency. The chromatographic column ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was used, flow rate 0.3 mL/min, injection volume 1 μL and temperature 35 °C. The mobile phase is composed of methanol in formic acid 0.1%: aqueous solution in formic acid 0.1%. This research presents results for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies of both drugs and the impurities.