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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Dispersinė skystafazė mikroekstrakcija metalams nustatyti / Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of metals

Razmislevičienė, Ina 25 June 2013 (has links)
Šioje daktaro disertacijoje apibendrintų mokslinių tyrimų tikslas – ištirti ir pritaikyti naujus Cr(VI), Co(II), Cu(II) ir Ni(II) koncentravimo ir nustatymo metodus apjungiant dispersinę skystafazę mikroekstrakciją (DSME) su lazerinio išgarinimo induktyviai sužadintos plazmos masių spektrometrijos (LA-ICP-MS) bei ultraefektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos (UESCh) metodais. / The aim of this work was to investigate and apply new DLLME systems coupled with LA-ICP-MS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) techniques for the preconcentration and determination of Cr(VI), Co(II), Cu(II) ir Ni(II) ions.
2

Perfil de compostos fenólicos extraídos de folhas de ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia Aculeata Miller) / Phenolic compouds extracted from leaves of ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia Aculeata Miller)

Souza, Thaís Cristina Lima de, 1989- 25 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Helena Teixeira Godoy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T00:05:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_ThaisCristinaLimade_M.pdf: 979807 bytes, checksum: dc7c129a05318e6db72f5cdfcf42e98a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O ora-pro-nóbis (OPN) (Pereskia aculeata Miller) é uma trepadeira arbustiva, pertencente à família Cactaceae. Suas folhas são muito utilizadas na culinária mineira, mas pouco usada e quase desconhecida pela população no resto do país. Dados referentes ao perfil de compostos fenólicos dessa planta são inexistem na literatura. Por esse motivo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar um método de extração para os compostos fenólicos presentes nas folhas de OPN. Bem como, desenvolver e validar um método de cromatografia de ultra eficiência (CLUE), para separação e identificação do perfil desses fenólicos. A partir dos resultados obtidos para o planejamento fatorial empregado, as condições escolhidas de extração foram: água como solução extratora, com 1 Mol.L-1 de HCl, temperatura igual a 80 ºC e tempo de 90 minutos. O método cromatográfico desenvolvido apresentou resultados satisfatórios, em relação aos critérios de validação, mostrando-se adequado para a separação e quantificação dos cinco compostos fenólicos estudados. Para as amostras de OPN analisadas, os teores de compostos fenólicos encontrados, variaram entre 4051,05 e 5892,19 mg.Kg-1 para o ácido clorogênico, 353,48 e 1139,91 mg.Kg-1 para o ácido caféico, 327,52 e 469,35 mg.Kg-1 para o ácido p-coumárico entre 347,47 e 458,84 mg.Kg-1 para o ácido ferúlico. A presença desses derivados de ácidos hidroxicinâmicos nas amostras indica que as mesmas possuem uma alta atividade antioxidante, embora seja necessária a realização de análises adequadas para tal afirmação. Além disso, as concentrações encontradas para esse ácidos fazem do OPN uma importante fonte de fenólicos, e seu consumo pode contribuir para uma dieta mais saudável / Abstract: The ora-pro-nobis (OPN) (Pereskia aculeata Miller) is a climbing shrub belonging to the Cactaceae family. The leaves of this vegetable are widely used in the popular cuisine of the estate of Minas Gerais, Brasil, but little its almost unknown by the population in the rest of the country. There is no studies were found regarding the profile of phenolic compounds presented by the leaves of OPN, as far as we concerned. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize a method for extracting of phenolic compounds present in the leaves of OPN. As well as develop and validate a method of ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) for separation and identification of these phenolic compounds. The results obtained for the factorial design employed, allowed to chose the extraction conditions: water as extraction solution, with 1 mol.L-1 HCl, temperature of 80 º C and a time of 90 minutes. The results acquired for the method validation showed good results for repeatability and intermediate precision, indicating that the method is suitable for the separation and quantification of the five phenolic compounds studied. For the OPN samples analyzed, the content of phenolic compounds found ranged from 4051.05 and 5892.19 mg.Kg-1 for chlorogenic acid; 353.48 and 1139.91 mg.Kg-1 for caffeic acid; 327.52 and 469.35 mg.Kg-1 for p-coumaric acid; 347.47 and 458.84 mg.Kg-1 for ferulic acid. The presence of these derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids indicates that they possess a high antioxidant activity, while appropriate analyzes must be conducting for such a claim. Furthermore, the concentrations found for these acids make OPN an important source of phenolic and its consumption can contribute to a healthier diet / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos
3

Characterization of Microorganisms of Interest to Homeland Security and Public Health Utilizing Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Everley, Robert A. 01 January 2008 (has links)
Liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF MS) utilizing electrospray ionization was employed to monitor protein expression in Escherichia coli and Shigella organisms. Automated charge state deconvolution, spectral subtraction and spectral mirroring were used to reveal subtle differences in the LC/MS data. Reproducible intact protein biomarkers were discovered based on their unique mass, retention time and relative intensity. These markers were implemented to differentiate closely related strain types, (e.g. two distinct isolates of E. coli O157:H7) and to correctly identify unknown pathogens. Notable, was the distinction of multiple serotypes of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli which cannot be distinguished by clinical manifestation alone. Additionally, speciation of Shigella was achieved, a task for which no commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers exist. This method was subsequently applied to two pathogenic Clostridium species: C. difficile and C. perfringens. Due to the increased difficulty during lysis, two new lysis protocols were developed, and each extracted a distinct set of proteins (by both mass and retention time). Extracts from both lysis procedures were utilized to discover biomarkers useful for identification and characterization at the species and strain levels. These biomarkers were successfully implemented to identify unknowns during a blind study and would enhance serological and genetic approaches by serving as new targets for detection. Two sets of the C. perfringens isolates that were deemed 100% similar by the gold standard for strain differentiation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), were distinguished using LC/MS, demonstrating the high specificity of this approach. The final part of this work demonstrated the application of ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to this project to improve the throughput of the method. Given that numerous small molecule applications of UPLC have been published, efforts were made to examine the potential of UPLC to enhance the separation of intact proteins. Beginning with typically employed conditions, column temperature and organic solvent were optimized followed by an HPLC vs. UPLC comparison. When applied to a mixture of ten protein standards, the optimized UPLC method yielded improved chromatographic resolution, enhanced sensitivity, and a three-fold increase in throughput. Application of this method to cell lysate analysis demonstrated no compromise in chromatographic or mass spectral data quality; a reduction in run time from 75 minutes to 25 minutes was achieved.
4

Desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos e avaliação da toxicidade in vitro de impurezas orgânicas da sitaglipina e vildagliptina

Giordani, Camila Ferrazza Alves January 2018 (has links)
A avaliação no perfil das impurezas de fármacos está sendo alvo de atenção das agências regulatórias nacionais e internacionais visto que podem gerar implicações na saúde da população. Frente a isso, as indústrias farmacêuticas devem adequarse às novas regulamentações para garantir a qualidade, segurança e eficácia dos medicamentos. O fostato de sitagliptina (STG) e vildagliptina (VLG), liberados para uso clínico no Brasil em 2006 e 2007, respectivamente, são utilizados para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Na literatura pesquisada não foram encontrados relatos referentes à determinação quantitativa de impurezas de síntese da vildagliptina e sitagliptina. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos para a determinação de impurezas dos fármacos sitagliptina e vildagliptina, além de avaliar a toxicidade dos mesmos. Foi desenvolvido e validado método analítico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para determinação do fosfato de sitagliptina na presença de duas impurezas de síntese de acordo com os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez, limites de detecção e quantificação. Para tanto, foi utilizada coluna cromatográfica XBridgeTM Pheny (250 mm x 4,6 mm, 5 μm), vazão 1,0 mL/min e detecção em 207 nm. A fase móvel foi composta por acetonitrila: solução aquosa em 0,05% de ácido fórmico (40:60, v/v). A determinação quantitativa da vildagliptina e duas impurezas de síntese foi desenvolvida e validada utilizando a técnica por cromatografia líquida de ultra-eficiência. A coluna cromatográfica utilizada corresponde ACQUITI UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2,1 mm; 1,7 μm), vazão 0,3 mL/min, volume de injeção de 1 μL e temperatura de 35°C. A fase móvel foi composta por metanol em ácido fórmico 0,1%: solução aquosa em ácido fórmico 0,1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que estes estão de acordo com os requisitos preconizados pelos códigos oficiais. Esta pesquisa também apresenta resultados referentes aos estudos de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade tanto dos fármacos quanto das respectivas impurezas realizados a partir dos ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro, óxido nítrico, espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, potencial de membrana mitocondrial e teste cometa. / Impurities profiling have attention of national and international regulatory agencies as they may generate implications for the health of the population. Against this, pharmaceutical industry must be suitable for new regulations to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of medicines. The phosphate sitagliptin and vildagliptin, released for clinical use in Brazil in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. In the literature, we not found any reports regarding the quantitative determination of impurities synthesis of vildagliptin and sitagliptin. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate analytical methods for the determination of impurities of sitagliptin and vildagliptin in addition to performing toxicological tests. It was developed and validated an analytical method by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sitagliptin in presence of two impurities synthesis according to the specific parameters, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limits of detection and quantification. The XBridgeTM Phenyl column (250 mm x 4.6 mm d.i., 5 μm), flow rate 1.0 mL/min and detection at 207 nm. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile: aqueous solution in 0.05% formic acid (40:60, v/v). The results obtained are in accordance with the requirements recommended by official guides. Quantitative determination of vildagliptin and its synthetic impurities was developed using liquid chromatography ultra efficiency. The chromatographic column ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was used, flow rate 0.3 mL/min, injection volume 1 μL and temperature 35 °C. The mobile phase is composed of methanol in formic acid 0.1%: aqueous solution in formic acid 0.1%. This research presents results for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies of both drugs and the impurities.
5

Desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos e avaliação da toxicidade in vitro de impurezas orgânicas da sitaglipina e vildagliptina

Giordani, Camilla Ferrazza Alves January 2018 (has links)
A avaliação no perfil das impurezas de fármacos está sendo alvo de atenção das agências regulatórias nacionais e internacionais visto que podem gerar implicações na saúde da população. Frente a isso, as indústrias farmacêuticas devem adequarse às novas regulamentações para garantir a qualidade, segurança e eficácia dos medicamentos. O fostato de sitagliptina (STG) e vildagliptina (VLG), liberados para uso clínico no Brasil em 2006 e 2007, respectivamente, são utilizados para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Na literatura pesquisada não foram encontrados relatos referentes à determinação quantitativa de impurezas de síntese da vildagliptina e sitagliptina. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos para a determinação de impurezas dos fármacos sitagliptina e vildagliptina, além de avaliar a toxicidade dos mesmos. Foi desenvolvido e validado método analítico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para determinação do fosfato de sitagliptina na presença de duas impurezas de síntese de acordo com os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez, limites de detecção e quantificação. Para tanto, foi utilizada coluna cromatográfica XBridgeTM Pheny (250 mm x 4,6 mm, 5 μm), vazão 1,0 mL/min e detecção em 207 nm. A fase móvel foi composta por acetonitrila: solução aquosa em 0,05% de ácido fórmico (40:60, v/v). A determinação quantitativa da vildagliptina e duas impurezas de síntese foi desenvolvida e validada utilizando a técnica por cromatografia líquida de ultra-eficiência. A coluna cromatográfica utilizada corresponde ACQUITI UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2,1 mm; 1,7 μm), vazão 0,3 mL/min, volume de injeção de 1 μL e temperatura de 35°C. A fase móvel foi composta por metanol em ácido fórmico 0,1%: solução aquosa em ácido fórmico 0,1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que estes estão de acordo com os requisitos preconizados pelos códigos oficiais. Esta pesquisa também apresenta resultados referentes aos estudos de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade tanto dos fármacos quanto das respectivas impurezas realizados a partir dos ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro, óxido nítrico, espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, potencial de membrana mitocondrial e teste cometa. / Impurities profiling have attention of national and international regulatory agencies as they may generate implications for the health of the population. Against this, pharmaceutical industry must be suitable for new regulations to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of medicines. The phosphate sitagliptin and vildagliptin, released for clinical use in Brazil in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. In the literature, we not found any reports regarding the quantitative determination of impurities synthesis of vildagliptin and sitagliptin. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate analytical methods for the determination of impurities of sitagliptin and vildagliptin in addition to performing toxicological tests. It was developed and validated an analytical method by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sitagliptin in presence of two impurities synthesis according to the specific parameters, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limits of detection and quantification. The XBridgeTM Phenyl column (250 mm x 4.6 mm d.i., 5 μm), flow rate 1.0 mL/min and detection at 207 nm. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile: aqueous solution in 0.05% formic acid (40:60, v/v). The results obtained are in accordance with the requirements recommended by official guides. Quantitative determination of vildagliptin and its synthetic impurities was developed using liquid chromatography ultra efficiency. The chromatographic column ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was used, flow rate 0.3 mL/min, injection volume 1 μL and temperature 35 °C. The mobile phase is composed of methanol in formic acid 0.1%: aqueous solution in formic acid 0.1%. This research presents results for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies of both drugs and the impurities.
6

Desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos e avaliação da toxicidade in vitro de impurezas orgânicas da sitaglipina e vildagliptina

Giordani, Camila Ferrazza Alves January 2018 (has links)
A avaliação no perfil das impurezas de fármacos está sendo alvo de atenção das agências regulatórias nacionais e internacionais visto que podem gerar implicações na saúde da população. Frente a isso, as indústrias farmacêuticas devem adequarse às novas regulamentações para garantir a qualidade, segurança e eficácia dos medicamentos. O fostato de sitagliptina (STG) e vildagliptina (VLG), liberados para uso clínico no Brasil em 2006 e 2007, respectivamente, são utilizados para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Na literatura pesquisada não foram encontrados relatos referentes à determinação quantitativa de impurezas de síntese da vildagliptina e sitagliptina. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos para a determinação de impurezas dos fármacos sitagliptina e vildagliptina, além de avaliar a toxicidade dos mesmos. Foi desenvolvido e validado método analítico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para determinação do fosfato de sitagliptina na presença de duas impurezas de síntese de acordo com os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez, limites de detecção e quantificação. Para tanto, foi utilizada coluna cromatográfica XBridgeTM Pheny (250 mm x 4,6 mm, 5 μm), vazão 1,0 mL/min e detecção em 207 nm. A fase móvel foi composta por acetonitrila: solução aquosa em 0,05% de ácido fórmico (40:60, v/v). A determinação quantitativa da vildagliptina e duas impurezas de síntese foi desenvolvida e validada utilizando a técnica por cromatografia líquida de ultra-eficiência. A coluna cromatográfica utilizada corresponde ACQUITI UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2,1 mm; 1,7 μm), vazão 0,3 mL/min, volume de injeção de 1 μL e temperatura de 35°C. A fase móvel foi composta por metanol em ácido fórmico 0,1%: solução aquosa em ácido fórmico 0,1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que estes estão de acordo com os requisitos preconizados pelos códigos oficiais. Esta pesquisa também apresenta resultados referentes aos estudos de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade tanto dos fármacos quanto das respectivas impurezas realizados a partir dos ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro, óxido nítrico, espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, potencial de membrana mitocondrial e teste cometa. / Impurities profiling have attention of national and international regulatory agencies as they may generate implications for the health of the population. Against this, pharmaceutical industry must be suitable for new regulations to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of medicines. The phosphate sitagliptin and vildagliptin, released for clinical use in Brazil in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. In the literature, we not found any reports regarding the quantitative determination of impurities synthesis of vildagliptin and sitagliptin. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate analytical methods for the determination of impurities of sitagliptin and vildagliptin in addition to performing toxicological tests. It was developed and validated an analytical method by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sitagliptin in presence of two impurities synthesis according to the specific parameters, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limits of detection and quantification. The XBridgeTM Phenyl column (250 mm x 4.6 mm d.i., 5 μm), flow rate 1.0 mL/min and detection at 207 nm. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile: aqueous solution in 0.05% formic acid (40:60, v/v). The results obtained are in accordance with the requirements recommended by official guides. Quantitative determination of vildagliptin and its synthetic impurities was developed using liquid chromatography ultra efficiency. The chromatographic column ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C8 (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was used, flow rate 0.3 mL/min, injection volume 1 μL and temperature 35 °C. The mobile phase is composed of methanol in formic acid 0.1%: aqueous solution in formic acid 0.1%. This research presents results for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies of both drugs and the impurities.
7

Desenvolvimento, validação e aplicação de metodologia para a determinação de edulcorantes por UPLC-PDA / Development, validation and application of a method for the determination of artificial sweeteners by ultra performance liquid

Dias, Cintia Botelho, 1983- 07 November 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Helena Teixeira Godoy / Dissertação (mestrado) Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:10:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_CintiaBotelho_M.pdf: 1034567 bytes, checksum: b951b7499377a9819a5bcb0cf7b70dd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Um novo metodo rapido, eficiente e economico para a determinacao de cinco edulcorantes (acessulfame-K, sacarina sodica, ciclamato de sodio, aspartame e neotame) pela tecnica de cromatografia liquida de ultra performance (UPLC) foi desenvolvido, validado e aplicado na analise de alguns produtos diet, light e zero recorrentemente encontrados em supermercados. Para a otimizacao do metodo foi utilizado um delineamento composto central e a otimizacao simultanea de respostas foi realizada por meio da funcao de desejabilidade de Derringer e Suich. Foi empregada uma coluna de fase reversa C18, fase movel composta de acetonitrila e tampao fosfato de sodio 5 mM/ acido orto-fosforico (pH 3,0) com eluicao por gradiente e vazao de 0,4mL/min, com temperatura de coluna a 56oC. Os cinco compostos responderam linearmente em diferentes faixas de concentracao aplicaveis as concentracoes presentes nas amostras. A precisao intra e inter dias, bem como os limites de deteccao e quantificacao variaram para os cinco edulcorantes. As taxas de recuperacao para os edulcorantes avaliados variaram entre 70 e 115% para as diferentes matrizes analisadas. O metodo foi aplicado em refrigerantes, nectares e sucos, chas prontos para beber, pos para preparo de refresco, pudins e cappuccinos, achocolatados, geleias, catchup e molho tipo ¿barbecue¿. No entanto, algumas limitacoes foram encontradas para a quantificacao do neotame e ainda para alimentos contendo cacau em sua formulacao quanto a identificacao do ciclamato de sodio. Foram encontradas amostras contendo ate quatro edulcorantes em combinacao em um mesmo produto. Dentre os mais utilizados estavam o acessulfame e o aspartame. Algumas das amostras apresentaram ainda concentracoes acima das permitidas pela legislacao brasileira e, dentro dos edulcorantes estudados, nenhum edulcorante nao declarado foi encontrado. O metodo desenvolvido por UPLC foi comparado a uma metodologia por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC). A UPLC apresentou melhor resolucao e menores limites de deteccao e quantificacao, tempo de analise mais curto e menor gasto de solvente. Entretanto, a HPLC ainda foi mais robusta / Abstract: A new, fast, efficient and economic method for the determination of five sweeteners (acesulfame-K, saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame and neotame) by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) has been developed, validated and applied to diet, light and zero products usually found in supermarkets. A central composite design was used and also the simultaneous optimization of the answers was carried using the Derringer's desirability function for the method optimization. A C18 reversed phase column was used and the optimized method resulted in a binary eluent consisting of acetonitrile and sodium phosphate 5 mM/ ortophosphoric acid buffer (pH 3.0) in gradient elution, 0.4 mL/min flow rate and 56oC column temperature. The five compounds behaved linearly in different concentration ranges applicable to the concentrations in the samples and the precision intra and inter-day, as well as the limits varied for those sweeteners. The recoveries for the evaluated sweeteners varied for the distinct sample matrices from 70 to 115%. The method was applied to the sweeteners determination in soft drinks, fruit juice beverages, ready to drink teas, powder juice, pudding, cappuccino, chocolate powder, jellies, barbecue sauce and ketchup. However, limitations were found on the quantification of neotame and on the products containing cocoa, in which it is not possible to identify the sodium cyclamate. Samples containing up to four distinct sweeteners in synergism were found. Acesulfame and aspartame were the most used sweeteners among the analyzed samples. Although, non declared sweeteners were not found among those studied, their quantities in some samples were above the allowed in the Brazilian regulation. Afterwards, the UPLC developed method was compared with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The UPLC method presented the best resolution, the lowest detection and quantification limits, shortest retention time and lest solvent waste. However, HPLC is more rugged than UPLC / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
8

Evaluation of Nitrogen Management Schemes in Cover Cropped Vineyards

Moss, James Russell 06 June 2016 (has links)
Vineyards in the Eastern United States are often prone to excessive vegetative growth. In order to suppress excessive vine vigor, many viticulturists have employed cover cropping strategies. Cover crops provide a myriad of agronomic benefits, however they are known to compete with the vine for water and nutrients. Due to the widespread use of cover crops in Eastern vineyards, many vineyards experience nitrogen (N) deficiencies in both the vegetative vine tissue and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) in the juice. Soil applications of calcium nitrate and foliar applications of urea were assessed as a means of vineyard N amelioration at cover cropped sites comprised of Petit Manseng and Sauvignon blanc (Vitis vinifera L.). Perennial White and Crimson clover cover crops and foliar urea applications were also used in a Vidal blanc (Vitis spp.) vineyard. Treatments were imposed in the Sauvignon blanc vineyard for five years. The Petit Manseng and Vidal blanc vineyards were subjected to treatments for two years. Soil-applied N at bloom was most effective at increasing leaf petiole N at véraison, season-long chlorophyll content index (CCI), vine capacity and fruit yield. Fruit yield was increased due to more berries per cluster and greater berry weights. Increased rates of soil-applied N decreased the fruit weight:pruning weight ratio. Foliar-applied N after fruit set was most effective at increasing berry YAN. While most of the measured amino acids in fruit increased in concentration with the application of either soil or foliar N, foliar applications were more effective at increasing fruit amino acids. Clover cover crops offered little to no benefit as a N source in the two-year period of evaluation. None of the N management schemes negatively impacted canopy density, fruit zone light interception, or botrytis bunch rot incidence. The combination of both a soil-applied and foliar-applied N fertilizer may be the most effective means to increase both vine capacity and YAN in vineyards where vineyard floor cover crops are compromising vine N status. / Master of Science
9

Optimizing nitrogen fertilization practices under intensive vineyard cover cropping floor management systems

D'Attilio, DeAnna Rae 28 March 2014 (has links)
Under-trellis cover crops have become more prevalent in East Coast grape growing regions through either intentional planting or adoption of native vegetation, to minimize the potential for erosion and to help regulate grapevine size and vigor. These companion crops, however, have sometimes resulted in increased competition for soil nitrogen, leading to decreased vine nitrogen status and berry yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen fertilization methods applied at varying doses and different times, on vine and berry nitrogen parameters of cover cropped grapevines. The research described herein involved Sauvignon blanc, Merlot, and Petit Manseng grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) subjected to different sets of nitrogen treatments, and was primarily conducted over two years. There were very few differences in pruning weights, canopy architecture, components of yield, and primary fruit chemistry amongst nitrogen treatments. Sauvignon blanc petiole nitrogen concentration, season-long chlorophyll content index (CCI) values, and berry YAN were most affected by the highest rate of soil nitrogen treatment (60 kg N/ha total split between two calcium nitrate applications at bloom and six weeks post bloom) and foliar fertilization (40 kg N/ha split over seven to nine urea applications); however, the foliar fertilization was most effective at increasing the concentration of certain individual amino acids. Petit Manseng berry YAN at harvest was increased in response to post-véraison foliar applications (10 kg N/ha split between two urea applications), corresponding to an increased concentration of nine amino acids. Merlot berry YAN, petiole nitrogen concentration, and season-long CCI values were most affected by a high rate of soil nitrogen treatment (60 kg N/ha total split between two calcium nitrate applications at bloom and six weeks post bloom) and establishing clover as the under-trellis cover crop. This study identified nitrogen treatments that improved berry nitrogen concentration and content in cover cropped sites. / Master of Science
10

Desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos para determinação simultânea de fármacos que atuam no controle da hipertensão arterial / Development and validation of analytical methods for simultaneous determination of drugs that act on the control of hypertension.

Oliveira, Claudia Vilela de 13 April 2015 (has links)
A hipertensão arterial é um fator de risco de alta prevalência para as doenças cardiovasculares, principalmente no mundo industrializado, aumentando o problema de saúde em virtude do aumento da longevidade e da prevalência de fatores contribuintes como obesidade, sedentarismo e dietas inadequadas. Estima-se que 10% das 55 milhões de mortes que acontecem a cada ano, são consequências da hipertensão arterial. Dois terços desses eventos ocorrem nos países em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Brasil, afetando principalmente a população de menor nível socioeconômico. Diuréticos como hidroclorotiazida associados a betabloqueadores como o metoprolol são exemplos de fármacos utilizados no controle da hipertensão. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver, validar e comparar métodos analíticos para a identificação e quantificação simultânea do tartarato de metoprolol e da hidroclorotiazida por eletroforese capilar (CE) e por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (UHPLC). Para a definição das melhores condições de análise e determinação simultânea dos analitos em estudo, e otimização do método, utilizou-se metodologia de superfície de resposta (ou Response Surface Methodology - RSM). O método por CE utilizou um capilar de sílica fundida com comprimento total de 30,2 cm x 50 &#181;m d.i. O tampão utilizado foi tetraborato de sódio 25,0 mmol L-1, injeção hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/6s, tensão aplicada +15 kV, detecção em 225 nm temperatura a 25ºC. O tartarato de metoprolol e hidroclorotiazida foram separados em 1,2 e 2,1 min, respectivamente .O método por UHPLC foi realizado empregando uma coluna ZORBAX® SB C18 (50 mm x 2,1 mm x 1,8 &#181;m), fase móvel constituída por água:acetornitrila:trietilamina (83:17:0,2 v/v/v), pH 3 ajustado com ácido fosfórico, utilizou vazão de 0,9 mL min-1. A hidroclorotiazida e o tartarato de metoprolol foram separados em 0,7 e 1,0 min, respectivamente. Os métodos analíticos foram validados de acordo com os requerimentos da ANVISA, ICH e Farmacopéia Americana. Os métodos apresentaram boa linearidade com coeficiente de correlação maiores que 0.99, a precisão intra- e inter-day para os tempos de migração foi apropriada (DPR < 2%), a exatidão do método foi comprovada mediante teste de recuperação, obtendo-se valores de 100±2. Portanto, os métodos propostos demonstraram ser lineares, precisos, exatos e rápidos para quantificação simultânea da hidroclorotiazida e do tartarato de metoprolol. E podem ser considerados confiáveis para serem empregados em análise de rotina para controle de qualidade destes produtos farmacêuticos. / Hypertension is a risk factor of high prevalence for cardiovascular diseases, especially in the industrialized world, increasing health problems as a result of increased longevity and the prevalence of contributing factors such as obesity, physical inactivity and inadequate diets. It is estimated that 10% of 55 million deaths that occur each year, are consequences of hypertension. Two-thirds of those events occur in developing countries, including Brazil, affecting mainly the population from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide associated with beta-blockers such as metoprolol tartrate are examples of drugs used in the control of hypertension. The present work had as objective to develop, validate and compare analytical methods for identification and simultaneous quantification of metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). For the definition of the best conditions of analysis and simultaneous determination of drugs in study, and optimization of the method, it was used response surface methodology (RSM or \"Response Surface Methodology). The CE method used a fused silica capillary with total length of 30.2 cm x 50 &#181;m d.i. The electrolyte used was sodium tetraborate 25,0 mmol L-1, hydrodynamic injection 0.5 psi/6s, applied voltage +15 kV, detection in 225 nm temperature at 25ºC. The metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide were separated into 1.2 and 2.1 min, respectively. The UHPLC method was carried out employing a ZORBAX SB® C18 (50 mm x 2.1 mm x 1.8 &#181;m) column, mobile phase consisting of water: acetornitrila: triethylamine (83: 17: 0.2 v/v/v), 3 pH adjusted with phosphoric acid, the flow was 0.9 mL min-1. Hydrochlorothiazide and metoprolol tartrate were separated in 0.7 and 1.0 min, respectively. The analytical methods have been validated in accordance with the requirements of ANVISA, ICH and American Pharmacopoeia. The methods showed good linearity with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99, precision inter and intra day for times of migration was appropriate (DPR < 2%), the accuracy of the method has been proven by recovery test, obtaining values of 100 ± 2. Therefore, the proposed methods have shown to be linear, precise, accurate and fast for simultaneous quantification of hydrochlorothiazide and metoprolol tartrate; and can be considered reliable to be used in routine analysis for quality control of pharmaceutical products.

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