Project report (M. Eng.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-86). Also available via the Internet.

Nos últimos anos, percebeu-se uma crescente busca por softwares e arquiteturas alternativas. Essa busca acontece porque houve avanços na tecnologia do hardware e estes avanços devem ser complementados por inovações nas metodologias de projetos, testes e verificação para que haja um uso eficaz da tecnologia. Muitos dos softwares e arquiteturas alternativas, geralmente partem para modelos que exploram o paralelismo das aplicações, ao contrário do modelo de von Neumann. Dentre as arquiteturas alternativas de alto desempenho, tem-se a arquitetura a fluxo de dados. Nesse tipo de arquitetura, o processo de execução de programas é determinado pela disponibilidade dos dados. Logo, o paralelismo está embutido na própria natureza do sistema. O modelo a fluxo de dados possui a vantagem de expressar o paralelismo de maneira intrínseca, eliminando a necessidade de o programador explicitar em seu código os trechos onde deve haver paralelismo. As arquiteturas a fluxo de dados voltaram a ser um tema de pesquisa devido aos avanços do hardware, em particular, os avanços da Computação Reconfigurável e os FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays). O projeto ChipCflow é uma ferramenta para execução de algoritmos usando o modelo a fluxo de dados dinâmico em FPGA. Este trabalho apresenta o formato para os tagged-tokens do ChipCflow, os operadores de manipulação das tags dos tokens e suas implementações a fim de que se tenha a PROVA-DE-CONCEITOS para tais operadores na arquitetura ChipCflow / The alternative architectures and softwares researches have been growing in the last years. These researches are happening due to the advance of hardware technology and such advances must be complemented by improvements on design methodologies, test and verification techniques in order to use technology effectively. Many of the alternative architectures and softwares, in general, explore the parallelism of applications, differently to von Neumann model. Among high performance alternative architectures, there is the Dataflow Architecture. In this kind of architecture, the execution of programs is determined by data availability, thus the parallelism is intrinsic in these systems. The dataflow architectures become again a highlighted research area due to hardware advances, in particular, the advances of Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays). ChipCflow project is a tool for execution of algorithms using dynamic dataflow graph in FPGA. The main goal in this module of the ChipCflow project is to define the tagged-token format, the iterative operators that will manipulate the tags of tokens and to implement them

Une grande partie des organisations fonctionne avec des projets, qui peuvent être de natures très différentes. Afin de mener à bien leur réalisation, des méthodes et des outils sont apparus (systèmes de pilotage, tableaux de bord, indicateurs de performances…) pour aider les entreprises à mieux piloter les projets, à respecter leurs exigences et à augmenter leur performance. En effet, ces outils aident à piloter les projets et à mesurer l’avancement d’une activité et/ou d’un processus dans un projet. Toutefois, il est important de s’assurer que les processus mis en place permettent aux projets d’atteindre les objectifs fixés et qu’ils sont en amélioration continue. Pour cela, des modèles de maturité : Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3) entre autres, aident à identifier les forces et faiblesses des processus. Cependant, ils se limitent à donner des « meilleures pratiques » pour atteindre un niveau de maturité supérieur et ils ne donnent pas tous la méthode d’évaluation à suivre ni les méthodes pour accroire la maturité dans l’intérêt d’améliorer les processus. De même, le temps pour la mise en place des modèles est très long, ce qui ne permet pas de mesurer la maturité d’un projet dans les phases de son cycle de vie. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené un travail de recherche dont l’objectif est de proposer une approche globale d’amélioration des processus à trois niveaux : Projet, Support Projet et Organisation. Ce travail propose donc une démarche de modélisation basée sur l’approche systémique et sur l’utilisation d’un modèle de maturité dans le cycle de vie d’un projet. Il aboutit à la mise en place d’un Système de Mesure et d’Exploitation de la Maturité de Projet (SMEMP) qui est constitué d’un modèle de maturité, d’une méthodologie d’évaluation et d’une méthodologie de préconisation des plans d’actions pour l’amélioration continue. L’application industrielle de ce travail a été effectuée au sein du groupe PSA Peugeot Citroën et notre approche a été mise en ouvre sur quatre projets véhicules. Les conclusions de ce travail ont contribué à l’amélioration de certains processus de développement des projets. / Most organizations are based on projects, which can be of different types. In order to succeed in their implementation, different approaches and methods have appeared (performance systems, scorecards, performance indicators, etc) to help organizations to manage projects and to increase their performance. In fact, these tools and methods help to manage projects and to measure the progress of an activity and / or process project. However, it is important to ensure that the processes implemented are in continuous improvement and allow the project to achieve their objectives. Therefore, maturity models: Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3) and some others, are used as a framework to identify strengths and weaknesses of processes. They are limited however to providing "best practices" for achieving a higher maturity level and they do not provide the methods to evaluate and increase maturity in order to improve the processes. Also, the process of models establishment is very long which does not allow project maturity evaluation during the phases of the project life cycle. In this context, we achieved our research project with the aim of proposing a global approach to process improvement at three levels: Project, Project Support and Organization. Thus, this work suggests a modeling approach based on systems approach and the use of a model of maturity within the project life cycle. It leads to the establishment of an Assessment System of Project Maturity which includes a maturity model, a measurement methodology and a methodology to design continuous improvement action plans. The industrial application of this work has been carried out at PSA Peugeot Citroën and our approach has been implemented in four automotive projects. The findings of our research have contributed to the improvement of some project development processes.

Nos últimos anos, percebeu-se uma crescente busca por softwares e arquiteturas alternativas. Essa busca acontece porque houve avanços na tecnologia do hardware e estes avanços devem ser complementados por inovações nas metodologias de projetos, testes e verificação para que haja um uso eficaz da tecnologia. Muitos dos softwares e arquiteturas alternativas, geralmente partem para modelos que exploram o paralelismo das aplicações, ao contrário do modelo de von Neumann. Dentre as arquiteturas alternativas de alto desempenho, tem-se a arquitetura a fluxo de dados. Nesse tipo de arquitetura, o processo de execução de programas é determinado pela disponibilidade dos dados. Logo, o paralelismo está embutido na própria natureza do sistema. O modelo a fluxo de dados possui a vantagem de expressar o paralelismo de maneira intrínseca, eliminando a necessidade de o programador explicitar em seu código os trechos onde deve haver paralelismo. As arquiteturas a fluxo de dados voltaram a ser um tema de pesquisa devido aos avanços do hardware, em particular, os avanços da Computação Reconfigurável e os FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays). O projeto ChipCflow é uma ferramenta para execução de algoritmos usando o modelo a fluxo de dados dinâmico em FPGA. Este trabalho apresenta o formato para os tagged-tokens do ChipCflow, os operadores de manipulação das tags dos tokens e suas implementações a fim de que se tenha a PROVA-DE-CONCEITOS para tais operadores na arquitetura ChipCflow / The alternative architectures and softwares researches have been growing in the last years. These researches are happening due to the advance of hardware technology and such advances must be complemented by improvements on design methodologies, test and verification techniques in order to use technology effectively. Many of the alternative architectures and softwares, in general, explore the parallelism of applications, differently to von Neumann model. Among high performance alternative architectures, there is the Dataflow Architecture. In this kind of architecture, the execution of programs is determined by data availability, thus the parallelism is intrinsic in these systems. The dataflow architectures become again a highlighted research area due to hardware advances, in particular, the advances of Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays). ChipCflow project is a tool for execution of algorithms using dynamic dataflow graph in FPGA. The main goal in this module of the ChipCflow project is to define the tagged-token format, the iterative operators that will manipulate the tags of tokens and to implement them

Music is commonly applied in art and entertainment to enhance the emotional experience. In video-games and other non-linear mediums this task must be achieved dynamically at run-time, as the timeline of events is unknown in advance. Different techniques have been developed to solve this issue, but most commercial applications still rely on pre-rendered audio. In this study, I investigate using a Computer System for Expressive Music Performance (CSEMP) to dynamically shape a computer performance of a pre-composed track to a small platforming game. A prototype environment utilising the KTH Rule System was built and evaluated through semistructured interviews and observations with 7 participants. The results suggest that changes in the musical performance can successfully reflect smaller changes in the experience such as character movement, and are less effective for sound effects or more dramatic changes, such as when the player is engaging in combat or when the player loses. All participants preferred the interactive soundtrack over a non-interactive version of the same soundtrack. / Musik används ofta som ett komplement i konst och underhållning för att förstärka den känslomässiga upplevelse. I datorspel och andra icke-linjära medier måste musiken ta på sig denna rollen dynamiskt, eftersom det inte går att veta hur händelserna kommer utfalla sig i förväg. För att lösa detta problem har det utvecklats olika tekniker, men dom flesta är fortfarande baserade på digitala inspelningar. I denna studie utforskar jag användningen av ett "Computer Systen for Expressive Musig Performance" (CSEMP) för att dynamiskt forma datorns framträdande av en lineär komposition till ett enkelt plattformsspel. En prototyp baserat på systemet "KTH Rule System" utvecklades och utvärderades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och observationer med 7 deltagare. Resultaten visar att förändringar i uppspelningen lyckades spegla mindre förändringar i spelet, såsom hur en spelkaraktär rör sig, och var mindre effekt som ljudeffekter och för större förändringar, såsom när spelaren är i fara eller spelet är över. Alla deltagare föredrog det interaktiva ljudspåret över en icke-interaktiv version i det samma ljudspåret.

no / Multimedia applications in wireless networks are usually categorized into various classes according to their traffic patterns and differentiated Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements. The traffic of heterogeneous multimedia applications often exhibits the Long-Range Dependent (LRD) and Short-Range Dependent (SRD) properties, respectively. The integrated scheduling scheme that combines Priority Queuing (PQ) and Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS) within a hierarchical structure, referred to as PQ-GPS, has been identified as an efficient mechanism for QoS differentiation in wireless networks and attracted significant research efforts. However, due to the high complexity and interdependent relationship among traffic flows, modelling of the integrated scheduling scheme poses great challenges. To address this challenging and important research problem, we develop an original analytical model for PQ-GPS systems under heterogeneous LRD and SRD traffic. A cost-effective flow decomposition approach is proposed to equivalently divide the integrated scheduling system into a group of Single-Server Single-Queue (SSSQ) systems. The expressions for calculating the queue length distribution and loss probability of individual traffic flows are further derived. After validating its accuracy, the developed model is adopted as an efficient performance tool to investigate the important issues of resource allocation and call admission control in the integrated scheduling system under QoS constraints.