Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_g_dr_rcla.pdf: 601547 bytes, checksum: 78fe39c887efbb78c46303cff6e30a46 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo principal desta tese foi investigar a causa e a conseqüência da fadiga em countermovement jumps realizados em diferentes razões de esforço e pausa. Esses objetivos foram testados utilizando dois estudos experimentais. O primeiro estudo comparou as causas da fadiga em protocolos de fadiga de curta (=10 min) e longa duração (=20 min), manipulando as durações da pausa entre countermovement jumps. Os resultados indicaram que, após a realização do protocolo de fadiga de curta duração, houve redução da contração isométrica voluntária máxima para extensão do joelho acompanhada por fadiga central e periférica. Por outro lado, após a realização do protocolo de fadiga de longa duração, a redução da contração isométrica voluntária máxima para extensão do joelho foi associada apenas à fadiga periférica. No segundo estudo foi utilizado um protocolo de fadiga para o sistema neuromuscular similar ao primeiro estudo, tendo como objetivo investigar o padrão de movimento sob fadiga. O tempo e a seqüência da relação inter-segmental do movimento e da ativação muscular permaneceram inalteradas sob a condição de fadiga. Entretanto, alguns ajustes no controle de countermovement jumps realizados sob a condição de fadiga foram observados, provavelmente na tentativa de manter a altura do salto vertical. Entre alguns ajustes, é possível destacar um aumento na flexão das articulações e na duração do salto vertical. Esses resultados foram similares independentemente da razão de esforço e pausa utilizada para induzir fadiga em countermovement jumps. Considerando ambos os estudos experimentais, os resultados da presente tese sugerem que a causa da fadiga em countermovement jumps é tarefa-dependente. Isso significa que dependendo do protocolo de indução de fadiga utilizado, a causa da fadiga pode ser alterada de central para periférica, por exemplo... / This thesis explored the cause of fatigue in countermovement jump performed under different intensities and its influence upon movement pattern. These aims were tested using two experimental studies. The first one aimed to compare the causes of fatigue development during a short- (=10 min) and a long-term (=20 min) countermovement jump protocols through the manipulation of resting interval. The results indicated that after short-term fatigue protocol, maximal voluntary isometric contraction reduction was accompanied by central and peripheral fatigue. On the other hand, after long-term fatigue protocol, maximal voluntary isometric contraction reduction was accompanied by peripheral fatigue. The second study used similar exercise protocol to induce fatigue on neuromuscular system. It was aimed to investigate the movement pattern of countermovement jump throughout fatigue exercise protocols. The timing and sequencing of inter-segmental movement and of muscle activation remained relatively unaltered under fatigue. However, in order to sustain required jump height, few adjustments were performed on control and on coordination of fatigued jumps, such as increased joint flexion and earlier initiation of joint extension. This result was quite similar irrespective of fatigue-induced exercise intensities. Considering both experimental studies, the results of present thesis suggest that the cause of fatigue in countermovement jump is task-dependent in which depends on what fatigue protocol is used, thereby the cause of fatigue can move from one site to another. Even with the neuromuscular system impaired, there was not change on the movement pattern of countermovement jump, irrespective of exercise duration and cause of fatigue. However, adjustments on control and coordination of countermovement jump were performed in order to compensate the force loss and to maintain the targeted jump height.

Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient d’évaluer les effets des différences (i) de niveau de force, en utilisant différents groupes et longueurs musculaires, et (ii) de profil métabolique entre enfants pré-pubères et adultes sur les différences de développement et d’origine de la fatigue neuromusculaire, ainsi que (iii) d’accroître nos connaissances sur les mécanismes de la fatigue neuromusculaire chez l’enfant pré-pubère. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que les différences de niveau de force pourraient être un facteur expliquant les différences de développement et d’origine de la fatigue neuromusculaire entre enfants et adultes. Toutefois, ce facteur n’est pas suffisant pour expliquer toutes les différences de fatigue entre ces deux populations. En effet, nos résultats soulignent aussi que les différences de profil métabolique pourraient être impliquées de façon importante dans les différences de développement et d’origine de la fatigue neuromusculaire entre enfants et adultes. Par ailleurs, les résultats de nos études rapportent que les enfants présentent généralement une fatigue périphérique plus faible par rapport aux adultes au profit d’une fatigue centrale plus importante suite à un protocole de fatigue maximal intermittent. Cette moindre fatigue périphérique est associée à une moindre altération des propriétés contractiles et du couplage excitation-contraction, et à une meilleure adaptation de l’oxygénation musculaire chez l’enfant pré-pubère. Nos résultats semblent suggérer que la fatigue spinale ne permettrait pas d’expliquer les différences de fatigue centrale entre enfants et adultes et donc que la fatigue centrale plus importante des enfants pourrait être attribuée à une fatigue supra-spinale plus élevée. / The aims of this PhD thesis were to evaluate the effects of differences of (i) force level, throughout different muscle groups and muscle lengths, and (ii) metabolic profile on the differences of development and etiology of the neuromuscular fatigue between prepubertal children and adults, as well as (iii) to improve our knowledge of the mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue in children. The results of this PhD thesis showed that force level differences could be a factor underpinning the differences in the development and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults. However, this factor cannot fully account for differences in fatigue between both populations. Indeed, our results also highlighted that metabolic profile differences could explain the difference of development and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults. Additionally, the results of this thesis showed that children exhibit lower peripheral fatigue and greater central fatigue than adults after an intermittent maximal exercise. This lower peripheral fatigue was associated with a lower alteration of the contractile properties and excitation-contraction coupling, and a better adaptation of the muscle oxygenation in prepubertal children. Our results suggest that spinal fatigue could not explained the differences in central fatigue between children and adults, and that the greater central fatigue in children could be attributed to a greater supra-spinal fatigue.

Ce travail de thèse visait à déterminer l’influence de la durée et du niveau d’entraînement en endurance sur les mécanismes de régulation de la fatigue neuromusculaire et d’une stratégie de modulation de ces mécanismes sur la performance motrice. Ce travail de thèse consistait également à élaborer une nouvelle méthode d’entraînement permettant d’optimiser les stimuli responsables des adaptations résultantes d’un programme de conditionnement physique. Les résultats principaux issus de ces travaux sont présentés dans un résumé plus détaillé en fin de manuscrit. / The present work aimed to determine the influence of exercise duration and endurance training level on the mechanisms underlying neuromuscular fatigue regulation and the effect of a deceptive strategy on exercise performance. This thesis also aimed to elaborate a new training method that would optimize exercise-induced training stimuli that are known to trigger complementary physical abilities adaptations. The main outcomes of these works are detailed in an expanded abstract at the end of the manuscript.