Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements (PICP) have seen increased popularity in the principles of Water Sensitive Urban Design and Sustainable Drainage Systems in recent years. To address certain design queries that still existed in industry, a two-year experimental study was conducted. It entailed the construction of an Infiltration Table Apparatus and subjecting a representative volume of PICP to hydraulic testing within it. The study aimed at determining the controls of the flow of water into and through these pavements, the effect of variations in construction materials and incline on them, the validity of the hydraulic testing methods currently being applied to them in industry and lastly, to inform on their infiltration rates. A host of permeability data for PICP was gained and it was found that both the choice of materials and the incline on which PICP are constructed, can change their hydraulic properties drastically. In general, the selection of lower permeability materials in the surface portion of the layer works decreased the overall permeability of the pavement, while increases in inclines did the same. In addition, it was found that field investigation techniques require revision and further innovation before they can be effectively applied to PICP. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Bosun Brick (Pty) Ltd. / Geology / MSc / Unrestricted

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-05T08:37:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cláudia de Sousa Guedes - 2015.pdf: 10944316 bytes, checksum: eb54cff6fee4c1a5927f502848b16acc (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-05T08:43:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cláudia de Sousa Guedes - 2015.pdf: 10944316 bytes, checksum: eb54cff6fee4c1a5927f502848b16acc (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T08:43:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cláudia de Sousa Guedes - 2015.pdf: 10944316 bytes, checksum: eb54cff6fee4c1a5927f502848b16acc (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / This study evaluated the performance of permeable pavements with coatings the type Paver, Porous and Concregrama under different basic conditions in order to control runoff at the source. Were simulated by means of a simulated rainfall, the rain event intensity 100.80 mm/h with a duration of 30 minutes and 64.20 mm/h for 60 minutes, on the floor constructed in three different structural conditions. The stretch I with 15 cm storage layer, the stretch II with 7 cm and the stretch III with only 4 cm. The tests were performed in duplicate and all simulations were performed 36. The pavements were evaluated for the generation runoff, storage and retention of the flow. The nine permeable pavements evaluated in this study allowed a reduction of more than 50% of the runoff and the delay on average 17 minutes runoff, as well as the temporary storage of rainwater. In terms of coefficient C, the structure that presented the best hydrologic performance was the stretch I, the results varied from 0 to 0.20. Only pavements with Paver coating showed runoff. / Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho de pavimentos permeáveis com revestimentos do tipo Paver, Poroso e Concregrama sob diferentes condições de base, com vista no controle de escoamento superficial na fonte. Foram simulados, por meio de um simulador de chuva, eventos de chuva de intensidade de 100,80 mm/h com duração de 30 minutos e 64,20 mm/h e duração de 60 minutos, sobre os pavimentos construídos em três condições estruturais diferentes. O trecho I com 15 cm de camada de armazenamento, o trecho II com 7 cm e o trecho III com apenas 4 cm. Os ensaios foram feitos em duplicata e ao todo foram realizadas 36 simulações. Os pavimentos foram avaliados quanto à geração de escoamento, armazenamento e retenção do escoamento. Os nove pavimentos permeáveis avaliados nesta pesquisa permitiram a redução de mais de 50% do escoamento superficial e o retardo em média de 17 minutos do escoamento superficial, bem como o armazenamento temporário das águas pluviais. Em termos de coeficiente C, a estrutura que apresentou o melhor desempenho hidrológico foi o trecho I, cujos resultados variaram de 0 a 0,20. Apenas pavimentos com o revestimento Paver apresentaram escoamento superficial.

Les revêtements perméables se développent en France et à l’étranger comme une technique d’avenir en réponse aux enjeux de la protection des sols et de l’amélioration du cycle de l’eau en milieu urbain. Le développement de pavés drainants au sein du laboratoire de l’ESITC Caen a mis en évidence le besoin de quantifier les apports des revêtements perméables pour répondre aux attentes des acteurs locaux et favoriser l’utilisation de ces techniques par les aménageurs. Dans ce but, ce travail de thèse porte sur la description des processus hydrologiques au sein des revêtements perméables et la quantification de leurs bénéfices sur le ruissellement urbain. Deux modèles ont été développés pour répondre à ces objectifs.Le premier permet de modéliser les processus hydrologiques au sein des structures perméables avec une approche physique basée sur la résolution de l’équation de RICHARDS par la méthode des éléments finis. Cette modélisation apporte des éléments de compréhension sur l’influence des propriétés de la structure et de son environnement sur ses performances. Elle a abouti à la proposition d’une représentation conceptuelle du comportement hydrologique des structures perméables. Le second modèle permet de modéliser le comportement hydrologique d’un bassin versant avec une approche par systèmes multi-agents. Différents scénarios d’implantation de revêtements perméables ont été simulés sur un site d’étude réel situé à Ouistreham en Normandie. L’exploration de ce modèle apporte des éléments de quantification des bénéfices de l’implantation des revêtements perméables sur le ruissellement de surface. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence le lien entre le ratio de surface perméable sur la surface imperméable et la réduction du ruissellement. Ils soulignent l’importance de la dispersion des zones de revêtements perméables pour optimiser leurs bénéfices. / Permeable pavements are developing in France and abroad as a promising response to the growing issues of ground protection and the improvement of the water cycle in urban areas. The development of pervious concrete within the laboratory of ESITC Caen had highlighted the need to quantify the contributions of the permeable pavement, and thus meeting the expectations of local authorities and encouraging the use of these techniques by urban planners. In this purpose, this Phd aims at describing the hydrological mechanisms of the permeable pavements and quantifying their benefits on surface runoff. Two models were developed to respond to these objectives. The first one allows modeling the hydrological processes inside permeable pavement structures with a physically-based approach, which solves RICHARD’s law with a finite element method. This modeling enables the understanding of the influence of the properties of the structure and its environment on its performances. Results have led to the proposal of a conceptual representation of permeable structures. The second model allows modeling the hydrological behavior of an urban catchment with an agent-based approach. Various scenarios of permeable pavement implemantations were simulated on a real study site located at Ouistreham in Normandy. The analysis of this model enables the quantifying of the benefits of the implementation of permeable pavements on surface runoff. Results highlight the link between the permeable surface on the impermeable surface ratio and the reduction of runoff. They emphasize the importance of dispersing permeable pavement areas to maximize their benefits.

La presente investigación se basa en la creación de pavimentos con adoquines drenantes, para vías de bajo tránsito vehicular en la Urb. San Carlos debido a la crecida de precipitaciones por fenómenos del niño; estos a su vez, serán trabajados con 2 diseños de mezclas: 10% y 15% de agregado fino, en el concreto permeable empleado para obtener una resistencia mínima de 330 kg/cm2 y un coeficiente de permeabilidad mínimo de 0.14 cm/s, cumpliendo con la ACI-522R. Tras los estudios realizados, se brindan los siguientes resultados: se demostró que la vía es de bajo tránsito o ligero, debido a que tienen un EALs vehicular de 0.80 x 10^5; tiene un intensidad máxima de 22.258mm/s; la pendiente va de la calle Av. Augusto B. Leguía a la Av. Dorado; para el diseño más óptimo, arrojó un f’c a los 28 días fueron de 385.13 kg/cm2, respectivamente y una permeabilidad a los 14 días de un máximo de 0.13999 cm/s, cumpliendo con la ACI 522-R. Asimismo, se diseñó un pavimento adoquinado con un adoquín de espesor de 80mm, una cama granular de 50mm, una base granular de 100mm, una subbase granular de 100mm, una tubería de 6”y una geomembrana de 0.50mm. Además, se analizó la rentabilidad de este pavimento a un precio de s/.3,052,290.65. / The present investigation is based on the creation of pavements with draining pavers, for roads with low vehicular traffic in Urb. San Carlos due to the increase of precipitations caused by the phenomena of El Niño; these in turn, will be worked with 2 mix designs: 10% and 15% of fine aggregate, in the permeable concrete used to obtain a minimum resistance of 330 kg/cm2 and a minimum permeability coefficient of 0.14 cm/s, complying with the ACI-522R. After the studies carried out, the following results were obtained: it was demonstrated that the roadway is low or light traffic, since it has a vehicular EALs of 0.80 x 10^5; it has a maximum intensity of 22.258mm/s; the slope goes from Av. Augusto B. Leguía to Av. Leguía to Av. Dorado; for the most optimal design, the f'c at 28 days was 385.13 kg/cm2, respectively, and the permeability at 14 days was a maximum of 0.13999 cm/s, complying with ACI 522-R. Likewise, a cobblestone pavement was designed with an 80 mm thick paver, a 50 mm granular bed, a 100 mm granular base, a 100 mm granular subbase, a 6" pipe and a 0.50 mm geomembrane. In addition, the cost-effectiveness of this pavement was analyzed at a price of s/.3,052,290.65.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao parte1 Thiago Quintiliano de Castro.pdf: 5430014 bytes, checksum: f3e872648dc1cc1c6c038172a0c1138e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-22 / This study aimed to evaluate the experimental performance of three types of permeable pavements constructed in three different structural conditions in order to control runoff in urbanized areas of the city of Goiania, Goias, adapting to the legal requirements and using local manufactured materials. It was evaluated nine experimental plots of 3.2 m² as the following types: PAV - concrete block "paver", PCP - porous concrete plate and GCC - concrete block "concregrama" and the following structural conditions: I - base of sand and natural subgrade, II - base of sand and compacted subgrade and III - base of sand, gravel subbase and compacted subgrade. Using an artificial rain simulator, 18 tests were performed with two pre-defined rain, a medium intensity (69 mm / h) and a high intensity (180 mm / h). The subgrade soil and building materials were characterized, measured the surface and subsurface runoff, and moisture of the layers of the pavement. The parameters of the models of Horton and Green-Ampt were obtained by adjusting the calculated data infiltration. Combinations PCP-II, PCP-III, II-CCG, CCG-III and PAV-III showed little or no runoff. The delay and persistence in critical times of the runoff hydrograph also secured good results to the PCP, which generally showed higher soaking times (7,2 to 30,4 minutes) compared to the other types of pavement. The structure that showed the best hydrological performance was the III, whose results ranged from 0 to 0,19 for the runoff coefficient. The results showed that porous pavements evaluated in this study contribute to the reduction of runoff, because of low runoff coefficients (0 to 0,36) obtained. Constructive guidelines on the type of permeable pavement that performed better were drawn and described. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho experimental de três tipos de pavimentos permeáveis construídos em três condições estruturais diferentes com vistas ao controle do escoamento superficial em áreas urbanizadas do município de Goiânia, Goiás, adequando-se às exigências legais e utilizando-se de materiais provenientes de fabricantes locais. Foram avaliadas nove parcelas experimentais de 3,2 m² conforme os seguintes tipos de revestimento: PAV - Bloco de concreto maciço tipo paver , PCP Placa de concreto poroso e CCG Bloco de concreto vazado tipo concregrama , e as seguintes condições estruturais: I - base de areia e subleito natural, II - base de areia e subleito compactado e III - base de areia, sub-base de brita tipo 1 e subleito compactado. Utilizando-se de um simulador de chuva artificial, foram realizados 18 ensaios com duas chuvas pré-definidas, uma de média intensidade (69 mm/h) e outra de alta intensidade (180 mm/h). Foram caracterizados o solo do subleito e os materiais de construção, medidos os escoamentos superficial e subsuperficial, bem como a umidade das camadas dos pavimentos. Os parâmetros dos modelos de Horton e de Green-Ampt foram obtidos por meio do ajuste dos dados calculados de taxa de infiltração. Os pavimentos PCP-II, PCP-III, CCG-II, CCG-III e PAV-III apresentaram pouco ou nenhum escoamento superficial. O retardo e o prolongamento nos tempos críticos do hidrograma de escoamento superficial também garantiram bons resultados ao revestimento PCP, que no geral apresentou os maiores tempos de embebição (7,2 a 30,4 minutos) em comparação aos demais tipos de revestimento. A estrutura que apresentou o melhor desempenho hidrológico foi o Trecho III, cujos resultados variaram de 0 a 0,19 para o coeficiente de escoamento. A análise dos resultados mostrou que os pavimentos permeáveis avaliados neste trabalho contribuem à redução do escoamento superficial, em razão dos baixos coeficientes de escoamento (0 a 0,36) obtidos, assim como ao armazenamento temporário de águas de chuva e ao incremento da infiltração de água no solo urbano. As diretrizes construtivas do tipo de pavimento permeável que obteve melhor desempenho foram traçadas e descritas.