Many chemicals used in everyday personal care products are today amongst the most commonly detected compounds in surface waters throughout the world. Collectively referred to as micropollutants, they include paraben preservatives, organic UV filters, alkylphenols, triclosan, and bisphenol-A. Micropollutants enter the aquatic environment predominantly via wastewater discharges. To date there has been only limited assessments on their presence and impacts in coastal environments. The wastewater treatment plants in Lyttelton, Governors Bay, and Diamond Harbour were found to discharge micropollutants into Whakaraupo Harbour. Similarly, the sewage effluents of the Antarctic research stations Scott Base and McMurdo Station were found to discharge micropollutants into Erebus Bay. Strong seasonal changes in the Whakaraupo effluent concentrations were observed, with concentrations higher in winter than in summer. Concentrations fluctuated greatly in Scott Base, reaching concentrations higher than have been previously reported internationally. The nine most commonly detected analytes were octylphenol, 4-MBC, BP-3, BP-1, triclosan, methyl triclosan, bisphenol-A, estrone, and coprostanol. The marine environments in Whakaraupo Harbour and Erebus Bay were found to be similarly impacted. The most commonly detected micropollutants in seawater in Whakaraupo Harbour were mParaben, 4-MBC, BP-3, OMC, bisphenol-A, and estrone. The marine sediments in Whakaraupo Harbour accumulated mParaben, octylphenol, 4-MBC, BP-3, BP-1, bisphenol-A, OMC, estrone, and coprostanol, while mussels bioaccumulated mParaben, octylphenol, and BP-3. The same range of micropollutants were detected in seawater throughout Erebus Bay, including the reference sites. Marine biota (clams, urchins, and fish), including those from the reference site, were shown to readily bioaccumulate mParaben, pParaben, octylphenol, BP-3, E2, EE2, and coprostanol. A much larger coastal area of Antarctica and New Zealand is therefore impacted than was previously thought. Photodegradation was identified as an important environmental degradation pathway for micropollutants. mParaben, BPA, EE2, and BP-3 are highly photo-stable, while triclosan and OP readily photodegrade. The low temperature and irradiance conditions in Antarctica were modelled to investigate their potential environmental persistence. Field measurements suggest the model may underestimate the photodegradation potential of some micropollutants.

The case study examined physical and social privacy for nine residents residing in personal care homes in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The study explored how residents’ well-being and quality of life was affected by the privacy afforded to them in various room accommodations. The case study explored residents’ social location, room preference, safety and security, communication with family, interaction with staff, and interaction with roommates. The study found that residents benefit from having access to locks for doors; specialized units for cognitively impaired residents; private health assessment rooms; phasing out multi-bed room; use of room barriers; privacy for intimacy; access to private lounges for visiting; and private room with a public telephone. The study assists health care providers and students in health fields in becoming aware of privacy issues. The study may be useful in assisting residents to prepare for adjustment to a personal care home.

OBJECTIVE: To measure urinary triclosan levels and their variability across pregnancy, and to identify sources of triclosan exposure among Canadian pregnant women. METHODS: Single spot and serial urine samples, as well as consumer product use information were collected across pregnancy and post-partum from 80 healthy pregnant women in Ottawa. Analyses included descriptives, linear mixed effects and parametric trend modeling, and surrogate category analysis. RESULTS: Triclosan was detected in 87% of maternal urine samples (LOD=3.0 µg/L). Triclosan concentrations varied by time of day of urine collection (p=0.0006), season of sampling (p=0.019), and parity (p=0.038). Triclosan was included in 4% of all personal care products used by participants; 89% of these triclosan products were varying brands of toothpaste and hand soaps. CONCLUSION: This study provided the first data on temporal variability urinary triclosan levels, and on source attribution data in Canadian pregnant women. Results will assist with population-specific exposure assessment strategies.

My master's degree thesis focuses on special Czech social security benefit, which can be perhaps called "benefit for personal care". In the first chapter I explicate the topic and conceptions I will work with in the following text. The second chapter describes legislation which precedes the Act of social services containing the "benefit for personal care". This Act had come in force in 2006 and has come into effect since 1st January 2007. I compared construction of previous supports and " benefit for personal care" The third chapter explains in detail rules of law which regulate conditions of claim for benefit for personal care, administrative procedure, etc. The level of benefit relates to the degree in which needy person depends on help of other individual. The method used for establishing this degree is highlighted in the 4th chapter. The 4th chapter is subdivided into two major parts according to operations and procedures used to establish degree of applicant's dependence. I especially focused on aspects of establishing proper degree of dependence for visually impaired people. In final part I reflected on alternative ways how to regulate this social security issue based on a reflection of functioning of chosen system and I have mentioned the latest novel social service Act which will come into...

OBJECTIVE: To measure urinary triclosan levels and their variability across pregnancy, and to identify sources of triclosan exposure among Canadian pregnant women. METHODS: Single spot and serial urine samples, as well as consumer product use information were collected across pregnancy and post-partum from 80 healthy pregnant women in Ottawa. Analyses included descriptives, linear mixed effects and parametric trend modeling, and surrogate category analysis. RESULTS: Triclosan was detected in 87% of maternal urine samples (LOD=3.0 µg/L). Triclosan concentrations varied by time of day of urine collection (p=0.0006), season of sampling (p=0.019), and parity (p=0.038). Triclosan was included in 4% of all personal care products used by participants; 89% of these triclosan products were varying brands of toothpaste and hand soaps. CONCLUSION: This study provided the first data on temporal variability urinary triclosan levels, and on source attribution data in Canadian pregnant women. Results will assist with population-specific exposure assessment strategies.

El mercado de cosmética e higiene personal ha tenido un crecimiento significativo en los últimos años en el país, esto debido a la demanda por productos como cosméticos, perfumes, maquillaje, preparaciones para la piel y geles capilares. Dichos productos son adquiridos principalmente por la población femenina, por lo que el segmento determinado son mujeres del NSE A y B que residen en Lima Metropolitana y que tienen preferencia por la compra vía online. Dentro del grupo de las preparaciones de la piel, se encuentran las cremas faciales, las cuales tienen diferentes composiciones y propiedades para la piel. No obstante, una de las controversias que gira en torno a estos tipos de productos es en base a la composición de estos, ya que existen marcas en el mercado que emplean elementos químicos, los cuales al usarse constantemente pueden, a largo plazo, generar problemas a la piel. Ante esto, se ha realizado el presente proyecto, el cual se basa en la comercialización de una crema facial limpiadora e hidratante a base de insumos naturales, entre ellos se destacan los vegetales como el espárrago y la espinaca, el aceite esencial de sándalo y el extracto de yogurt. Esta propuesta de cosmética natural brinda muchas propiedades beneficiosas para la piel, asimismo, genera un nivel de confianza y seguridad a los clientes al ser en base a insumos naturales. El modelo de negocio propuesto es atractivo, debido a que tiene una relación estrecha con la tendencia de lo natural, la cual es una de las tendencias que ha tenido un mayor impacto en los últimos años en la sociedad, asimismo, porque se ha identificado, durante la investigación realizada durante el proyecto, que existe una demanda insatisfecha por este tipo de productos en el rubro de la cosmética. / The cosmetics and personal hygiene market has had significant growth in recent years in the country, this due to the demand for products such as cosmetics, perfumes, makeup, skin preparations and hair gels. Said products are acquired mainly by the female population, so the specific segment is women from the NSE A and B who reside in Metropolitan Lima and who have a preference for online shopping. Within the group of skin preparations, are facial creams, which have different compositions and properties for the skin. However, one of the controversies that revolves around these types of products is based on their composition, since there are brands on the market that use chemical elements, which when used constantly can, in the long term, generate problems to the skin. Given this, the present project has been carried out, which is based on the commercialization of a cleansing and moisturizing facial cream based on natural inputs, including vegetables such as asparagus and spinach, sandalwood essential oil and yogurt extract. This proposal of natural cosmetics provides many beneficial properties for the skin, and also generates a level of confidence and security for customers, based on natural inputs. The proposed business model is attractive, because it has a close relationship with the natural trend, which is one of the trends that has had the greatest impact on society in recent years, also because it has been identified, during the research carried out during the project, there is an unmet demand for this type of product in the cosmetics sector." / Trabajo de investigación

South African companies are said to be mining the so-called "Black Diamond", the emerging middle-class segment that is driving economic growth within the country (Mahajan, 2009:9). The focus on the emerging Middle Class in South Africa (SA) has left a knowledge gap on Low-Income consumers - even though they are still the largest consumer group in SA (Connecting with Survivors, 2014). The Unilever "Connecting with Survivors Report" (2014) highlights the fact that 70% of the SA Market earn less than R6000 per month, while together they have a spending power of R300 Billion per annum. According to Martin (2012:71), 5.8% of Low-Income Consumer Households (HH) spending is prioritised for the purchase of personal care products, while 64.2% of their HH income is prioritised for food and housing expenses. Given the trivial proportion allocated to personal care products, this research has been guided by the problem statement that Low-Income consumers are forced to make trade-offs, when purchasing personal care products, which fall outside their realm of affordability. The primary objective of this study was to investigate Low-Income consumers' buying behaviour in the Personal Care Industry in South Africa. The Theory of Buyer Behaviour was used as a theoretical framework to assist in the understanding of Low-Income consumer behaviour in the Personal Care industry. The phenomenological research paradigm was used in this study, utilising interviews to collect the data from respondents in the Western Cape Province. Inductive reasoning was practised to draw a conclusion on the investigation of Low-Income consumer buying behaviour in the personal care industry in South Africa. The findings from the study indicate that Low-Income consumers do indeed make trade-offs when personal care products fall outside their realm of affordability. The extent to which they do so varies, based on necessity. This research stands to contribute to the body of knowledge by narrowing the knowledge gap on the Low-Income Consumer market in South Africa with the focus on the Personal Care Industry, thereby allowing marketers to develop and implement effective marketing strategies.

El consumo de cremas productos de cuidado facial ha aumentado con el paso de los años. La creciente demanda por productos naturales ha ocasionado que diversas empresas opten por desarrollar nuevas propuestas de oferta para satisfacer dicha demanda. Debido a ello, la industria de cuidado facial se ha visto en la mira de las empresas para producir nuevos productos a base de insumos naturales. Por ello, se ha convenido en desarrollar una línea de producto de cuidado facial para satisfacer a la creciente demanda existente. Nuestra propuesta de trabajo es el desarrollo de una línea de productos de cuidado facial SkyGlad, la cual está dirigida a aquellas personas que buscan cuidar su piel, limpiar impurezas, hidratarla y tonificarla. El insumo fundamental de esta nueva línea de productos es el té verde. Este ofrece diversos beneficios para la piel, por ser un poderoso antioxidante, útil para tratar el acné, espinillas y eccema. Además, rejuvenece las células de la piel y alcanza una limpieza total, eliminando de todo tipo impurezas. De igual forma, cuenta con diversas esencias especiales beneficiosas para la piel. Son tres los productos a comercializar: Jabón, Crema Hidratante y Exfoliante. En el mercado actual, existen productos que cuentan con las mismas características del producto a elaborar, sin embargo; el producto propuesto se diferencia por el insumo característico: “té verde” y por los bajos niveles químicos. / The consumption of facial care products has increased over the years. The growing demand for natural products has caused various companies to choose to develop new supply proposals to meet this demand. Because of this, the facial care industry has been targeted by companies to produce new products based on natural inputs. Therefore, it has been agreed to develop a product line of facial care to meet the growing demand. Our work proposal is the development of a SkyGlad facial care products line, which is dedicated for those who really take care of their skin, clean impurities, moisturize and tone it. The fundamental input of this new product line is green tea. It offers various benefits for the skin, being a powerful antioxidant, useful for treating acne, pimples and eczema. In addition, it rejuvenates the skin cells and reaches a total cleaning, eliminating all kinds of impurities. Similarly, it has several special essences beneficial to the skin. There are three products to market: Soap, Moisturizing Cream and Exfoliating. In the current market, there are products that have the same characteristics of the product to be manufactured, however; SkyGlad product line has a differentiation guide by the characteristic input: "green tea" and by the low chemical levels. / Trabajo de investigación

Los problemas en la piel como las grietas, heridas y resequedad son constantes tanto en hombres como mujeres. Por esta razón, pensamos en la creación de “Aloelina”, una crema con la que se propone poner fin a una necesidad y problemática que permanece en la sociedad y que, en los últimos años, se ha incrementado de manera significativa. El proyecto se basa en una crema hipoalergénica de componentes naturales como la Lanolina y el Aloe, productos que se pueden adaptar a diferentes tipos de piel. A lo largo del ciclo, hemos logrado validar la idea de negocio a través del planteamiento de hipótesis y la ejecución del Concierge que fue impulsado por las estrategias de marketing en redes sociales. El producto logró tener una buena aceptación por parte del público gracias al valor diferenciado que posee y obtuvo ventas por 283 unidades a la fecha, que están valorizadas en S/. 8,490.00. Asimismo, la empresa tiene como objetivo crecer con el tiempo, tanto en ventas como en capacidad instalada, con la finalidad de lograr atender la demanda proyectada y expandirse a otros territorios. Gracias a la proyección de flujos de efectivo traídos a valor presente, lo cual nos indica que el proyecto es viable y sostenible en el tiempo. / Skin problems such as cracks, wounds and dryness are constant in both men and women. For this reason, we think of the creation of “Aloelina”, a cream with which it is proposed to end a need and problem that remains in society and that, in recent years, has increased significantly. The project is based on a hypoallergenic cream of natural components such as Lanolin and Aloe, products that can be adapted to different skin types. Throughout the cycle, we have managed to validate the business idea through the hypothesis approach and the execution of the Concierge that was driven by social media marketing strategies. The product managed to have a good acceptance by the public thanks to the differentiated value it has and obtained sales for 283 units to date, which are valued at S /. 8,490.00. Likewise, the company aims to grow over time, both in sales and in installed capacity, in order to meet the projected demand and expand to other territories. Thanks to the projection of cash flows brought at present value, which indicates that the project is viable and sustainable over time. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar un plan de negocio para implementar una distribución exclusiva dirigida a una compañía de consumo masivo para su línea de productos de higiene y cuidado personal en el canal perfumero en Lima Metropolitana. La razón de la propuesta se debe a que la distribución actual es una poli distribución que presenta problemas para cumplir con las necesidades de los clientes. El mercado, compuesto por negocios perfumeros de la capital, es un mercado atractivo e interesante que comercializa a nivel ventas unos 191 millones de soles al año aproximadamente. Se realizó un sondeo de mercado y se identificó que el principal problema con la distribución actual es el tiempo de respuesta y el servicio al cliente, por lo que nuestra propuesta de distribución exclusiva cierra esa brecha. Finalmente, de acuerdo a la evaluación financiera se obtiene un VAN positivo de 671,307 soles, con una TIR del 55.1% sobre el WACC, por lo que se concluye que el proyecto es viable y se recomienda su implementación. / This research aims to develop a business plan with an exclusive distribution, aimed for a mass consumer company’s hygiene and personal care products, in the personal care category within Metropolitan Lima. The reason for the proposal is due to the current drop shipping distribution, which has problems meeting customer needs. This group, which includes the personal care category, is an attractive and interesting market that sells approximately 191 million soles per year at a sales level. A survey was conducted, where we were able to identify that the response time and customer service were the main problems with the current distribution, therefore our exclusive distribution proposal closes that gap. Finally, according to the financial evaluation, a positive NPV of 671,307 soles is obtained, with an IRR of 55.1% over the WACC, consequently concluding that the project is viable and its implementation is recommended. / Trabajo de investigación