intelligence that has flowed from the personality–intelligence interface, hence emotional intelligence. The accepted body of knowledge regarding emotional capability is under scrutiny and middle ground is yet to be found. The general aim of this research was to gain an understanding of the relationship between independent variables (personality and cognition) and a dependent variable (emotional intelligence). The study was descriptive in nature, as the relationship between the variables was described rather than assumed. A quantitative, empirical study investigated independent variables and statistically analysed the results. This study found that 28% of the variance in EQ can be explained by personality and only 6.4% by cognition. The variance percentage increases to 30.4% when personality and cognition are combined. However, it seems that personality still carries most of the weight in this combination.Keywords: Organisational Psychology; Personnel Psychology; humanistic existential approach; descriptive research; quantitative empirical study; emotional intelligence; personality; cognition; Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ); Cognitive Process Profile (CPP); Bar-On EQ-i / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Thesis (MA) -- Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the human race enters the new millennium it is challenged by factors such as continuos changed, demand for improved quality and increased competition of global proportions. This requires of organisations to be more responsive to change as well as that individuals will need to position themselves to meet the challenges of the knowledge era. These challenges demand creativity in order to meet the demands for value adding contributions to the organisation. The above mentioned situation gives rise to a number of questions: Firstly, how can the creative processes of an individual be assessed? Secondly, what role does personality play as an indicator of creativity? Lastly, can the knowledge concerning the relationship between creativity and personality be applied to enhance the expression of creativity in the working environment? This research is aimed at investigating the relationship between personality dimensions and creative thinking preferences. 305 managers from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd reporting levels of an organisation in the aviation maintenance and manufacturing industry took part in the study. Two instruments were used namely the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Step II, to assess the personality dimensions and the Neethling Brain Instrument (NBI) to assess the subjects creative thinking preference. A Pearson Product Moment analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between the subscales of the MBTI Step II personality dimensions and the NBI. Next a Principal Component analysis was conducted to determine if any of the NBI thinking style preferences measure the same factor as the subscales of the MBTI Step II, as well as to reduce the number of variables used to determine if a significant relationship exists between the principle dimensions of the MBTI and thinking styles of the NBI. Finally, a regression analysis was performed to determine if the principle dimensions of the MBTI Step II are significantly related to the thinking style dimensions of the NBI. The results of the Pearson Product Moment correlation indicated that significant correlations exist between the sub-scales of the MBTI Step II and the NBI thinking preferences. However, the significance of these correlations range from weak to strong, posing a challenge with regard to determining which of these correlations have any practical value. The results of the Principle Component analysis indicated the existence of four distinct factors, which are common to both the MBTI Step II, and the NBI. However, it was of interest to note that two of the dimensions of the NBI each loaded on two of the factors leading to the conclusion that these two dimensions each measure two unique factors. The results of the Regression analysis provided evidence that the NBI measures two dimensions of the MBTI Step II. Firstly, a preference for thinking is measured by the L1, Upper Left quadrant scale of the NBI and a preference for feeling is measured by the R2, Right Lower quadrant scale of the NBI. Secondly, that a combination of the Judging/Perceiving and Sensing/Intuition preferences are related as follows. The R1, Right Upper quadrant preference scale measures a combination of Perceiving and Intuition. The L2, Left Lower quadrant scale appears to measure a combination of Judging and Sensing. An obvious question that arises is, which personality type is more creative? The process perspective on creativity would appear to indicate that certain personality types have a preference for contributing more effectively to specific parts of the creative process. Thus it can be concluded that no single personality type is more creative than the other is, but that creativity requires the use of all the functions of Personality Type. The key to creativity is the integration of all the Type functions both preferred and not preferred in a synergistic manner. This requires recognition that creativity will require the expenditure of significant amounts of psychic energy to apply non-preferred functions in the process of being creative. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Organisasies wat die nuwe millenuim betree het, staar toenemende uitdagings in die gesig. Faktore soos konstante verandering, toenemende eise vir die verbetering van kwaliteit en die verhoging in kompetisie wereldwyd, stel aan organisasies hoer eise om vinniger te reageer op verandering. Dit verg ook van individue om hulself te posisioneer ten einde die uitdagings van die kennis-era aan te durf. Die uitdagings vereis kreatiwiteit om aan die eise van waarde-toevoeging in die organisasie by te dra. Die voorafgenoemde situasie laat 'n paar vrae ontstaan. Eerstens, hoe ‘n individu se kreatiewe prosesse geevalueer kan word, tweedens watter rol persoonlikheid speel as ‘n aanduider van kreatiwiteit en laastens of kennnis van die verband tussen kreatiwiteit en persoonlikheid prakties toegepas kan word om die uitdrukking van kreatiwiteit in die werksomgewing te verhoog. Hierdie navorsing is daarop gemik om die verband tussen persoonlikheidsdimensies en kreatiewe denk voorkeure te ondersoek. 305 bestuurders in die eerste, tweede en derde rapporteringsvlak van 'n lugvaart vervaardiging en onderhoud organisasie het aan die navorsing deelgeneem. Twee meetinstrumente is gebruik in die navorsing naamlik die Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Step II, om die persoonlikheidsdimensies te meet en die Neethling Brein Instrument (NBI) om die individue se kreatiewe denkvoorkeure te meet. Die Pearson Produk Moment ontleding is gebruik om die korrelasie tussen die persoonlikheidsdimensie sub-skale van die MBTI Step II en die NBI te bepaal. Daarna is 'n Hoofkomponent ontleding uitgevoer om te bepaai of enige van die NBI denk voorkeurstyle dieselfde faktor as die MBTI Step II subskale meet, asook om die aantal veranderlikes te verminder om sodoende te bepaai of daar ‘n betekenisvolle verband bestaan tussen die hoofdimensies van die MBTI Step II en die denkstyle van die NBI. Laastens is ‘n Regressie ontleding gebruik om te bepaai of die hoofdimensies van die MBTI Step II ‘n betekenisvolle verband toon met die denkstyl dimensies van die NBI. Die resultate van die Pearson Produk Moment ontleding het daarop gedui dat daar ‘n betekenisvolle korrelasie bestaan tussen die sub-skale van die MBTI Step II en die NBI denk voorkeure. Die betekenisvolheid van die korrelasies wissel egter van swak tot sterk korrelasies, wat ‘n uitdaging skep in terme van die bepaling van die korrelasies wat enige praktiese waarde inhou. Die resultate van die Hoofkomponent ontleding het die bestaan van vier kenmerkende faktore aangedui wat biede algemeen is in die MBTI Step II, en die NBI. Dit was egter interressant om te merk dat twee van die NBI se dimensies op twee verskillende faktore gelaai het. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word is dat die twee dimensies elk twee afsonderlike faktore meet. Die resultate van die Regressie Ontleding het aangedui dat die NBI twee dimensies van die MBTI Step II meet. Eerstens, word ‘n voorkeur vir “Thinking” gemeet deur die L1, Linker Bokantste kwadrant op die NBI en 'n voorkeur vir “Feeling” word gemeet deur die R2, Regter Onderkantste kwadrant van die NBI. Tweedens, dat 'n kombinasie van “Judging/Perceiving” en "Sensing/Intuition” voorkeure die volgende verband toon. Die R1 Regter Bokantste kwardrant meet 'n voorkeur vir ‘n kombinasie van “Intuition” en “Perceiving”. Die L2 Linker Onderkantste kwadrant meet ‘n voorkeur vir 'n kombinasie van “Sensing" en “Judging”. ‘n Ooglopende vraag wat gevra word is die van watter persoonlikheidstipe meer kreatief is? Uit die prossess perspektief wat geneem is in die studie, wil dit voorkom dat sekere persoonlikheidstipes ‘n voorkeur het om meer effektief te kan bydra tot specifieke gedeeltes van die kreatiewe prosess. Die afleiding kan dus gevorm word dat geen enkele persoonlikeidstipe meer kreatief is as die ander nie, maar eerder dat die gebruik van al die funksies van persoonlikheidstipe nodig is om kreatiewiteit te ontsluit. Die sleutel tot kreatiewiteit is dus die sinergistiese integrasie van al die Tipe funksies, beide die waarvoor ‘n voorkeur bestaan en die waarvoor daar nie ‘n voorkeur is nie. Dit verg ook die besef dat kreatiwieteit die spandering van groot hoeveelhede psigiese energie benodig, om funksies waarvoor daar nie 'n voorkeur is nie, toe te pas om die kreatiewe process te volbring.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The need for the wise employee in modern organisations can, especially in the light of technological advancement and global competition, not be denied. The current work environment is dynamic and poses numerous challenges to employees. Attributes such as insight, good judgement and decision-making are required; attributes that correlate with wisdom. Certain personality attributes such as maturity, tranquility, flexibility and empathy are often being used in the description of wise individuals and are also being set as requirements for the modern employee. Research and studies with regard to wisdom are limited. As limited and contradictory results exist with regard to the Industrial Psychological enquiry into wisdom, a need exists for further research, especially with regard to the circumstances and factors that are applicable to the South African business organisation. As a potential relationship between wisdom and personality traits exists, it has been set as the subject of investigation for this study. Certain personality traits grant possible access to or might faseilltate the development of wisdom. If the wise employee can be identified by means of a personality test, it can be of significant value in for example the selection process. Wisdom, for the purpose of this study, refers to expert knowledge with regard to insight, good advice and judgement for complicated life problems. The concept of personality is for the purpose of the study, based on the trait approach where the second order factors of the 16 PF-questionnaire, namely extroversion, anxiety, tough mindedness, independence and compulsivity, serve as the structural components of personality. The sample comprises 67 employees who are employed at the central office of a big South African retail company. A wisdom knowledge instrument has been used for the measurement of wisdom knowledge where participants advise on three difficult life problems. The adjusted evaluation instrument of Hira and Faulkender (1997), based on Smith and Baltes' definition of wisdom (1995) as an expert knowledge system, has been used by two evaluators for the evaluation of the responses. The biographical questionnaire was specifically developed to comply with the requirements of the investigation. The results of this investigation shows that a significant correlation between wisdom knowledge and the second order personality factors (-traits) of the 16PF exists, namely anxiety and independence. No significant correlation has been found between wisdom knowledge and the other three second-order factors, namely extroversion, tough mindedness and compulsivity. The personality traits have also indicated a low, but significant variance of the wisdom counts. Personality nevertheless shows a correlation with wisdom, in this study. Biographical variables that show a significant positive correlation with wisdom knowledge counts are sex and level of training. Male participants have performed significantly better than female participants. It is evident from the study that age does not have a significant influence on wisdom knowledge performance. It is also evident from the results that the measuring instrument reflects a valid measurement of wisdom performance and that the two evaluators' evaluations show a positive correlation with each other. Conclusions and suggestions for future research are made in accordance with the results of the investigation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die behoefte aan die wyse werknemer in hedendaagse organisasies kan, veral in die lig van snelle tegnologiese verandering en globale kompetisie, nie meer ontken word nie. Die hedendaagse werksomgewing is vinnigveranderend en stel talle uitdagings aan werknemers. Eienskappe soos insig, goeie oordeel en besluitneming word vereis, eienskappe wat met wysheid verband hou. Sekere persoonlikheidseienskappe soos volwassenheid, rustigheid, buigsaamheid en empatie word dikwels in die beskrywing van wyse persone gebruik en word ook as vereistes vir die hedendaagse werknemer gestel. Navorsing en studies ten opsigte van wysheid is beperk. Aangesien beperkte en teenstrydige resultate bestaan ten opsigte van die Bedryfsielkundige ondersoek na wysheid, bestaan daar 'n behoefte aan verdere navorsing, veral ten opsigte van die omstandighede en faktore wat van toepassing is op die Suid- Afrikaanse besigheidsorganisasie. Aangesien daar 'n potensiële verband tussen wysheid en persoonlikheidstrekke bestaan, is dit as die onderwerp van ondersoek vir hierdie studie gestel. Sekere persoonlikheids- eienskappe verleen moontlik toegang tot of fasiliteer die ont- wikkeling van wysheid. Indien die wyse werknemer deur middel van 'n persoonlikheidstoets geïdentifiseer kan word, kan dit van belangrike waarde wees in onder andere die keuringsproses. Wysheid verwys vir die doel van hierdie studie na ekspert kennis ten opsigte van insig, goeie raad en oordeel tot ingewikkelde lewensprobleme. Die begrip van persoonlikheid is vir die doel van die studie op die trekbenadering gebaseer waar die tweede-orde faktore van die 16 PF-vraelys; naamlik ekstroversie, angs, geharde ewewig, onafhanklikheid en kompulsiwiteit, as die strukturele komponente van persoonlikheid dien. Die steekproef bestaan uit 67 werknemers wat by die sentrale kantoor van 'n groot Suid-Afrikaanse kleinhandelsmaatskappy werksaam is. Vir die meting van wysheidskennis is 'n wysheidskennis- instrument gebruik waar deelnemers advies moet verskaf ten opsigte van drie moeilike lewensprobleme. Die aangepaste nasieninstrument van Hira en Faulkender (1997), wat op Smith en Baltes (1995) se definisie van wysheid as 'n ekspert kennissisteem gebaseer is, is deur twee evalueerders gebruik in die evaluering van die response. Die biografiese vraelys is ontwikkelom spesifiek aan die vereistes van die ondersoek te voldoen. Die resultate van hierdie ondersoek toon dat daar slegs beduidende korrelasies tussen wysheidskennis en die tweede-orde persoonlikheidsfaktore (-trekke) van die 16 PF angs en onafhanklikheid bestaan. Geen beduidende korrelasies tussen wysheidskennis en die ander drie tweede-orde faktore naamlik ekstroversie, geharde ewewig en kompulsiwiteit is gevind nie. Die persoonlikheidstrekke het ook 'n lae, maar beduidende variansie van die wysheidstellings getoon. Persoonlikheid toon dus wel 'n verband met wysheid in hierdie studie. Biografiese veranderlikes wat 'n beduidende positiewe verband met wysheidskennistellings toon, is geslag en vlak van opleiding. Manlike deelnemers het beduidend beter presteer as die vroulike deelnemers. Uit die studie blyk dit dat ouderdom nie 'n beduidende invloed op wysheids- kennisprestasie uitoefen nie. Dit blyk ook vanuit die resultate dat die metingsinstrument 'n geldige meting van wysheidsprestasie weergee en dat die twee evalueerders se evaluasies 'n positiewe korrelasie met mekaar toon. Gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings vir toe- komstige navorsing word op grond van die resultate van die ondersoek gemaak.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research is to gain insight into the personalities of marketers and to identify a benchmark personality profile for a marketer in professional service industries. In order to accomplish this, the personality traits required when performing the general marketing role, as well as the personality tests to measure the identified traits, were investigated. A best-fit profile was then selected by matching these traits. The variations in the marketing role between the professional services and the goods industry were then investigated in order to adapt the profile for the specific traits required by professional service industries. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator and 16 Personality Factor scales were identified as the main tests and selected to measure the desired traits for the profile. Additional tests were identified to test for high levels of creativity, high levels of tolerance for ambiguity, strong internal locus of control, high need for achievement, high levels of emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial spirit. When comparing the traits required by the boundary spanning, entrepreneurial role of marketers inside organisations, with the descriptions of each of the 16 Myers Briggs types, the Extrovert, Instinctive, Thinking, Perceiving (ENTP) type was identified as the best-fit profile. A corresponding 16PF profile was constructed and compared using correlations between the two scales. No clashing personality traits could be identified when investigating the mainly relational marketing role requirements of the professional services industries. Replacement of the ENTP type was therefore not justified. Additional traits related to ‘loyalty’ and ‘trust’ were added as further advantages and an investigation into the Myers Briggs type theory identified ways of evaluating it. The subsequent theoretical profile and descriptions were then sent to experienced and practised marketers in the professional services industry, asking them to provide feedback regarding the personality traits of the theoretical profile and the methods followed. Feedback was provided by means of a Likert scale multiple-choice survey that was hosted online as well as private email conversations. The feedback was mostly positive and responses corresponded with the theoretical model with the exception of two specific personality traits of the 16PF in question that opposed the model. Personality tests can serve as a starting point for constructive discussions of individual behaviour and performance of current employees. These tests can be used for coaching, career counselling, conflict resolution, team and organisational development and to predict employee-role "fit". The tests and results can help provide a framework for assessing the ways that different individual personalities contribute to the behaviours that impact performance in the workplace.

Adolescent drug use motivations were examined from the perspective of Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory (1963; 1968) of human development. The study used an existing data base derived from a sample of about 13,000 Arizona students in grades seven through twelve. Two questions were asked. The first examined the students' self-reported perceptions of drug use/nonuse motivations across the four ego-identity stages of Marcia (1966). The second examined drug use motivational perceptions within the four stages. First, approximately 13,000 Young People Survey (Jones, 1986) respondents were classified into the four ego-identity stages for each of two domains, Interpersonal and Ideological (Grotevant & Adams, 1984), according to rules suggested by Adams (1979). A random sample of approximately 200 of these respondents was then selected for the analyses for each of eight categories: Interpersonal achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion; and Ideological achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion. Subject responses to two survey questions were analyzed for the first research question. One survey question had asked the students why they thought people their age used drugs and alcohol, the second survey question asked students who had not used alcohol why they had not done so. The eight analyses revealed that the reported motivations were significantly different (p < .05) across all four ego-identity stages for both domains. The second research question analyzed responses to the survey question dealing with drug use motivations, and tested whether motivational responses discriminated marijuana users from nonusers within each of the four ego-identity stages. Each analysis produced statistically significant results. For achieved subjects, peers, recreation, and curiosity combined to discriminate marijuana users from nonusers (p < .05). For moratorium subjects, it was peers, recreation, and stress (p < .05). For foreclosed subjects, peers, curiosity, and recreation discriminated between users and nonusers (p < .05); and for diffused subjects, it was peers, boredom, and recreation (p < .05). The study indicates that young people use psychoactive substances for reasons which vary according to their level of ego-identity development (psychosocial maturity). Additionally, the study indicates that adolescent drug use motivations also depend upon their experience with drugs.

This study was undertaken to determine whether the Mini-Mult is able to function as well as the MMPI for a limited clinical purpose, the discrimination of psychosis and neurosis by Goldberg's rule. The smaller size of the Mini-Mult (71 items) allows conservation of time .and energy by subjects and professionals. Thirty male residents of the Austin State Hospital completed two standard MMPIs and one oral Mini-Mult. A fourth set of scores was obtained by extracting Mini-Mult from the first MMPI. Correlations and tests of significance were computed for raw scores and Goldberg's index scores. Results indicate no significant differences in the discrimination of psychosis and neurosis between the MMPI and the Mini-Mult.

This study hypothesized that paranoid schizophrenia and schizo-affective, depressed type schizophrenia could be differentiated by the Internalizer-Externalizer, Regulated- Flexible, and Role Uniform-Role Adaptable dimensions of the Personality Assessment System. The Personality Assessment System methodology utilizes the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to measure these dimensions. All hypotheses were statistically confirmed. The difficulty of applying the Personality Assessment System to psychopathological regressive states is cited. Recommendations include utilizing the Personality Assessment System with other groups in the institutional setting and within diagnostic categories.

The Personality Inventory for Youth (PIY) is a recently developed, multiscale assessment instrument designed specifically for adolescents between the ages of nine and 18. The purpose of this archival study was to establish clinical correlates for the PIY scales. PIY profiles were collected from 100 juvenile files at the Gainesville State School and examined in conjunction with the Child Assessment Scale (CAS) and the Personal Attitude Scale (PAS) to provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Results indicate modest to moderate convergent validity according to Campbell and Fiske's criteria for construct validity; however, discriminant results indicate considerable overlap among traits which are not expected to be highly correlated.

D.Litt. et Phil. / In recent times the South African society has been subject to rapid and important changes. These changes resulted in new responsibilities placed on social workers and psychologists. This situation has lead to the development of new perspectives and the expansion of knowledge and understanding. Social workers and psychologists are increasingly under pressure to provide cost effective services to an increasing number of clients without reducing accountability. Counsellors have to be able to support their decisions with scientific evidence ...

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of master of Arts in Clinical psychology. / The aim of the research is to find out whether white male South Africans who Leave high school before completion of their studies differ significantly in the personality domains of neuroticism; extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness, from their counterparts who complete their high school studies. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version] / AC2017