As the growing body of literature draws on various theoretical perspectives of ambidexterity - an organization’s ability to balance both exploration and exploitation activities - an important stream has emerged that focuses on the role of leaders in the development of ambidexterity. This thesis is seeking to advance knowledge on how SME leaders engage in ambidextrous leadership to respond to the complexities of innovation and improve employee’s innovative behaviors as well as overall business performance. Using survey generated data from 98 SMEs, the first paper reveals that opening and closing leadership behaviors predicted employee explorative and exploitative innovation behaviors respectively above all control variables. The combination of both leadership behaviors also predicted employee ambidexterity. A significant revelation was that the effect of ambidextrous leadership behaviors on employee innovation behaviors is mediated by adaptive/flexible leadership behavior. The second paper investigates the association of potentially relevant antecedents: personality traits, emotional intelligence, adaptive/flexible leadership, transformational leadership and transactional leadership to ambidextrous leadership behaviors (including opening leadership behaviors and closing leadership behaviors). With the exception of personality traits which showed no relationship to ambidextrous leadership, the other independent variables showed varying relationships to ambidextrous leadership. Using a qualitative methodology (interviews), the third paper explores ambidextrous leadership behaviors in female entrepreneurs in relation to gender-role identity. Our findings from semi-structured interviews with 14 female entrepreneurs in Wales reveal that female leaders in our study are mostly androgynous and ambidextrous. Our results demonstrate that female entrepreneurs have little or no consideration for gender stereotypes in performing their leadership duties. Rather, greater focus is placed on demonstrating their competence using traits and leadership behaviors that drive goal accomplishment including the integration of stereotypic masculine and feminine leadership behaviors as considered necessary. Additionally, we observe that the choice of leadership behavior/trait that is emphasized at any point in time is contingent on contextual or situational demands of work as well as individual competencies of the entrepreneur. Overall, this thesis highlights theoretical and practical implications for ambidextrous leadership. Further, it provides steps towards effective understanding of ambidextrous leadership development and practical applications. This thesis indicates that ambidextrous leadership is important for SMEs seeking to enhance employee innovative work behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to explore the current conditions of personality traits, work stress and coping strategies of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City, and to analyze if there was any relationship among them. The study was conducted by means of a questionnaire survey with ¡§Questionnaire on Personality Traits, Work Stress and Coping Strategies of the Teachers at Junior High Schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City.¡¨ 577 teachers were randomly sampled from 78 junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City. Among the collected questionnaires, 546 copies, which accounted for 94.63 % of all, were valid. The collected data was analyzed by statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s product-moment correlation, Canonical correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Based on the analyzed results, the followings were concluded: 1.The overall personality traits of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were high intermediate, with the level of Agreeableness highest. Male teachers with a master¡¦s degree or above felt their overall personality traits were higher. 2.The overall work stress for the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City was intermediate . The main source of stress originates from the adaptation to change. Single female teachers in middle-sized schools felt a higher degree of work stress. 3.The overall coping strategies of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were high intermediate Among them, the strategy of problem solving got the highest percentage. Teachers who have obtained a master¡¦s degree or graduated from ordinary universities had a higher level of overall coping strategies than those who graduated from normal universities or teachers colleges. 4.Male teachers have a higher degree of emotional stability, extroversion and openness than female teachers. Married teachers outperformed singles with regard to emotional stability and agreeableness. 5.Teachers with a master¡¦s degree or above had better emotional stability than those who graduated from ordinary universities, normal universities or teachers colleges. Teachers with a master¡¦s degree or above had a higher level of agreeableness than graduates from normal universities or teachers colleges. Regarding conscientiousness, the percentage for teachers graduating from ordinary universities was higher than those from normal universities or teachers colleges. 6.Female junior high school teachers perceived more stress than male instructors in terms of teaching management, professional expertise and adaptation to change. Single teachers suffered more work stress related to interpersonal relationships and professional expertise than those who are married 7.There was a higher percentage in the use of the strategy of help seeking for female teachers than for male instructors. 8.The better personality traits of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were, the lower work stress would show. The lower work stress they have, the higher coping strategies would show. 9.Personality traits were predictive to work stress, and the major predictive variable was emotional stability. 10.Work stress was predictive to the overall coping strategies, and the major predictive variable was professional expertise. According to the results and conclusions of this study, the researcher proposes some specific suggestions for the related personnel teachers, school or education administration to do further study.

The purpose of this study is to explore the personality traits, emotional management and teacher efficacy of the junior high school teachers in Tainan City and to analyze if there is any relationship among them. The study is conducted by means of questionnaire survey with ¡§Questionnaire on Personality Traits, Emotional Management and Teacher Efficacy of the Junior High School Teachers in Tainan City.¡¨ 1796 teachers are randomly sampled from 18 junior high schools in Tainan City. Among the collected questionnaires, 624 were valid. The effective questionnaire was 95%. The collected data was analyzed by statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s product-moment correlation, Canonical correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Based on the analyzed results, the followings are concluded: 1.The overall personality traits of junior high school teachers in Tainan City are positive , among which the level of ¡§agreeableness¡¨ is the highest. 2.The overall emotional management ability of junior high school teachers in Tainan City is high intermediate , among which the level of ¡§emotional sense¡¨ is the highest. 3.The overall teacher efficacy of the junior high school teachers in Tainan City is high intermediate. Among which, the level of efficacy for instructional strategies and the level of efficacy for classroom management are obviously higher than the level of efficacy for student engagement. 4.The overall personality traits are positive among the junior high school woman teachers who were graduated from university, aged above 51 ,with more than 16 years of teaching experience. 5.The overall emotional management are better among the junior high school woman teachers who were graduated from university, with less 5 year teaching experience. 6.The overall teacher efficacy are higher among the junior high school woman teachers who were aged above 51 and with the teaching experience of more than 26 years. 7.The junior high school teachers who have higher level of ¡§openness¡¨ in these five personality traits have better teacher efficacy. 8.The more positive for personality traits and the higher emotional management, the better teacher efficacy. According to the results and conclusions of this study, the researcher proposes some specific suggestions for the related school or education administration's staff to do further study.

Many enterprises expect that recruit function can help them find the right employees and bring maximum benefit for the company. This study focused on sales staff personality traits relation between job performance. Secondly, understanding the manager leadership styles impact on their personality and job performance. This study survey S company sales staff who work more than one year and issued 459 questionnaires and received 269 valid samples, the effective sample rate of 58.61%. Using SPSS statistical software, process descriptive statistical analysis, reliability analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis and regression analysis for data analysis, by the above analysis, this study obtained the following three main conclusions: 1. Sales staff open-minded and rigorous self-assessment of personality traits are positive on working performance. 2. If manager leadership styles are more significantly transactional or transformational, it will become positive effect to sales staff working performance. 3. The main five personality traits and objective indicators of sales staff doesn¡¦t have significant relationship between performance bonuses; manager leadership styles and objective indicators are also doesn¡¦t have significant relationship between performance bonuses.

The current research aimed to investigate the relationships among perceptions of organizational change, job stress, and the Big-five personality traits of the employees in Kaohsiung Education bureau after the merge. Three hundred questionnaire were distributed via purposive sampling and 244 of them were valid. The response rate was 81.33%. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s product-moment correlation, and multiple regression. The results showed that both perceptions of organizational and job stress among the employees in Kaohsiung Education Bureau were greater than a moderate level. Job stress was not associated with sex, age, working years, and parenthood. Unmarried employees reported higher job stress than did those who married. Perceptions of organizational change, neuroticism, and openness predict the job stress. According to the present findings, implications for administrators and future studies were discussed.

The purpose of this study is to use relevant research to understand whether or not a temporary worker¡¦s personality traits, job satisfaction, and the probability of finding an acceptable alternative job will influence their desire to switch jobs. In this study, 260 questionnaires were passed out to temporary workers in 11 schools. 141 were returned and 140 were valid. The tables cited in this of questionnaire are commonly used in similar studies abroad, and, therefore, commonly recognized as validity. With this in mind, a test the validity of the tables was not carried out for this study. After performing the Cronbach alpha value reliability test, ordinal regression was employed to analyze the data. The following conclusions were reached: First, intrinsic job satisfaction has a significant negative effect on temporary school employee turnover intention. Second, extrinsic job satisfaction has a significant negative effect on temporary school employee turnover intention. Third, the probability of finding an acceptable alternative job has a significant positive effect on temporary school employee turnover intention. Fourth, being a family¡¦s principle wage earned has a significant positive effect on temporary school employee turnover intention. Fifth, personality traits, and demographic statistics have no significant effect on temporary school employee job satisfaction. Sixth, personality traits, and demographic statistics have no significant effect on temporary school employee turnover intention.

Abstract In recent years, many enterprises¡¦ organization structure were toward gradually to the ¡¥flat¡¦ from pyramid-like hierarchical system for avoiding slowdown in transmitting information and implementing any decision, and tended to have teamwork instead of individual workforce, from those employees gained more power to involve in the organization decision. And, such trend led to the increase of interaction and reliance on each member or divisions of organization. Yet, the increment of job overlap meant overlap in job performance, the manner of ¡¥selfish¡¦ human beings have plus independence of individual job triggered the fight of power and benefits, the political behaviors, ¡¥contending prize shifting blame¡¦, were emerged from ¡§employee-employee¡¨ even ¡§employee-supervisor¡¨. Perceptions of organizational politics are engaged in research in employee¡¦s feeling about the political behaviors in his working environment. For years, there¡¦re various definitions about organizational politics proposed by researchers in this field, organizational politic behaviors as well. In running business, employees are required good job attitude by employer, but on the other hand, employees are accompanied the rising of political behaviors in organization. What environment would result in action taken by people ¡¥perception of fact¡¦, not ¡¥truth of fact¡¦, after all, what consequence would it be taken? That¡¦s worthy of consideration. The mainframe of this research is based on the variables of perceptions of organizational politics model proposed by Ferris et al (1989), the domestic public¡Bprivate enterprises are the examined objects, studying the variables influence on perceptions of organizational politics, and the difference between public and private employees to perceptions of organizational politics. Issued 3651 questionnaire, the sample consisted of 2306 employee; the collecting rate reached 63.16% The data being examined by statistic method as variance analysis, Pearson¡¦s r, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis etc., and the findings are as follow: ¤@. Through exploratory study, three dimensions were contributed to perceptions of organizational politics: 1. Employee and Supervisor behavior 2. The range between policy and practice 3. Keeping silence for advantage ¤G. The difference found by individual variables in perceptions of organizational politics: 1. Significant difference was found in Age¡Beducation¡Bworking tenure and the tenure with supervisor. 2. Significant difference was found in job ranks for both perceptions of organizational politics and three dimensions. 3. Significant difference was found in the employees of public¡Bprivate organization¡FThe public employees have higher perceptions than privates¡¦. ¤T. The examining finding on influence hypothesis¡Gby multiple linear regression analysis¡F 1. In individual factors, significant influence was found in the personality characteristics of employees of public¡Bprivate organization for both perceptions of organizational politics and each dimension. 2. In working environment, negative influence was found in the promotion opportunity of public¡Bprivate organization for both perceptions of organizational politics and each dimension. 3. In organization factors, negative influence was found in job rank¡Borganization professionalization¡Bdemocratization for private employees in the perceptions of organizational politics, but no effect on public employees. 4. The variables to the variance explanation of whole explanation of perceptions of organizational politics, the public organization could be reached to 42.60%¡F 41.40% to private organization. This research indicated that there¡¦re some degrees of difference on the influence of perceptions of organizational politics at individual¡Borganization and environment factors of public¡Bprivate organization, after empirical studies, knowing there¡¦re vary personality characteristics in individual factors¡Bvary organization structure and difference of job characteristics, more significance in respective degree, more influence in the existence of perceptions of organizational politics, therefore, understanding more respective existent contributory factors of perceptions of organizational politics, helping enterprises more in finding right person to right place, and employee could find suitable enterprise to develop his expertise for mutual great advantage, that¡¦s the ultimate goal human resource management implemented eventally.

Human resource management is the main part of enterprises competitive ability recently. It is also prized by global famous enterprises. Human resource management function should aggressively participate in the core planning in twenty-first century. Because it is that human resource professional personnel are emphasized, we should pay more attention on personality traits and career orientations which human resource professional personnel have. Therefore, we take human resource office detail analysis for an example at first. The target of this study is to realize the relationship between personality traits and career orientations of human resource professional personnel. We hope that enterprises can be good of using personality traits, and plan career orientations well. This research is grounded on the theoretical basis derived from related literature. Then, questionnaire investigation is adopted with the human resource professional personnel taken as the targets. Use simple sampling investigation approach to get the sample, then taking questionnaire survey. The number of valid questionnaires obtained is 255.The followings are concluded after conducting quantitative analysis in statistic method with the information obtained. 1. Personality traits of human resource professional personnel integrally trend to conscientiousness and agreeableness, followings are extraversion¡Bopenness to experience, and neuroticism. 2. Career orientations of human resource professional personnel integrally trend to occupational and stable, following types are management and promotion. 3. For the group belongs to agreeableness, the career orientations is stable. 4. For the group belongs to conscientiousness, the career orientations is management. 5. For the group belongs to extraversion, the career orientations is promotion. 6. For the group belongs to neuroticism, the career orientations is management. 7. For the group belongs to openness to experience, there is no evidence to say that the career orientations have significant relationship. It is discovered that the personality trait of human resource professional personnel have certain tendency and normality, and career orientations are related with personality traits. Enterprises and organization should emphasize the relationship between personality traits and career orientations of human resource professional personnel. To choose correct human resource workers can help the development of the enterprises and organization, so does set stable profits. When choosing appropriate human resource professional personnel, enterprises and organization can take this study as a reference to help themselves recruit develop, select, employ, educate, etc. Then bring the most profits and growth to enterprises and organization.

The purpose of this study was to explore the current conditions of personality traits, role stress and job satisfaction of the general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City, and to analyze if there was any relationship among them. The study was conducted by means of questionnaire survey with ¡§Questionnaire on Personality Traits, Role Stress and Job Satisfaction of the General Affairs Personnel at Junior High Schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City.¡¨ 215 general affairs personnel were randomly sampled from 54 junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City. Among the collected questionnaires, 198 were valid. The effective questionnaire was 92.1%. The collected data was analyzed by statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s product-moment correlation, Canonical correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Based on the analyzed results, the followings were concluded: 1. The overall role stress that general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City experience was above the norm. They suffered from Role Overloaded stress most. The stress of general affairs personnel was higher in school with12 classes or under than in school with 13 to 48 classes. 2. The overall personality traits of general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were high intermediate. The level of Conscientiousness was the highest; the level of Emotional Stability of the general affairs personnel was higher in Kaohsiung County than in Kaohsiung City. 3. The overall job satisfaction of the general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City was high intermediate. The level of intrinsic satisfaction was the highest. 4. The overall role stress of the general affairs personnel working as section chiefs of purchase and maintenance was the highest. General affairs personnel with college degrees felt the most stress in the level of role ambiguity and role inability. The level of role inability of general affairs personnel working for 6-15 years was higher than that of general affairs personnel working for 26 years or more. 5. Among the general affairs personnel, the directors of general affairs who got high education and had worked for long years felt their overall personality traits were higher. 6. The directors of general affairs and section chiefs of documents and files had higher job satisfaction than the section chiefs of purchase and maintenance and the assistants. Section chiefs of cashier had higher satisfaction than the section chiefs of purchase and maintenance. 7. The lower personality traits of the general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were, the higher role stress would show. The role stress didn¡¦t have much influence on the job satisfaction. The better personality traits were, the higher job satisfaction would show. That is, the lower role stress and the better personality traits the general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City had, the higher job satisfaction they would get. 8. Personality traits and role stress were predictive to the overall job satisfaction and the level of intrinsic satisfaction and extrinsic satisfaction. The major predictive variable to the overall job satisfaction and extrinsic satisfaction was Agreeableness, and the major predictive variable to the intrinsic satisfaction was Conscientiousness. According to the results and conclusions of this study, the researcher proposes some specific suggestions for the related personnel in school or education administration to do further study.

This study is aimed at exploring the relationships among personality traits, the parent-children interaction and depression of adolescents. This study presents the results of a questionnaire survey, which includes Personality Traits Scale, Parent-children Interaction Scale, and Depression Screening Scale for Children & Adolescent. The subjects of this study are 6th graders and 7th graders of public schools in Kaohsiung and Tainan. The data collected from the questionnaire survey were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, Partial Correlation and Hierarchical Multiple Regression. The results and conclusions are listed as the following: 1. Both personality traits and parent-children relationship respectively have a statistically signifigant correlation with depression. 2. Personality traits and parent-children relationship have a statistically signifigant correlation. 3. Personality traits, parent-children relationship have no significant interaction with depression. 4. Adolescents show significant differences with central value in five personality traits aspect. There are significant differences in part of the personality traits based on grades , genders, family types and families of various social-economic status. 5. Adolescents perceiving the interactions with mother are better than those with father. There are significant differences in part of parent-children relationship based on grades, genders, birth order, family types and families of various social-economic status. 6. 23.9¢Mof adolescents are suspected to have depression; among them 4.5¢Mare serious. There are significant differences in part of the depression based on genders, family types and families of various social-economic status.