Thesis (PhD (Earth Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH SUMMARY: S-type granite intrusions are extremely common in the continental crust and form from the partial melting of metasediments. Compositions of S-type granite range from leucogranite to granodiorite and have trace element contents that globally increase with increasing maficity (Fe + Mg). Models proposed for the formation of S-type granite do not answer satisfactorily all petrological and compositional requirements. In this study, S-type granite of the Cape Granite Suite (CGS), South Africa is used to discriminate between potential sources of compositional variation. Experimental studies show that melt produced from the partial melting of sediment is exclusively leucocratic. On this basis, the entrainment of up to 20 wt.% of peritectic garnet within S-type melt can be established to produce the observed major element variations. S-type CGS locally contains garnet. This garnet is in equilibrium with granite composition at P-T conditions (5kb and 750 C for the core of the garnet and 3kb and 720 C for the rim) well below conditions recorded by xenoliths from the same granite (10 kb and 850 C from a metabasite). From this result it seems that the originally entrained garnet no longer exists in the Stype CGS and it have been replaced by newly formed minerals (garnet, cordierite and biotite). Considering the short time necessary to emplace granites (about 100 000 years), it appears that garnet has been compositionnally re-equilibrated through a dissolution-precipitation process. The study of trace element variations in S-type CGS shows that most leucocratic compositions are undersaturated in Zr and Ce compared to predictions from experimental models for dissolution of accessory zircon and monazite in their source regions. Thus, S-type melts are likely to be formed in disequilibrium with respect to accessory phase stability. As a result the observed increase in trace element content with increasing maficity indicates that accessory minerals such as zircon and monazite are co-entrained with peritectic garnet in melt to produce the observed trace element variation in S-type granite. Trace element disequilibrium in the CGS S-type granitoids requires particularly short times of residence of melt within the source region. Together, these results provide for the first time, a fully comprehensive model for major and trace elements variations. Compositional variation in CGS S-type granite results from source processes by a selective entrainment of peritectic and accessory minerals. After entrainment, these minerals are likely to be re-equilibrated within the magma, through a dissolution-reprecipitation process. In addition, it appears that the construction of large S-type granitic bodies occurs through successive addition of magma batches of different composition that originates directly from the source region. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: S-tipe granietinstrusies is baie algemeen in die kontinentale kors en vorm deur die gedeeltelike smelting van metasedimente. Samestellings van S-tipe graniete strek vanaf leukograniet tot granodioriet en het spoorelementsamestellings wat global toeneem met ’n toenemende mafiese component (Fe + Mg). Modelle wat voorgestel is vir die formasie van S-tipe graniete beantwoord nie bevredigend al die petrologiese en komposisionele benodigdhede nie. In hierdie studie word S-tipe graniete van die Kaapse Graniet Suite (CGS), Suid Afrika, gebruik om te diskrimineer tussen potensiele bronne van komposisionele variasie. Eksperimentele studies wys dat smelt, geproduseer van die gedeeltelike smelting van sedimente, uitsluitlik leukokraties is. Op hierdie basis kan bewys word, dat die optel-en-meevoering van tot 20 wt% van peritektiese granaat in S-tipe smelt, die waargeneemde hoofelement variasies kan produseer. S-tipe CGS bevat lokale granaat. Hierdie granaat is in ekwilibrium met die graniet samestelling by P-T kondisies (5kb en 750circC vir die kern van die granaat en 3kb en 720circC vir die rand) ver onder kondisies waargeneem by xenoliete van dieselfde granite (10kb en 850circC van ’n metabasiet). Van hierdie resultaat kan afgelei word dat die oorspronklike opgetel-en-meegevoerde graniet bestaan nie meer in die S-tipe CGS en dat dit vervang is deur nuutgevormde minerale (granaat, kordieriet en biotiet). As in ag geneem word die kort tyd wat nodig is om graniete in te plaas (omtrent 100 000 jaar), wil dit voorkom dat granaat se samestelling geherekwilibreer word deur ’n oplossings-presipitasie proses. Die studie van spoorelement variasies in S-tipe CGS wys dat meeste leukokratiese samestellings is onderversadig in Zr en Ce in vergelyking met voorspellings deur eksperimentele modelle vir die oplossing van bykomstige zircon en monasiet in hulle brongebiede. Dus is S-tipe smelte meer geneig om gevorm te word in disekwilibrium in verhouding tot bykomstige mineraalstabilileit. Met die gevolg is dat die waargenome toename in spoorelementinhoud met toename in mafiese component wys dat bykomstige minerale, soos zirkoon en monasiet, word saam opgetel-enmeegevoer met peritektiese granaat in smelt om die waargenome spoorelement variasie in S-tipe graniete te verklaar. Spoorelement disekwilibrium in die CGS S-tipe granitoide benodig veral kort tye van residensie van die smelt binne die brongebied. Saam gee hierdie resultate vir die eerste keer ’n algehele antwoord vir hoof- en spoorelement variasies. Variasie in samestelling in CGS S-tipe graniete is die resultaat van bronprosesse deur ’n selektiewe optel-en-meevoer van peritektiese en bykomstige minerale. Na die optel-en-meevoer van hierdie minerale word hulle geherekwilibreer binne die magma deur ’n oplossings-presipitasie proses. Addisioneel wil dit voorkom of die konstruksie van groot S-tipe granietliggame plaasvind deur opeenvolgende toevoegings van magma lotte van verskillende samestellings wat direk uit die brongebied kom.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ~2.67 Ga Matok pluton comprises calc‐alkaline pyroxene (px)‐bearing and px‐free granitoids. The pluton was constructed by means of two episodes of intrusion each of which had co‐magmatic px‐bearing and px‐free granitoid groups. All the granitoid groups (px‐bearing and px‐free) are characterised by non‐porphyritic and porphyritic varieties. The phenocrysts in both episodes of intrusion are plagioclase ± alkali feldspar and are aligned parallel to the trend of the Limpopo Belt, attesting to a syntectonic emplacement. The time gap between the first and second intrusion is insignificant and magma was most likely stored in the chamber after the first intrusion. Petrography and geochemical signature of both px‐bearing and px‐free granitoid samples have been studied and a petrogenetic model which accounts for the coeval px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids is proposed. The relevance of the syntectonic emplacement of the Matok pluton ie n the Limpopo Belt is also addrssed. Px‐bearing granitoids always have clinopyroxene but orthopyroxene is not always present. Magnetite and ilmenite are present in both px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids but are more abundant in the px‐bearing granitoids and subordinate in the px‐free granitoids. Plagioclase in both px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids is of oligoclase (An12‐30) composition but is relatively more calcic and increases in modal abundance in the px‐bearing granitoids. Alkali feldspar is more dominant in the px‐free granitoids. Hornblende is present in all the px‐bearing granitoids and the px‐free granitoids with ≤71 wt.% SiO2 but is absent in the px‐free granites with >71 wt.% SiO2. Both magmatic epidote and titanite occur exclusively in the px‐free granitoids with ≤71 wt.% SiO2 and are absent in all the px‐bearing granitoids as well as the px‐free gra nites with >71 wt.% SiO2. Px‐bearing granitoids are mainly of dioritic and granodioritic and have subordinate granitic composition while px‐free granitoids are mainly of granitic and granodioritic and have subordinate dioritic composition. All the rocks define well correlated variation of SiO2 with the rest of the major elements. However, there is always a hiatus between the granites with >71 wt.% SiO2 and all other rocks. Px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids at the same SiO2 concentrations tend to have approximately equal concentrations of MgO, CaO and TiO2, whereas K2O concentration is distinctively higher for the px‐free granitoids. The distribution of the high field strength elements (HFSE; Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf) and rare earth elements (REE) is similar in both px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids. On contrary, Th, U, Cs and Rb are characteristically higher in the px‐free granitoids. All granitoids are characterised by negative anomalies of the HFSE (Nb, Ta and Ti) and the LILE (Th, U and Sr) on primitive mantle normalised diagrams. On the one hand, concentrations of compatible elements (Cr, Ni and Mg) in the Matok pluton granitoids are rather low for a mantle source. On the other hand, all the granitoids have superchondtritic Nb/Ta ratios that overlap with those of the Ventersdorp continental flood basalts which extruded in the Kaapvaal Craton at ~2.7 Ga. The continental crust typically has subchondritic Nb/Ta ratio, and superchondtritic Nb/Ta ratios are widely accepted to resemble a mantle source. The implication is that the Matok pluton granitoids had inherited the superchondtritic Nb/Ta ratio from their source; juvenile underplated mafic magmas that had ponded owing to the impact of the Ventersdorp mantle plume. The large volumes of ponded magma s probably induced the high grade metamorphism in the Limpopo Belt. All the granitoids of the Matok pluton are probably products of one partial melting event. One possible way to account for the co‐existence of px‐bearing and px‐free granitoids in the Matok pluton is by means of, at least, two magma chambers; one which was filled with anhydrous magma and the other which was filled with hydrous magma. An alternative model would be that in which there was only one chamber. In the one chamber scenario, the magma was hydrodynamically sorted into zones that differed mostly in fH2O and concentrations of highly fluid‐mobile elements but conserved the uniformity in fluid immobile elements. Regardless of the number of chambers, magma batches intruded in the form of feeder dikes which minimally interacted, thus avoiding the hydration of pyroxene in the px‐bearing granitoids. / SELELEKELA: Plutone ya Matok e fumanehang profinsing ya Limpopo sebakeng seo ho digeologist se tsebahalang ka hore ke Lebanta la Limpopo e ile ya aheya dilemong tse 2.67 biliyone tse fetileng. Plutone ena eile ya aheya ka mekgahlelo e mmeli, mme mokgahlelo ka mong o ne o bopilwe ka majwe a nang le pyroxene le a senang yona. Majwe kaofela ke a mofuta wa calc‐alkaline. Phapang e kgolo dipakeng tsa mefuta ena e mmedi ya majwe ke boteng ba pyroxene le boteng ba epidote le titanite majweng a nang le pyroxene le a senang pyroxene ka ho latellana. Ha e le diminerale tse ding kaofela tsona ha likgethe mofuta wa lejwe; liteng mefuteng ya majwe ka bobedi. Kgonahalo ya hore plutone ya Matok e ahwe ka mefuta ena e mmedi (px‐bearing and px‐free) e tlile ka mekgoa e mmedi kapa o mong wa mekgwa ena yo ka bobedi e ka etsahalang. (1)Tlaase semelong sa lesheleshele moralla (magma) hone ho ena le didiba tse pedi, seseng se tshetse lesheleshele le chesang haholo ebile le le metsi a fokolang (anhydrous magma) ha se seng se ne se tshetse lesheleshele le metsi a mangata (hydrous magma). Ho tloheng moo didibeng tse pedi ho tla moo plutone ea Matok eleng teng kajeno masheleshele ana a ne a tla ka mokgwa wa di‐dike tseo kaofela phello ya tsona e neng e le sebakeng se le seng‐plutone ya Matok. (2) Mokgwa wa bobedi ke haeba ho ne ho ena le sediba se le seng sa lesheleshele moralla, mme ka sedibeng ka moo ho ne ho ena le maqulwana (zones) a neng a fapane ka bongata ba metsi. Ho tloha sedibeng moo masheleshele ana a ne a tloha ka bona boqulwana boo entse ele ka mokhwa wa di‐dike, mme kaofela phello ya di‐dike ene ele plutone ya Matok. Kaofela majwe a plutone ya Matok a na le feldspar eo boholo ba nako e patlameng ho ya nqa bophirimela‐bochabela (W‐E), e leng nqa eo Lebanta la Limpopo le phatlaletseng ka teng. Hona ho tiisa hore plutone ya Matok e aheile nakong yo Lebanta la Limpopo le neng le ntse le aheya le lona. Ke dilemong tse kabang 2.7 biliyone tse fetileng ha dikarolong tse ding tsa Cratone ya Kaapvaal ho ne ho aheya majwe a moralla a Ventersdorp. Majwe ana ke a hlahang tlaase botebong ba lefatshe (mantle), mme a susumeditswe ke plumo. Karolo boholo ya lesheleshele moralla hae ya ka ya nyoloha ho fihla hodimo lefatsheng. Empa mofuthu o mongata ho nyoloha leshelesheleng moo ke ona oileng wa 'pheha' majwe ho phatlalla le Lebanta la Limpopo. Ho nyoloha hona ha plumo ho etsahetse ka nako e lengwe le ho tsukutleha ho hoholo ho potapota le Cratone ya Kalahari, mme bobedi diketsahalo tsena diile tsa tswala Lebanta la Limpopo. Hobane plutone ya Matok e aheile hanghang ka mora hore lesheleshele la moralla le dule tlaase ho lekgapetla la lefatshe (crust), dielemente tse ratang haholo diminerale tsa ditemperetjha tse hodimo diile tsa feela jwalo di nkile lefa hotswa lesheleshele moralleng la Ventersdorp.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The common presence of large volumes of coarse-grained olivine in kimberlite magmas has been proposed to attest to the volume of mantle xenolith material that has been disaggregated during the ascent of the magma. Orthopyroxene should constitute 10-50 vol% of mantle xenoliths in kimberlites, some of which must be disaggregated into the kimberlite, yet it is typically absent. This work tests the stability of orthopyroxene in ascending kimberlite magma by conducting experiments at pressures between 2.0 and 3.5 GPa and temperatures between 1100 and 1300°C. The starting material consisted of natural hypabyssal kimberlite that is close in composition to primary group I kimberlite magma with 5wt% orthopyroxene sourced from a natural peridotite added. At higher temperatures and pressures it is seen that orthopyroxene quantities exceed that of the starting material, but at lower temperatures and pressures it is absent. These results indicate that orthopyroxene is not stable in the magma composition investigated within the shallower part of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. Based on increased olivine volumes in the experiments where orthopyroxene disappeared, as well as textural relationships between olivine and orthopyroxene, it is found that orthopyroxene dissolution is incongruent along the reaction Mg2Si2O6 (opx) = Mg2SiO4 (ol) + SiO2 (in the liquid). It is concluded that this reaction leads to a maximum addition of 5.5 vol% peritectic olivine to the kimberlite as it ascends through the depths equivalent to a pressure window of 2.0 to 3.5 GPa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: The common presence of large volumes of coarse-grained olivine in kimberlite magmas has been proposed to attest to the volume of mantle xenolith material that has been disaggregated during the ascent of the magma. Orthopyroxene should constitute 10-50 vol% of mantle xenoliths in kimberlites, some of which must be disaggregated into the kimberlite, yet it is typically absent. This work tests the stability of orthopyroxene in ascending kimberlite magma by conducting experiments at pressures between 2.0 and 3.5 GPa and temperatures between 1100 and 1300°C. The starting material consisted of natural hypabyssal kimberlite that is close in composition to primary group I kimberlite magma with 5wt% orthopyroxene sourced from a natural peridotite added. At higher temperatures and pressures it is seen that orthopyroxene quantities exceed that of the starting material, but at lower temperatures and pressures it is absent. These results indicate that orthopyroxene is not stable in the magma composition investigated within the shallower part of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. Based on increased olivine volumes in the experiments where orthopyroxene disappeared, as well as textural relationships between olivine and orthopyroxene, it is found that orthopyroxene dissolution is incongruent along the reaction Mg2Si2O6 (opx) = Mg2SiO4 (ol) + SiO2 (in the liquid). It is concluded that this reaction leads to a maximum addition of 5.5 vol% peritectic olivine to the kimberlite as it ascends through the depths equivalent to a pressure window of 2.0 to 3.5 GPa.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Cretaceous Ambohiby Complex is an alkaline ring complex located in the central part of Madagascar and covers a mountainous area of approximately 225km2. The complex intrudes into Precambrian basement gneisses and consists of the following rock types in a chronological order; gabbros, monzonite, alkali-syenite, micro-granite and granites. Both mafic and felsic rocks are dominated by sodic mineralogies. Pyroxenes are generally aegirine, aegirine-augite, and hedenbergite and commonly occur in granites, micro-granites, syenites and monzonite. In gabbros and mafic dykes, augite is the more common composition. Amphiboles are represented by bluish to brownish-green varieties with arfvedsonite to eckermannite compositions in granites, and magnesia-arfvedsonite compositions in micro-granites. Ferro-edenite is present in some alkali-syenites and monzonite. Feldspars are usually single phase and are therefore hypersolvus. In granites, micro-granites and alkali-syenites, path and string perthite is very common. Graphic intergrowth of quartz and alkali feldspars is also common in granites and some alkalisyenites. Major elements variation diagrams plotted against SiO2 indicate that the mafic and felsic rocks of the Ambohiby Complex were formed by processes similar to those of Fractional crystallization. Chondrite normalised mafic rocks have slightly positive Eu anomalies while the felsic rocks have negative Eu anomalies, indicating fractionation of plagioclase feldspars. The Chondrite normalised gabbroic rocks shared similar trends of heavy rare earth with Chondrite normalised Marion Hotspot data. This suggests that the basaltic parent magma for the Ambohiby Complex, possibly related to the Marion hotspot plume. The Fractional crystallization model with an inclusion of olivine in the mineral assemblage seems to fit very well with the actual Ambohiby felsic end member rocks (i.e. granites). It is therefore clear that differentiation mainly occurred by fractional crystallization but variable initial Sr and Nd values indicate the magmas assimilated crustal material during emplacement. The Rb-Sr geochronology gave an age of 90±2.4 Ma for the intrusion of the Ambohiby Complex, which confirms that the Ambohiby Complex is associated with the Gondwana break-up. In addition the Marion Hotspot plume is believed to have been located in the southern tip of the island at around 90 Ma ago.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: To date, the only volcanic rocks described from the Cape Granite Suite are ignimbrites that crop out along the western margin of Langebaan lagoon, to the south of Saldahna. These ignimbrites, with an age of 515 ± 3 Ma, represent the youngest rocks within the Suite. This study aims to investigate the petrogenesis of fine grained granitic rocks exposed to the north of Langebaan lagoon, as well as to reassess the classification of these rocks as a sub-volcanic quartz porphyritic intrusive. These rocks exhibit a dark grey to brown micro- to crypto-crystalline matrix containing prominent feldspar and quartz phenocrysts that are often embayed and broken. Phenocrysts of biotite and orthopyroxene (Fs50-70) can be identified microscopically, as can replacement of both phases by chlorite. Ilmenite commonly occurs in close association with the orthopyroxene phenocrysts. A second generation of poikiloblastic biotite overgrows the matrix and is clearly formed through sub-solidus reaction. The feldspar phenocrysts are commonly microcline microperthite. Contact exposures can be observed in the study area which indicates that the finer grained rock intruded older coarser grained granites. The predominance of broken phenocrysts as well as the presence of fiamme present in outcrop in rocks with a microcrystalline matrix is indicative of a volcanic origin, suggesting that these rocks be classified as ignimbrite as opposed to quartz porphyry. The foregoing observations and features could be interpreted to represent a welded ignimbrite deposit which is underlain by coarse grained granite. The finer grained ignimbrite would then represent a subsequent intrusion by a later pulse of similar magma along the contact with the coarser grained granite. The ignimbrites are silicic with SiO2 ranging between 69 and 76 wt. %; they are mildly peraluminous with values for ASI (ASI = mol. Al2O3/ (CaO+Na2O+K2O)) ranging from 1.02 to 1.09; and ASI is negatively correlated with Mg + Fe (hereafter maficity). Tight to very tight inter-element correlations exist for several major elements as well as trace elements when plotted against maficity. The following R² values apply: Al =0.94; Ca = 0.98; Si = 0.97; Ti = 1.00; Na =0.90; Zr =0.95; La = 0.87. These elements are all positively correlated with maficity, except for Si which is negatively correlated. Orthopyroxene and ilmenite represent early formed, high temperature minerals in the magma. In the biotite-poor rocks, ilmenite represents the main reservoir of titanium whilst orthopyroxene represents the main MgO and FeO reservoir. The exceptionally tight Ti: maficity correlation requires that both these minerals always be present at the same molecular ratio in the magma, despite the significant range in maficity portrayed by the rocks and despite the fact that these minerals have different size-density relationships. This exceptionally tight correlation can be readily interpreted to reflect entrainment of a peritectic assemblage consisting of ilmenite and orthopyroxene. The Al, Ca and Na correlations require the entrainment of peritectic plagioclase. The decreasing trend for ASI requires the entrainment of peritectic clionopyroxene. A near perfect match with the concentrations of these elements in the ignimbrites is produced by modelling entrainment of a peritectic assemblage consisting of plagioclase, ilmenite, orthopyroxene and clionopyroxene in stoichiometric proportions dictated by the melting reaction. A peritectic assemblage formed by these phases’ points to the partial melting of a source undergoing coupled biotite and hornblende fluid-absent melting, with hornblende being subordinate. The opx- and ilmenite-rich micro-domains in the rocks represent zones in the magma rich in original peritectic orthopyroxene and ilmenite. In contrast, the peritectic plagioclase demanded by the chemistry of the rocks has melted during ascent due to overheating and decreasing water solubility in the melt. The phenocrystic potassium feldspar observed in the rocks crystallised after significant cooling and the physical behaviour of these crystals does not shape the chemistry of the magma. K contents of the ignimbrites are however not well replicated by this modelling, which predicts a significant K decrease due to dilution. K in the rocks is not correlated with maficity. This may reflect the fact that the K behaviour represents two slightly different source protoliths with differing K contents. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tot op hede is die enigste vulkaniese rots van die Kaapse Granietgroep wat al beskryf is ignimbriete wat teen die westelike grens van die Langebaan-lagune, na die suide van Saldanha, aan die oppervlak kom. Hierdie ignimbriete, met ’n ouderdom van 515 ± 3 Ma, verteenwoordig die jongste gesteentes in die Groep. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die petrogenese van fynkorrelrige granietrots wat na die noorde van die Langebaan-lagune blootgestel is, te ondersoek, en ook die klassifikasie van hierdie rotse as ’n subvulkaniese kwartsporfier- intrusiewe gesteentes te assesseer. Hierdie gesteentes toon ’n donker grys tot bruin mikro- tot kriptokristalvormige matriks wat prominente veldspaat en kwartsfenokriste bevat wat dikwels bogtig en gebreek is. Fenokriste van biotiet en ortopirokseen (Fs50-70) asook vervanging van albei fases deur chloriet kan mikroskopies geïdentifiseer word. Ilmeniet kom dikwels naby ortopirokseenfenokriste voor. ’n Tweede generasie poikiloblastiese biotiet groei die matriks toe en is duidelik deur subsolidusreaksie gevorm. Die veldspaatfenokriste is gewoonlik mikroklien-mikropertiet. Kontakblootstelling kan in die studiegebied waargeneem word, wat aantoon dat die fynkorrelrige rots ander grofkorrelrige granietgesteentes intrudeer het. Die oorheersing van gebroke fenokriste asook die teenwoordigheid van ‘fiamme’ strukture in die rotsdagsoom met ’n mikrokristalvormige matriks dui op vulkaniese oorsprong, wat aan die hand doen dat hierdie gesteentes as ignimbriete eerder as kwartsporfier geklassifiseer kan word. Hierdie waarnemings en eienskappe kan geïnterpreteer word as verteenwoordigend van ’n gelaste ignimbriet-afsetting wat deur grofkorrelrige graniet onderlê word. Die fynkorrelrige ignimbriet stel dan ’n daaropvolgende intrusie voor deur ’n latere puls van soortgelyke magma teen die kontak met die grofkorrelrige graniet af. Die ignimbriete is silisies met SiO2 wat wissel tussen 69 en 76 wt. %; hulle is matig peralumineus met waardes vir ASI (ASI = mol. Al2O3/ (CaO+Na2O+K2O)) wat wissel van 1.02 tot 1.09; en ASI is negatief gekorreleer met Mg + Fe (hierná mafiese komponent). Nou tot baie nou inter-elementkorrelasies bestaan vir verskeie groot elemente asook spoorelemente wanneer dit teen die mafiese komponent gestip word. Die volgende R²-waardes is van toepassing: Al =0.94; Ca = 0.98; Si = 0.97; Ti = 1.00; Na =0.90; Zr =0.95; La = 0.87. Hierdie elemente is almal positief met die mafiese komponent gekorreleer, buiten Si, wat negatief gekorreleer is. Ortopirokseen en ilmeniet verteenwoordig vroeg gevormde, hoëtemperatuur-minerale in die magma. In die biotiet-arme rotse stel ilmeniet die hoofreservoir van titaan voor, terwyl ortopirokseen die vernaamste MgO- en FeO-reservoir voorstel. Die buitengewoon nou Ti: mafiese-korrelasie vereis dat albei hierdie minerale altyd in dieselfde molekulêre verhouding in die magma teenwoordig moet wees, ondanks die beduidende omvang van die mafiese komponent wat deur die gesteentes getoon word en ondanks die feit dat hierdie minerale verskillende grootte–digtheidsverhoudings het. Hierdie buitengewoon nou korrelasie kan geredelik geïnterpreteer word om meesleping van ’n peritektiese groep te weerspieël wat uit ilmeniet en ortopirokseen bestaan. Die Al-, Ca- en Na-korrelasies vereis die meesleping van peritektiese plagioklaas. Die verminderende neiging tot ASI vereis die meesleping van peritektiese klionopirokseen. ’n Byna perfekte passing met die konsentrasies van hierdie elemente in die ignimbriete word voortgebring deur die modellering van meesleping van ’n peritektiese groep bestaande uit plagioklaas, ilmeniet, ortopirokseen en klionopirokseen in stoïgiometriese verhoudings wat deur die smeltreaksie bepaal word. ’n Peritektiese groep wat deur hierdie fases gevorm word, dui op die gedeeltelike smelting van ’n bron wat gekoppelde biotiet- en horingblende- vloeistofafwesige smelting ondergaan, met horingblende wat ondergeskik is. Die ortopirokseen- en ilmeniet-ryke mikrodomeins in die gesteentes verteenwoordig sones in die magma wat ryk is aan oorspronklike peritektiese ortopirokseen en ilmeniet. Hierteenoor het die peritektiese plagioklaas wat deur die chemie van die gesteentes vereis word tydens styging gesmelt weens oorverhitting en dalende wateroplosbaarheid in die smeltsel. Die fenokristiese kaliumveldspaat wat in die rotse waargeneem is wat ná aanmerklike afkoeling gekristalliseer het en die fisiese gedrag van hierdie kristalle vorm nie die chemie van die magma nie. Die K-inhoud van die ignimbriete word egter nie goed deur hierdie modellering gerepliseer nie, wat ’n aanmerklike K-afname weens verdunning voorspel. K in die rotse is nie met mafiese komponente gekorreleer nie. Dit kan die feit weerspieël dat die K-gedrag twee effens verskillende bronprotoliete met verskillende K-inhoud voorstel.

The Dabbahu-Manda Hararo rift segment is a ~25 x 60 km rift zone in Afar, Ethiopia, where a series of axial dyke intrusions has recently occurred. Basaltic eruptions associated with individual dyking events between 2007-2010 have been fed from fissures along the rift axis and been relatively short-lived events lasting less than 60 hours. The volume of melt delivered to the rift surface by these eruptions has been a minor component of the total melt volume supplied to the shallow crust since the onset of the active rifting phase in 2005 and the current intruded to erupted melt ratio for the 2005-2010 period is ~260:1. This is below typical values for magmatic rift zones and may suggest that further volcanism is likely to occur before this activity ceases. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of basaltic lavas from the flank of the rift and from a region of off-axis volcanism to the west of the rift zone gives ages of 25 – 450 ka. These constrain the development of a prominent axial graben in the northern part of the rift to < 30 ka and based on the age-distribution of lavas across the rift flank suggests that volcanism has been focused to the present neo-volcanic zone for at least 200 ka. Geochemical and isotopic constraints on melt generation suggest ~4-6 % partial melting of fertile mantle beneath rift at depth of ~100-75 km. Lavas erupted at the rift axis and from off-axis volcanoes are derived from a common mantle source, however, axial lavas are shown to represent slightly greater extents of partial melting suggesting a focused mantle melting anomaly, such as those seen at ocean ridges, is forming beneath the rift zone.

Próximo à cidade de São Félix do Xingu, centrosul do Estado do Pará, no contexto da Província Mineral de Carajás, ocorre um amplo vulcanoplutonismo Paleoproterozóico (1,88 1,87 Ga) excepcionalmente preservado e agrupado nas formações Sobreiro e Santa Rosa. Estas unidades são genericamente correlacionadas ao vulcanoplutonismo do Supergrupo Uatumã, um magmatismo com abrangência estimada de 1.500.000 km2 e registrado em praticamente todo o Cráton Amazônico. Essas rochas vulcânicas encontram-se sobrepostas ao Granito Parauari, do Paleoproterozóico, e às unidades do embasamento arqueano, dos domínios do Cinturão de Cisalhamento Itacaiúnas e do Terreno GranitoGreenstone do Sul do Pará. Maciços Granitóides mineralizados a estanho da Suíte Intrusiva Velho Guilherme de 1,86 Ga invadem as unidades supracitadas. Apesar da evolução do conhecimento nos últimos anos nesta região, há uma grande carência de dados geológicos, geoquímicos e isotópicos mais detalhados e precisos acerca dessa associação vulcânica no Cráton Amazônico como um todo. Essa escassez de informações é decorrente, em parte, das dificuldades de acesso às áreas e da densa cobertura vegetal e de solo, características peculiares da região Amazônica; descontinuidade lateral e vertical das unidades; e principalmente pelos poucos grupos de pesquisa especializados nesta temática. O mapeamento geológico intensivo realizado neste trabalho revelou que a unidade basal Formação Sobreiro é composta por fácies coerente de fluxo de lavas predominantemente andesítica, com subordinados dacito e riodacito; bem como por fácies vulcanoclástica caracterizada por tufo, lapilli-tufo e brechas polimítica maciça. Estas rochas exibem fenocristais de augita, magnesiohastingsita e plagioclásio de variável composição em uma matriz microlítica ou traquítica. Magnetita e apatita figuram como os principais acessórios primários. A variação sistemática da mineralogia de andesito basáltico para riodacito e dacito, bem como as características petrográficas destes litotipos, sugerem que as rochas dessa unidade diferenciaram-se por cristalização fracionada com provável assimilação crustal. Análises litoquímicas mostram que possui assinatura geoquímica de granitóides de arco vulcânico, enquadra-se na série magmática cálcio-alcalina de alto potássio e tem composição metaluminosa. A associação superior, Formação Santa Rosa, é formada por fácies coerente maciça de riolitos e subordinadamente riodacitos com variáveis conteúdos modais de feldspato potássico, plagioclásio e megacristais de quartzo envoltos por matriz constituída de quartzo e feldspato potássico intercrescidos, comumente esferulítica. Localmente ocorrem esferulitos de até 10 cm de diâmetro. Biotita é uma fase varietal, embora de abundância reduzida, apontando para uma unidade extremamente evoluída. Zircão, apatita e, subordinadamente óxidos de Fe e Ti, são acessórios primários. Fácies vulcanoclásticas de ignimbritos, lapilli-tufos, tufos de cristais félsicos e brechas polimíticas maciças representam um ciclo de vulcanismo explosivo nesta unidade. Essa associação vulcanoclástica possui mineralogia e características geoquímicas muito similares à fácies coerente. Diques métricos e stocks de pórfiros graníticos e granitóides equigranulares completam esta suíte. A deposição desta foi controlada por grandes fissuras crustais de até 30 km de comprimento de direção NESW, e subordinadamente NW-SE, materializado por fluxo magmático predominantemente vertical. Estas rochas exibem afinidade geoquímica intraplaca, composição peraluminosa e características transicionais entre subalcalina e alcalina. Zonas hidrotermalmente alteradas foram identificadas nestas suítes, sugerindo um potencial metalogenético para as mesmas. A grande quantidade de blocos isolados em uma topografia plana lembra um sistema eruptivo monogenético na Formação Sobreiro. Os altos topográficos podem ter sido originados pela acumulação de lava do tipo scutulum. Os depósitos vulcanoclásticos que ocorrem na porção superior dos fluxos de lavas estão associados à fragmentação autoclástica, embora possam estar associados também ao regime de fluxo de piroclástico originado nas elevações. O modelo de erupção da unidade superior é muito semelhante ao da seqüência ignimbrítica Sierra Madre Ocidental, localizada na América do Norte. A presença deste vulcanismo fissural na região de São Félix do Xingu poderia estar relacionada a um batólito ou um conjunto de batólitos formados em um regime distensivo. A integração de dados de isótopos de Nd com o possível zonamento metalogenético que ocorre na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico, entre as regiões do Gráben da Serra do Cachimbo e São Félix do Xingu, sugere que evolução desta porção está vinculada ao desenvolvimento de uma orogênese oceanocontinente orientada aproximadamente lesteoeste, e materializada pela geração de arcos magmáticos gradativamente mais jovens entre 2,1 1,88 Ga. A geração do vulcanismo cálcio-alcalino de 1,88 Ga na região de São Félix do Xingu estaria relacionada à suavização do ângulo de subducção e posterior migração do arco magmático, a exemplo do Cinturão Andino e Montanhas Rochosas. Neste cenário, o vulcanismo exclusivamente crustal de 1,87 Ga representado pela Formação Santa Rosa estaria vinculado a um evento distensivo identificado em várias regiões do Cráton Amazônico e que extendeu-se até o Mesoproterozóico. / Near the São Félix do Xingu city, centersouth portion of the Pará state, in the context of the Carajás Mineral Province, occur extensive Paleoproterozoic volcanoplutonism (1.88 1.87 Ga) exceptionally well-preserved and grouped in the Sobreiro and Santa Rosa formations. These suites are generically correlated to Uatumã Supergroup volcanoplutonism, a magmatic event that covers approximately 1,500,000 km2 and is registered in several areas of the Amazonian craton. These volcanic rocks overlap the paleoproterozoic Parauari Granite, and units of the archean basement included in the Itacaiúnas Shear Belt and South Pará GraniteGreenstone terrain. Later tin-bearing 1.86 Ga A-type granitoid massifs of the Velho Guilherme Intrusive Suite intrude above units. Although knowledge improvement in the last years in this region, there is necessity of more detailed and precise geologic, geochemical, and isotopic data for this volcanic association in the Amazonian craton. This gap of information is partially explained by access difficulties to the studied areas and dense forest cover; lateral and vertical discontinuities of the units; and especially by few researchers groups focalized in this thematic. The intensive geologic mapping developed for this thesis showed that the basal Sobreiro Formation has coherent lava flow facies mainly andesitic, with subordinate dacite and rhyodacite; as well volcaniclastic facies with tuff, lapilli-tuff, and massive polymictic breccia. These rocks show augite, magnesiohastingsite, and plagioclase of variable compositions phenocrysts set in microlithic or traquitic groundmass. Magnetite and apatite are the primary accessories. The systematic mineralogic variation from basaltic-andesite to rhyodacite and dacite, and the petrographical characteristics of these rocks, suggest that the fractional crystallization was the prevailing differentiation process with probable crustal contamination. Their geochemical signature is similar to those of volcanic-arc related granitoids, with high-K calc-alkaline affinity, and metaluminous composition. The upper Santa Rosa Formation is formed by massive coherent facies of rhyolite and subordinate rhyodacite with variable modal contents of K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz megacrysts in groundmass formed by intergrowth of quartz and potassic feldspar, commonly spherulitic. Spherical spherulites until 10 cm diameter occur locally. Biotite is a varietal phase modally reduced. Zircon, apatite, and Fe-Ti oxides are primary accessories, suggesting an extremely evolved unit. Volcaniclastic facies of ignimbrites, lapilli-tuffs, felsic crystal tuffs, and massive polymictic breccias represent an explosive volcanism cycle in the Santa Rosa Formation. This volcaniclastic association has mineralogic and geochemical characters very similar to the coherent facies. Metric dikes and stocks of granitic porphyries and equigranular granitoids complete this formation. The deposition was driven by large ~ 30 km length NESW crustal fissures, and subordinate NWSE, where magmatic flow are predominantly vertical. These upper volcanic rocks and associated porphyries and granites exhibit intraplate geochemical affinity, peraluminous composition, and transitional subalkaline to alkaline characteristics. Hydrothermally altered zones were identified in these suites, pointing to a metallogenetic potential for them. The presence of several isolated blocks in a flat topography resembles monogenetic eruptive system in the Sobreiro Formation. The topographic highs could have been originated scutulum-type lava accumulation. The volcaniclastic deposits that occur in the top of the lava flow are related to autoclastic fragmentation processes, although can be related to pyroclastic flow regime originated in the hills. The eruption model for the upper unit is very similar to Sierra Madre Occidental ignimbritic sequence, located in North America. The fissure-controlled volcanism in the São Félix do Xingu region could have been related to a batholith or series of batholiths generated in extensional tectonic regime occurred in the Amazonian craton. The integration of Nd isotope data with the possible metallogenetic zoning that occurs in the south portion of the Amazonian craton, between Serra do Cachimbo Graben and São Félix do Xingu region, suggests that the evolution of this portion is related to an approximately eastwest oceancontinent orogenesis, materialized by progressively younger 2.1 1.88 Ga magmatic arcs. The generation of 1.88 Ga calc-alkaline volcanism in the São Félix do Xingu region can be explained by flattening in the subduction angle and following arc migration, as occurs in the Andes Belt and Rocky Mountains. In this scenario, the exclusively crustal 1.87 Ga volcanism of the Santa Rosa Formation could have been linked to extensional tectonic identified in several regions of the Amazonian craton that extended until Mesoproterozoic.

A porção central da Faixa Ribeira no Estado de São Paulo possui inúmeros corpos graníticos de pequeno e médio porte aflorantes em um domínio cuneiforme definido pelo encontro das Falhas de Taxaquara-Guararema e Cubatão, aqui designado como Bloco Mogi das Cruzes (BMC), em virtude da proximidade da cidade homônima. Além desses, expressivos batólitos composicionalmente zonados afloram a leste do bloco e todo conjunto carecia de informações essenciais de campo, petrografia, geocronologia e geoquímica. A fim de caracterizar o magmatismo associado aos estágios finais da Orogênese Brasiliana nessa área, amostras de dez desses plútons (Mauá, Mogi das Cruzes, Santa Branca, Santa Catarina, Itapeti, Sabaúna e Guacuri, pertencentes ao BMC, além dos batólitos Serra do Quebra Cangalha, Natividade da Serra e Lagoinha, aflorantes a leste do bloco) foram analisadas para elementos maiores, menores e isótopos de Sr, Nd e Pb. Adicionalmente, idades U-Pb foram determinadas em cristais de zircão e monazita via LA-MC-ICPMS e TIMS, respectivamente. Tais idades confirmam o principal evento de geração de magmas nessa área entre 600 - 580 Ma, com predomínio de idades mais jovens. Entretanto, foi identificado evento de granitogênese mais antiga (~650 Ma) formadora dos plútons Santa Catarina e Serra do Quebra Cangalha relatado pela primeira vez em rochas do Domínio Embu. Origem a partir de retrabalhamento crustal, sugerida principalmente pelos elevados teores de SiO2 (68 a 76%) e pelo caráter peraluminoso das amostras (exceto as do plúton Santa Catarina), é confirmada por idades modelo Sm-Nd (TDM= 1,7 a 2,2 Ga), e também pela presença de cristais de zircão herdado, cujas idades se concentram no intervalo 1,4 a 2,0 Ga. As assinaturas isotópicas indicam que o magmatismo granítico do BMC amostrou pelo menos dois reservatórios crustais distintos. Os biotita granitos indicam participação de fontes de alto Th/U,\'épsilon\'\'Nd IND.t\' (- 11,2 a 14,6) e \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\' entre 0,709 a 0,712 (crosta continental inferior antiga), enquanto as fontes principais envolvidas na geração de muscovita biotita granitos são caracterizadas por valores baixos de Th/U, \'épsilon\'\'Nd IND.t\' mais negativos (-15,2 a 18,2) e razões \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\' semelhantes (crosta continental superior retrabalhada). As áreas-fonte dos batólitos graníticos aflorantes a leste do BMC são também distintas; razões \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\' superiores a 0,716 e eNdt entre -11,9 a -7,3 são sugestivos da participação de material crustal mais jovem, potencialmente menos retrabalhado. A assinatura isotópica de Pb indica baixas razões Th/U, também consistentes com crosta superior mais jovem em relação às fontes envolvidas na geração dos muscovita-biotita granitos do BMC. Dentre os granitos datados em 590 Ma os plútons Mauá, Itapeti e Mogi das Cruzes mostram semelhanças petrográficas e composicionais (razões de elementos traço e isotópicas) marcantes, que associadas à presença de enclaves composicionalmente semelhantes às rochas hospedeiras, indicam processos genéticos e evolutivos correlatos para os plútons. Análises isotópicas de Sr e de elementos traço por LA-ICPMS em megacristais de plagioclásio em desequilíbrio textural indicam cristalização em sistema aberto. Núcleos mais cálcicos, quimicamente primitivos e de mais alta \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\' são sobrecrescidos por bordas que registram decréscimo contínuo dos teores de elementos traço como Ba, Sr e ETR e das razões \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\', alcançando equilíbrio com a matriz em sua porção mais externa. A combinação dos dados de elementos traço e de isótopos de Sr não indica a presença de magmas quimicamente mais primitivos (e.g., básicos-intermediários) e sugere que os enclaves micrograníticos são produto de interação entre magmas química e fisicamente semelhantes, em eventos de auto-mistura. / The central part of the Ribeira Fold Belt in São Paulo hosts a great number of granitic intrusions of varied forms and compositions. These plutons outcrop in a cuneiform domain defined by the intersection between two main structures (Taxaquara and Cubatão Faults) here referred as Mogi das Cruzes Block (MCB) in allusion to the homonymous nearby city. In addition to these plutons, we also studied compositionally zoned batholiths outcrop to the east of MCB and despite their significant volume the group was still lacking basic field, petrographic, geochronological and geochemical information. In order to characterize the magmatism associated to the final stages of the Brazilian Orogeny in this area, samples from ten plútons (Mauá, Mogi das Cruzes, Santa Branca, Santa Catarina, Itapeti, Sabaú na and Guacuri, from MCB, added by the batholiths Serra do Quebra Cangalha, Natividade da Serra and Lagoinha) were analyzed for major, minor and trace elements, and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes. Furthermore, U-Pb ages were determined in zircon and monazite crystals using LA-MC-ICPMS e TIMS, respectively. The obtained ages confirm that the main event of granitic magma generation in this area occurred between 600 and 580 Ma, with predominance of younger ages. However, previous event of granitogenesis which formed Santa Catarina and Serra do Quebra Cangalha plutons (crystallization ages ~650 Ma) was identified and is described for the first time within the Embu Domain. An origin by crustal reworking is suggested for most of the plútons by the high SiO2 contents (68 a 76%) and by the peraluminous character of all samples (except the Santa Catarina plúton) and the assumption is also confirmed by Sm-Nd model ages (TDM= 1,7 a 2,2 Ga) and by the presence of inherited zircon crystals with ages in the 1.4 to 2.0 Ga range. Isotopic signatures indicate that the MCB granitic magmatism sampled at least two distinct crustal reservoirs. The biotite granites show signatures indicative of participation of high Th/U sources, with negative \'épsilon\'\'Nd IND..t\' values (- 11,2 a 14,6) and \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\' ratios between 0.709 and 0.712 (ancient lower crust), while the source involved in the generation of muscovite-biotite granites was characterized by low Th/U ratios, combined with more negative \'épsilon\'\'Nd IND.t\' (-15,2 to -18,2) and \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\' ratios similar to those of the biotite granites (reworked upper crust). The source areas for the granitic batholiths to the east of MCB are also distinct; their \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\' ratios higher than 0,716 and eNdt between -11,9 and -7,3 are suggestive of relatively juvenile upper crustal sources, potentially less reworked. The Pb isotope signatures indicate sources with low Th/U ratios, equally compatible with involvement of a younger upper crust compared to the old component suggested as source of MCB muscovite-biotite granites. Among the plutons dated at ca. 590 Ma, the Mauá, Itapeti and Mogi das Cruzes granites show marked petrographic and compositional similarities (trace elements ratios and isotope signatures), which associated with the presence of microgranular enclaves compositionally similar to their host granite, indicate correlated genetic and evolutionary processes for these plutons. Rb-Sr isotope and trace elements analyses conducted via LA-(MC)-ICP-MS in plagioclase megacrysts in textural disequilibrium indicate crystallization under open-system conditions. More calcic cores, chemically primitive and with higher \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\'. are overgrown by rims recording continuous decrease in trace element contents (e.g. Ba, Sr e ETR) and \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\' ratios, external rims reach equilibrium with matrix crystals. The combination of trace element and isotopic signatures do not indicate the participation of chemically more primitive magmas (e.g., basic to intermediate), suggesting that the enclaves are products of interaction between chemically and physically similar magmas, in selfmixing events.

A porção central da Faixa Ribeira no Estado de São Paulo possui inúmeros corpos graníticos de pequeno e médio porte aflorantes em um domínio cuneiforme definido pelo encontro das Falhas de Taxaquara-Guararema e Cubatão, aqui designado como Bloco Mogi das Cruzes (BMC), em virtude da proximidade da cidade homônima. Além desses, expressivos batólitos composicionalmente zonados afloram a leste do bloco e todo conjunto carecia de informações essenciais de campo, petrografia, geocronologia e geoquímica. A fim de caracterizar o magmatismo associado aos estágios finais da Orogênese Brasiliana nessa área, amostras de dez desses plútons (Mauá, Mogi das Cruzes, Santa Branca, Santa Catarina, Itapeti, Sabaúna e Guacuri, pertencentes ao BMC, além dos batólitos Serra do Quebra Cangalha, Natividade da Serra e Lagoinha, aflorantes a leste do bloco) foram analisadas para elementos maiores, menores e isótopos de Sr, Nd e Pb. Adicionalmente, idades U-Pb foram determinadas em cristais de zircão e monazita via LA-MC-ICPMS e TIMS, respectivamente. Tais idades confirmam o principal evento de geração de magmas nessa área entre 600 - 580 Ma, com predomínio de idades mais jovens. Entretanto, foi identificado evento de granitogênese mais antiga (~650 Ma) formadora dos plútons Santa Catarina e Serra do Quebra Cangalha relatado pela primeira vez em rochas do Domínio Embu. Origem a partir de retrabalhamento crustal, sugerida principalmente pelos elevados teores de SiO2 (68 a 76%) e pelo caráter peraluminoso das amostras (exceto as do plúton Santa Catarina), é confirmada por idades modelo Sm-Nd (TDM= 1,7 a 2,2 Ga), e também pela presença de cristais de zircão herdado, cujas idades se concentram no intervalo 1,4 a 2,0 Ga. As assinaturas isotópicas indicam que o magmatismo granítico do BMC amostrou pelo menos dois reservatórios crustais distintos. Os biotita granitos indicam participação de fontes de alto Th/U,\'épsilon\'\'Nd IND.t\' (- 11,2 a 14,6) e \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\' entre 0,709 a 0,712 (crosta continental inferior antiga), enquanto as fontes principais envolvidas na geração de muscovita biotita granitos são caracterizadas por valores baixos de Th/U, \'épsilon\'\'Nd IND.t\' mais negativos (-15,2 a 18,2) e razões \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\' semelhantes (crosta continental superior retrabalhada). As áreas-fonte dos batólitos graníticos aflorantes a leste do BMC são também distintas; razões \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\' superiores a 0,716 e eNdt entre -11,9 a -7,3 são sugestivos da participação de material crustal mais jovem, potencialmente menos retrabalhado. A assinatura isotópica de Pb indica baixas razões Th/U, também consistentes com crosta superior mais jovem em relação às fontes envolvidas na geração dos muscovita-biotita granitos do BMC. Dentre os granitos datados em 590 Ma os plútons Mauá, Itapeti e Mogi das Cruzes mostram semelhanças petrográficas e composicionais (razões de elementos traço e isotópicas) marcantes, que associadas à presença de enclaves composicionalmente semelhantes às rochas hospedeiras, indicam processos genéticos e evolutivos correlatos para os plútons. Análises isotópicas de Sr e de elementos traço por LA-ICPMS em megacristais de plagioclásio em desequilíbrio textural indicam cristalização em sistema aberto. Núcleos mais cálcicos, quimicamente primitivos e de mais alta \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\' são sobrecrescidos por bordas que registram decréscimo contínuo dos teores de elementos traço como Ba, Sr e ETR e das razões \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\', alcançando equilíbrio com a matriz em sua porção mais externa. A combinação dos dados de elementos traço e de isótopos de Sr não indica a presença de magmas quimicamente mais primitivos (e.g., básicos-intermediários) e sugere que os enclaves micrograníticos são produto de interação entre magmas química e fisicamente semelhantes, em eventos de auto-mistura. / The central part of the Ribeira Fold Belt in São Paulo hosts a great number of granitic intrusions of varied forms and compositions. These plutons outcrop in a cuneiform domain defined by the intersection between two main structures (Taxaquara and Cubatão Faults) here referred as Mogi das Cruzes Block (MCB) in allusion to the homonymous nearby city. In addition to these plutons, we also studied compositionally zoned batholiths outcrop to the east of MCB and despite their significant volume the group was still lacking basic field, petrographic, geochronological and geochemical information. In order to characterize the magmatism associated to the final stages of the Brazilian Orogeny in this area, samples from ten plútons (Mauá, Mogi das Cruzes, Santa Branca, Santa Catarina, Itapeti, Sabaú na and Guacuri, from MCB, added by the batholiths Serra do Quebra Cangalha, Natividade da Serra and Lagoinha) were analyzed for major, minor and trace elements, and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes. Furthermore, U-Pb ages were determined in zircon and monazite crystals using LA-MC-ICPMS e TIMS, respectively. The obtained ages confirm that the main event of granitic magma generation in this area occurred between 600 and 580 Ma, with predominance of younger ages. However, previous event of granitogenesis which formed Santa Catarina and Serra do Quebra Cangalha plutons (crystallization ages ~650 Ma) was identified and is described for the first time within the Embu Domain. An origin by crustal reworking is suggested for most of the plútons by the high SiO2 contents (68 a 76%) and by the peraluminous character of all samples (except the Santa Catarina plúton) and the assumption is also confirmed by Sm-Nd model ages (TDM= 1,7 a 2,2 Ga) and by the presence of inherited zircon crystals with ages in the 1.4 to 2.0 Ga range. Isotopic signatures indicate that the MCB granitic magmatism sampled at least two distinct crustal reservoirs. The biotite granites show signatures indicative of participation of high Th/U sources, with negative \'épsilon\'\'Nd IND..t\' values (- 11,2 a 14,6) and \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT.t\' ratios between 0.709 and 0.712 (ancient lower crust), while the source involved in the generation of muscovite-biotite granites was characterized by low Th/U ratios, combined with more negative \'épsilon\'\'Nd IND.t\' (-15,2 to -18,2) and \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\' ratios similar to those of the biotite granites (reworked upper crust). The source areas for the granitic batholiths to the east of MCB are also distinct; their \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\' ratios higher than 0,716 and eNdt between -11,9 and -7,3 are suggestive of relatively juvenile upper crustal sources, potentially less reworked. The Pb isotope signatures indicate sources with low Th/U ratios, equally compatible with involvement of a younger upper crust compared to the old component suggested as source of MCB muscovite-biotite granites. Among the plutons dated at ca. 590 Ma, the Mauá, Itapeti and Mogi das Cruzes granites show marked petrographic and compositional similarities (trace elements ratios and isotope signatures), which associated with the presence of microgranular enclaves compositionally similar to their host granite, indicate correlated genetic and evolutionary processes for these plutons. Rb-Sr isotope and trace elements analyses conducted via LA-(MC)-ICP-MS in plagioclase megacrysts in textural disequilibrium indicate crystallization under open-system conditions. More calcic cores, chemically primitive and with higher \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\'. are overgrown by rims recording continuous decrease in trace element contents (e.g. Ba, Sr e ETR) and \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\'\'ANTPOT..t\' ratios, external rims reach equilibrium with matrix crystals. The combination of trace element and isotopic signatures do not indicate the participation of chemically more primitive magmas (e.g., basic to intermediate), suggesting that the enclaves are products of interaction between chemically and physically similar magmas, in selfmixing events.

Próximo à cidade de São Félix do Xingu, centrosul do Estado do Pará, no contexto da Província Mineral de Carajás, ocorre um amplo vulcanoplutonismo Paleoproterozóico (1,88 1,87 Ga) excepcionalmente preservado e agrupado nas formações Sobreiro e Santa Rosa. Estas unidades são genericamente correlacionadas ao vulcanoplutonismo do Supergrupo Uatumã, um magmatismo com abrangência estimada de 1.500.000 km2 e registrado em praticamente todo o Cráton Amazônico. Essas rochas vulcânicas encontram-se sobrepostas ao Granito Parauari, do Paleoproterozóico, e às unidades do embasamento arqueano, dos domínios do Cinturão de Cisalhamento Itacaiúnas e do Terreno GranitoGreenstone do Sul do Pará. Maciços Granitóides mineralizados a estanho da Suíte Intrusiva Velho Guilherme de 1,86 Ga invadem as unidades supracitadas. Apesar da evolução do conhecimento nos últimos anos nesta região, há uma grande carência de dados geológicos, geoquímicos e isotópicos mais detalhados e precisos acerca dessa associação vulcânica no Cráton Amazônico como um todo. Essa escassez de informações é decorrente, em parte, das dificuldades de acesso às áreas e da densa cobertura vegetal e de solo, características peculiares da região Amazônica; descontinuidade lateral e vertical das unidades; e principalmente pelos poucos grupos de pesquisa especializados nesta temática. O mapeamento geológico intensivo realizado neste trabalho revelou que a unidade basal Formação Sobreiro é composta por fácies coerente de fluxo de lavas predominantemente andesítica, com subordinados dacito e riodacito; bem como por fácies vulcanoclástica caracterizada por tufo, lapilli-tufo e brechas polimítica maciça. Estas rochas exibem fenocristais de augita, magnesiohastingsita e plagioclásio de variável composição em uma matriz microlítica ou traquítica. Magnetita e apatita figuram como os principais acessórios primários. A variação sistemática da mineralogia de andesito basáltico para riodacito e dacito, bem como as características petrográficas destes litotipos, sugerem que as rochas dessa unidade diferenciaram-se por cristalização fracionada com provável assimilação crustal. Análises litoquímicas mostram que possui assinatura geoquímica de granitóides de arco vulcânico, enquadra-se na série magmática cálcio-alcalina de alto potássio e tem composição metaluminosa. A associação superior, Formação Santa Rosa, é formada por fácies coerente maciça de riolitos e subordinadamente riodacitos com variáveis conteúdos modais de feldspato potássico, plagioclásio e megacristais de quartzo envoltos por matriz constituída de quartzo e feldspato potássico intercrescidos, comumente esferulítica. Localmente ocorrem esferulitos de até 10 cm de diâmetro. Biotita é uma fase varietal, embora de abundância reduzida, apontando para uma unidade extremamente evoluída. Zircão, apatita e, subordinadamente óxidos de Fe e Ti, são acessórios primários. Fácies vulcanoclásticas de ignimbritos, lapilli-tufos, tufos de cristais félsicos e brechas polimíticas maciças representam um ciclo de vulcanismo explosivo nesta unidade. Essa associação vulcanoclástica possui mineralogia e características geoquímicas muito similares à fácies coerente. Diques métricos e stocks de pórfiros graníticos e granitóides equigranulares completam esta suíte. A deposição desta foi controlada por grandes fissuras crustais de até 30 km de comprimento de direção NESW, e subordinadamente NW-SE, materializado por fluxo magmático predominantemente vertical. Estas rochas exibem afinidade geoquímica intraplaca, composição peraluminosa e características transicionais entre subalcalina e alcalina. Zonas hidrotermalmente alteradas foram identificadas nestas suítes, sugerindo um potencial metalogenético para as mesmas. A grande quantidade de blocos isolados em uma topografia plana lembra um sistema eruptivo monogenético na Formação Sobreiro. Os altos topográficos podem ter sido originados pela acumulação de lava do tipo scutulum. Os depósitos vulcanoclásticos que ocorrem na porção superior dos fluxos de lavas estão associados à fragmentação autoclástica, embora possam estar associados também ao regime de fluxo de piroclástico originado nas elevações. O modelo de erupção da unidade superior é muito semelhante ao da seqüência ignimbrítica Sierra Madre Ocidental, localizada na América do Norte. A presença deste vulcanismo fissural na região de São Félix do Xingu poderia estar relacionada a um batólito ou um conjunto de batólitos formados em um regime distensivo. A integração de dados de isótopos de Nd com o possível zonamento metalogenético que ocorre na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico, entre as regiões do Gráben da Serra do Cachimbo e São Félix do Xingu, sugere que evolução desta porção está vinculada ao desenvolvimento de uma orogênese oceanocontinente orientada aproximadamente lesteoeste, e materializada pela geração de arcos magmáticos gradativamente mais jovens entre 2,1 1,88 Ga. A geração do vulcanismo cálcio-alcalino de 1,88 Ga na região de São Félix do Xingu estaria relacionada à suavização do ângulo de subducção e posterior migração do arco magmático, a exemplo do Cinturão Andino e Montanhas Rochosas. Neste cenário, o vulcanismo exclusivamente crustal de 1,87 Ga representado pela Formação Santa Rosa estaria vinculado a um evento distensivo identificado em várias regiões do Cráton Amazônico e que extendeu-se até o Mesoproterozóico. / Near the São Félix do Xingu city, centersouth portion of the Pará state, in the context of the Carajás Mineral Province, occur extensive Paleoproterozoic volcanoplutonism (1.88 1.87 Ga) exceptionally well-preserved and grouped in the Sobreiro and Santa Rosa formations. These suites are generically correlated to Uatumã Supergroup volcanoplutonism, a magmatic event that covers approximately 1,500,000 km2 and is registered in several areas of the Amazonian craton. These volcanic rocks overlap the paleoproterozoic Parauari Granite, and units of the archean basement included in the Itacaiúnas Shear Belt and South Pará GraniteGreenstone terrain. Later tin-bearing 1.86 Ga A-type granitoid massifs of the Velho Guilherme Intrusive Suite intrude above units. Although knowledge improvement in the last years in this region, there is necessity of more detailed and precise geologic, geochemical, and isotopic data for this volcanic association in the Amazonian craton. This gap of information is partially explained by access difficulties to the studied areas and dense forest cover; lateral and vertical discontinuities of the units; and especially by few researchers groups focalized in this thematic. The intensive geologic mapping developed for this thesis showed that the basal Sobreiro Formation has coherent lava flow facies mainly andesitic, with subordinate dacite and rhyodacite; as well volcaniclastic facies with tuff, lapilli-tuff, and massive polymictic breccia. These rocks show augite, magnesiohastingsite, and plagioclase of variable compositions phenocrysts set in microlithic or traquitic groundmass. Magnetite and apatite are the primary accessories. The systematic mineralogic variation from basaltic-andesite to rhyodacite and dacite, and the petrographical characteristics of these rocks, suggest that the fractional crystallization was the prevailing differentiation process with probable crustal contamination. Their geochemical signature is similar to those of volcanic-arc related granitoids, with high-K calc-alkaline affinity, and metaluminous composition. The upper Santa Rosa Formation is formed by massive coherent facies of rhyolite and subordinate rhyodacite with variable modal contents of K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz megacrysts in groundmass formed by intergrowth of quartz and potassic feldspar, commonly spherulitic. Spherical spherulites until 10 cm diameter occur locally. Biotite is a varietal phase modally reduced. Zircon, apatite, and Fe-Ti oxides are primary accessories, suggesting an extremely evolved unit. Volcaniclastic facies of ignimbrites, lapilli-tuffs, felsic crystal tuffs, and massive polymictic breccias represent an explosive volcanism cycle in the Santa Rosa Formation. This volcaniclastic association has mineralogic and geochemical characters very similar to the coherent facies. Metric dikes and stocks of granitic porphyries and equigranular granitoids complete this formation. The deposition was driven by large ~ 30 km length NESW crustal fissures, and subordinate NWSE, where magmatic flow are predominantly vertical. These upper volcanic rocks and associated porphyries and granites exhibit intraplate geochemical affinity, peraluminous composition, and transitional subalkaline to alkaline characteristics. Hydrothermally altered zones were identified in these suites, pointing to a metallogenetic potential for them. The presence of several isolated blocks in a flat topography resembles monogenetic eruptive system in the Sobreiro Formation. The topographic highs could have been originated scutulum-type lava accumulation. The volcaniclastic deposits that occur in the top of the lava flow are related to autoclastic fragmentation processes, although can be related to pyroclastic flow regime originated in the hills. The eruption model for the upper unit is very similar to Sierra Madre Occidental ignimbritic sequence, located in North America. The fissure-controlled volcanism in the São Félix do Xingu region could have been related to a batholith or series of batholiths generated in extensional tectonic regime occurred in the Amazonian craton. The integration of Nd isotope data with the possible metallogenetic zoning that occurs in the south portion of the Amazonian craton, between Serra do Cachimbo Graben and São Félix do Xingu region, suggests that the evolution of this portion is related to an approximately eastwest oceancontinent orogenesis, materialized by progressively younger 2.1 1.88 Ga magmatic arcs. The generation of 1.88 Ga calc-alkaline volcanism in the São Félix do Xingu region can be explained by flattening in the subduction angle and following arc migration, as occurs in the Andes Belt and Rocky Mountains. In this scenario, the exclusively crustal 1.87 Ga volcanism of the Santa Rosa Formation could have been linked to extensional tectonic identified in several regions of the Amazonian craton that extended until Mesoproterozoic.