A boldina é o principal alcaloide encontrado no Peumus boldus, muito utilizado na medicina tradicional principalmente pelos seus efeitos gastrointestinais e hepáticos. Estudos indicam que apresenta diversas atividades farmacológicas como coletérica, hipnótica, citoprotetora, antitumoral, antiinflamatória, antipirética, antiplaquetária, antiplasmódica, antidiabética, antihipertensiva, inibidora da tirosinase e da acetilcolinesterase, antagonista dopaminérgico (receptores D1 e D2 like), adrenérgico (receptores α1 e α2) e serotoninérgico (receptores 5-HT3), entre outras. O chá de boldo (Peumus boldus) é muito utilizado por gestantes para aliviar os efeitos negativos da gestação como, constipação, cólicas uterinas, cefaleia e náuseas; controverso a esse uso ele também é muito utilizado como abortivo. Este estudo procurou identificar qual sua ação em ratas Wistar tratadas durante o período gestacional, GD1 ao dia anterior ao parto, nas doses de 1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg e 100 mg/kg, uma vez ao dia, no ciclo claro, por meio gavagem. Conclui-se que o uso da boldina e do chá de P. boldus deve ser evitado durante o período gestacional pois seu uso na gestação causou alterações no desempenho reprodutiva das fêmeas, perda pré e pós implantação e mortes ao nascimento e pós-natais, além da modificação do comportamento materno (latência para lamber); foram encontradas também alterações no desenvolvimento da proles de fêmeas tratadas com boldina, em seu desempenho nos testes de reflexos (teste de endireitamento, geotaxia e agarrar), físico (abertura de olhos) e reprodutivo (abertura vaginal, descida de testículos e separação prepucial), assim como alteração no peso de órgãos de machos e fêmeas, na produção de espermatozoides e no percentual de espermatozoides com alteração (anormais). / Boldine is the main alkaloid found in Peumus boldus, widely used in traditional medicine mainly for its gastrointestinal and hepatic effects. Studies indicate that it presents several pharmacological activities as a choleretic, hypnotic, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-plasmodic, antipyretic, antiplatelet, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, dopaminergic antagonist (D1 and D2 like receptors), α-adrenergic receptors antagonist (α 1 and α 2 receptors) and serotonergic receptors antagonist (5-HT 3 receptors), among others. Boldo’s tea (Peumus boldus) is widely used by pregnant women to alleviate the negative effects of pregnancy such as constipation, uterine cramps, headache and nausea; Controversely it is also widely used as an abortive substance The aim of this study was to identify the effect of boldine on Wistar rats treated during the gestational period, day 1 of gestation to the day before birth, at doses of 1mg/kg, 10mg/kg and 100mg/kg, daily, light cycle, by gavage. We concluded that the use of boldine and P. boldus tea should be avoided during the gestational period because its use in the gestacional period caused alterations in the reproductive performance of females, loss of pre and post implantation and deaths at birth and postnatal, besides modification of maternal behavior (latence to pup licking); alterations in the development of the offspring which the females were treated with boldine were observed, in their performance in the reflex tests (straightening, geotaxy and grab), physical development (eye opening) and reproductive development (vaginal opening, testicle descent and preputial separation), as well as changes in the weight of male and female organs, in the production of spermatozoa and in the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal / Peumus boldus Mol. (Boldo), es una especie endémica y característica del bosque esclerófilo. Su potencial económico está relacionado con la comercialización de sus hojas. El problema asociado a este mercado tiene relación con la sostenibilidad del recurso en el tiempo. Considerando su potencial económico, se evaluaron las respuestas morfo-fisiológicas en rebrotes nuevos y vástagos remanentes, según intensidad de corta, en la Comuna de Olmué, Región de Valparaíso. Se establecieron tres parcelas de 0,2 hectáreas cada una, donde se midieron: número de vástagos por cepa, DAP de los vástagos por cepa y área basal a nivel de cepa. De las tres parcelas, una corresponde a una parcela control y las dos parcelas restantes fueron cosechadas parcialmente. Se seleccionaron 12 cepas control y 12 cepas intervenidas. Las variables hídricas medidas fueron: potencial hídrico de la hoja (a pre-alba (ΨA) y al mediodía (ΨMD)) y contenido hídrico relativo de la hoja (a pre-alba (CHRA) y al mediodía (CHRMD). Para la caracterización del crecimiento de rebrotes se midieron el DAC y altura, y para la evaluación del crecimiento de los vástagos remanentes se midió el DAP de todos los vástagos por cepa. Para estimar la biomasa de rebrotes, se construyeron modelos de regresión utilizando el peso seco de 20 rebrotes y las variables predictoras DAC y altura. Para estimar la biomasa de los vástagos remanentes, se emplearon funciones de biomasa determinadas por Durán (2005). Por último, se analizó la acumulación de biomasa aérea total de boldo en cepas control y cepas intervenidas para un período de evaluación de un año. Los resultados muestran que el bosque con presencia de boldo presentó una densidad promedio de 207 cepas/ha correspondientes a un Gha inicial de 5,06 m2/ha. Las cepas presentaban en promedio nueve vástagos que, en su mayoría eran menores a 5 cm de DAP. Luego de la cosecha, Gha se redujo a 4,45 m2/ha. El potencial hídrico a pre-alba (ΨA), mostró diferencias significativas entre el tratamiento control y el tratamiento intervención (vástagos y rebrotes). A su vez el potencial hídrico a mediodía (ΨMD) siguió la misma tendencia presentada en ΨA. Al comparar el potencial hídrico dentro de los tratamientos, se observaron diferencias significativas en los tres casos estudiados. Con respecto al contenido hídrico relativo (CHR), se observaron diferencias significativas para el tratamiento control y el de intervención de vástagos tanto en pre-alba como en mediodía. Dentro del tratamiento sólo se observaron diferencias significativas en el tratamiento de intervención de vástagos, en donde en la medición del mediodía se presenta un CHR menor al observado a pre-alba. En el crecimiento de rebrotes el DAC y la altura presentaron un promedio de 4,8 mm y 34,1 cm respectivamente. El diámetro a la altura del cuello (DAC) tuvo una variación entre 1,1 mm y 15,1 mm, mientras que la altura presente en los rebrotes tomó valores entre los 0,40 cm y los 168 cm. En el crecimiento de vástagos remanentes las cepas control presentaron un incremento en DAP de 0,1 cm mientras que las cepas intervenidas presentaron un incremento de 1,1 cm. Para estimar la biomasa aérea de rebrotes, se estableció el DAC como la mejor variable predictora y se obtuvo una producción de biomasa aérea total de rebrotes de 1,03 kg y por componente (hojas y tallo) de 0,187 kg y 0,523 kg respectivamente a nivel de individuo. Para la biomasa aérea de vástagos remanentes, el componente más representativo fue el fuste, seguido por la biomasa foliar. El crecimiento inicial de boldo mostró una baja recuperación de la biomasa total en cepas con cosecha parcial al final del primer año de crecimiento, por lo que la sostenibilidad de la producción de hoja de boldo no se encontraría asegurada. / Peumus boldus Mol. (Boldo), is an endemic species characteristic of the sclerophyllous forest. Its economic potential is related to the commercialization of its leaves. However, the problem associated with this market has to do with the sustainability of the resource over time. Considering its economic potential, the morpho-physiological responses in new shoots and remaining stems were evaluated, according to the intensity of cutting, in the Olmué Commune, Valparaíso Region. Three plots of 0,2 hectares each were established, where they were measured: number of stems per strain, DBH of stems per strain and basal area at strain level. Of the three plots, one corresponds to a control plot and the remaining two plots were partially harvested. Were selected 12 strains control and 12 partial harvest. The water variables measured were: leaf water potential (pre-dawn (ΨA) and noon (ΨMD)) and relative leaf relative water content (pre-dawn (RWCA) and noon (RWCMD). For the characterization of the growth of sprouts, the DRC and height were measured, and for the evaluation of the growth of the remaining shoots the DBH of all the shoots per strain was measured. To estimate the biomass of sprouts, regression models were constructed using the dry weight of 20 sprouts and the predictor variables DRC and height. To estimate the biomass of the remaining shoots, the biomass functions determined by Durán (2005) were used. Once the total aerial and component biomass was determined, the accumulation of total aerial biomass of boldo in control strains and strains intervened for an evaluation period of one year. The results showed that the forest with presence of boldo had an average density of 207 strains/ha corresponding to an initial basal area per hectare of 5,06 m2/ha. The strains showed on average nine stems, which were mostly smaller than 5 cm of DBH. After harvest, basal area per hectare was reduced to 4,45 m2/ha. The pre-dawn water potential (ΨA) showed significant differences between the control treatment and the intervention treatment (stems and sprouts). In turn the water potential at noon (ΨMD) followed the same trend presented in ΨA. When comparing the water potential within the treatments, significant differences were observed in the three cases studied. Regarding the relative water content (RWC), significant differences were observed for the control treatment and for the intervention of stems in both pre-dawn and noon. Within the treatment only significant differences were observed in the intervention treatment of stems, where in the noon measurement a lower RWC is present compared to pre-dawn. In the growth of sprouts the DRC and height presented an average of 4,8 mm and 34,1 cm respectively. The diameter at root collar height (DRC) had a variation between 1,1 mm and 15,1 mm, while the height present in the sprouts took values between 0,40 cm and 168 cm. In the growth of remnant stems the control strains had an increase in DBH of 0,1 cm while the intervened strains showed an increase of 1,1 cm. To estimate the aerial biomass of sprouts, DRC was established as the best predictor variable and a total aerial biomass production of 1,03 kg and per component (leaf and stem) of 0,187 kg and 0,523 kg respectively at the individual level. For the aerial biomass of remnant stems, the most representative component was the stem, followed by the leaf biomass. The initial growth of boldo showed a low recovery of the total biomass in strains with partial harvest at the end of the first year of growth, reason why the sustainability of the production of boldo leaf would not be assured.