The theses is focused on the use of PLC technology. The aim of the thesis is creating device which communicates in a narrowband transmission frequency band. Transmission of communication between plc elements runs through the low voltage distribution network. The frequency and phase modulations are used in order to change the character of data signal. Transmitter and receiver parameters are subjects to the CENELEC standard. The theses gives more attention to the area of hardware build communication element rather than the area of programming.

This dissertation explores the application of Silvester's space-time block code to the multi-index CPM called "ARTM CPM" in the IRIG 106 standard to solve the "two antenna problem"---the use of two transmit antennas to provide full spatial coverage on an airborne test article and the accompanying self interference due to different delays between the two transmit antennas and the ground-based receive antenna. A symbol-level encoding scheme is derived that allows the burst-based space-time block code to operate in a continuously streaming mode. The results show that the space-time block code can solve the two antenna problem with differential delays, but that the differential delays generate a substantial increase in the computational complexity of the detector. Complexity-reducing techniques are applied and analyzed. The results show that the complexity reductions required to produce a practically realizable detector render the bit error probability performance sensitive to the differential delay. Numerical results are presented to quantify the performance loss due to the differential delay. The use of space-time coded ARTM CPM to solve the two-antenna problem in aeronautical mobile telemetry requires estimates of the parameters that define the propagation environment. The maximum likelihood estimator problem is defined and used to motivate reduced-complexity estimators suitable for use in a real system. A modified gradient descent algorithm performs the search required to find the delay parameters. An "inner" phase lock loop operating with an "outer" frequency lock loop computes decision-directed estimates of the frequency offset. Computer simulations were used to assess the impact on bit error rate performance introduced by the estimators. The simulation results show the combined joint estimator for the delays, channel gains, and frequency offset imposes a 1.15 dB loss in performance. This loss is approximately the same as the 1.1 dB loss due to the complexity-reducing techniques used by the decoder/detector.

The full complex, spatial modulation of light at high frame rates is essential for a variety of applications. In particular, emerging techniques applied to scattering media, such as Digital Optical Phase Conjugation and Wavefront Shaping, request challenging performance parameters. They refer to imaging tasks inside biological media, whose characteristics concerning the transmission and reflection of scattered light may change over time within milliseconds. Thus, these methods call for frame rates in the kilohertz range. Existing solutions typically offer frame rate capabilities below 100 Hz, since they rely on liquid crystal spatial light modulators (SLMs). We propose a diffractive MEMS optical system for this application range. It relies on an analog, tilt-type micro mirror array (MMA) based on an established SLM technology, where the standard application is grayscale amplitude control. The new MMA system design allows the phase manipulation at high-speed as well. The article studies properties of the appropriate optical setup by simulating the propagation of the light. Relevant test patterns and sensitivity parameters of the system will be analyzed. Our results illustrate the main opportunities of the concept with particular focus on the tilt mirror technology. They indicate a promising path to realize the complex light modulation at frame rates above 1 kHz and resolutions well beyond 10,000 complex pixels.

No description available.

This thesis is focused on the evaluation of rotor dynamics of the induction machine, which can be used as a basis for online diagnosis of driven load in the future. It describes the problem of time varying loading torque at its impact to electromagnetic variables in induction machine. Followed by the possible ways of monitoring and diagnostic of loading torque using Fourier analysis on supply current.

Esta dissertação de mestrado investiga os formatos de modulação óptica alternativos ao tradicional formato binário de intensidade (NRZ - Non-return-to-zero), ditos avançados, como tecnologia chave para atender às exigências do mercado atual de telecomunicações por transporte de grande volume de dados e alta largura de banda, associados com a redução do custo da informação transmitida por bit. Os formatos avançados de modulação óptica fazem parte das tecnologias que estão sendo investigadas intensamente com o objetivo de superar os desafios impostos pela nova geração de sistemas ópticos com taxas a partir de 40 Gb/s. Este trabalho focaliza o estudo dessa tecnologia, apresentando uma visão geral dos formatos mais discutidos atualmente, suas características e tecnologias de implementação. Foram realizadas simulações utilizando o software comercial Optisystem versão 7.0 da empresa canadense Optiwave Systems Inc., para analisar o desempenho de alguns formatos de modulação de intensidade e de fase com respeito à sensibilidade do receptor, resistência ao cascateamento de filtragem óptica e a efeitos dispersivos e não-lineares. Procurou-se avaliar os formatos em enlaces reais, com características necessárias à sua possível utilização. Também é feita uma breve consideração dos custos associados aos formatos de modulação analisados neste trabalho. Dentre os formatos analisados, os RZ (Return-to zero) apresentaram maior sensibilidade do receptor e melhor tolerância aos efeitos não-lineares que os seus equivalentes NRZ, porém baixa tolerância aos efeitos dispersivos e ao cascateamento de filtragem óptica. O formato duobinário mostrou fraco desempenho de sensibilidade, mas provou ser o mais tolerante à dispersão cromática e à concatenação de filtragem óptica. Os formatos de modulação de fase mostraram ser bem resistentes aos efeitos não-lineares e aos efeitos dispersivos. / This MSc thesis investigates optical modulation formats as an alternative to the use of the traditional intensity binary format NRZ (Non-return-to-zero). Those formats, classified as advanced, represent one of the key technologies aimed to enable the high data volume and broadband, demanded by the present telecommunication market, with cost reduction of transmitted information per bit. Those technologies have been intensevely studied with purpose of overcoming the challenges imposed by the new generation of optical systems, with bit rates from 40 Gb/s. This work focuses on the study of modulation formats most discussed currently, presenting an overview of their main characteristics and implementation techniques. The performance of some intensity and phase formats, in terms of receiver sensitivity, optical filtering cascading, dispersion and nonlinear effects robustness, have been theoretically analyzed from simulations carried out with the commercial software Optisystem v. 7.0, of the Canadian company Optiwave Systems Inc. The analysis has been applied to real optical links, with characteristics that, potentially, demand their use. A cost analysis, based on estimated values associated to devices required for implementing the formats investigated in this work, is also presented. Among the formats studied, those based on RZ (Return-to zero) presented the highest receiver sensitivity and best tolerance to nonlinear effects, in comparison to their equivalent formats, based on NRZ. However, they are less tolerant to dispersive effects and optical filtering cascading. The duobinary format (DB) has shown a weak performance in terms of sensitivity, though has been proved to be the most tolerant to chromatic dispersion and filtering cascading effects. Among all formats, the phase modulation ones presented the highest resistance against nonlinear and dispersive effects.

O propósito principal desta tese foi a implementação e estudo da geração de pulsos laser de femtossegundos em comprimentos de onda curtos (ultravioleta profundo, ultravioleta de vácuo e ultravioleta extremo) pela técnica de conversão de frequência em capilar preenchido com gás nobre. Esta técnica de conversão de frequência tem feito diversas contribuições nas últimas décadas para o avanço da geração de pulsos laser ultracurtos nesta região espectral. O desenvolvimento de tais fontes de luz coerente possui importantes implicações nos estudos de espectroscopia resolvida no tempo em átomos, moléculas e materiais. Através da implementação da técnica de conversão de frequência com casamento de fase em capilar preenchido com gás argônio, foi possível a obtenção de pulsos de femtossegundos centrados em 260 nm e 195 nm utilizando um sistema laser amplificado Ti: safira (780 nm, 1.5 mJ, 43 fs, 1 KHz). Estes comprimentos de onda correspondem, respectivamente, aos terceiro e quarto harmônicos da frequência fundamental do laser utilizado. Pulsos centrados em 260 nm com excelente perfil espacial, energias da ordem de microjoules e durações temporais tão curtas quanto 18 fs, possibilitadas pela recompressão por um par de prismas, foram obtidos, os quais possuem grande aplicabilidade em estudos de espectroscopia não linear e resolvida no tempo. Pulsos ultracurtos centrados em 195 nm também foram obtidos. Uma investigação da influência da modulação da fase espectral do pulso laser em 780 nm sobre a geração de harmônicos através do processo do mistura de quatro ondas, também foi realizada. Desta forma, foi implementado um sistema de controle de formato de pulso laser de femtossegundo na configuração 4f baseado em um modulador espacial de luz de cristal líquido com o objetivo de modular a fase espectral dos pulsos laser em 780 nm. Este sistema de controle de formato de pulso foi então integrado ao sistema de geração de pulsos ultracurtos no ultravioleta profundo através do processo de mistura de ondas já implementado. Este estudo teve como objetivo, a obtenção da modulação indireta da fase espectral de pulsos em 260 nm através da transferência de fase espectral modulada de pulsos em 780 nm. Resultados iniciais interessantes foram obtidos utilizando uma fase espectral do tipo degrau com amplitude radianos, indicando a correta implementação do sistema. A obtenção de pulsos laser de femtossegundos no ultravioleta profundo com fase espectral modulada é de grande interesse para realização de experimentos de controle coerente nesta região espectral e também para estudos básicos de como a transferência de fase espectral ocorre para diferentes processos ópticos não lineares. Experimentos de geração de altos harmônicos pela técnica de conversão de frequência com casamento de fase em capilar preenchido com gás nobre, utilizando pulsos laser de femtossegundos em 400nm e 800nm, foram realizados durante estágio na Universidade do Colorado, EUA. Neste estudo, utilizando pulsos em 400nm, foi obtido um aumento maior que uma ordem de grandeza na região espectral em torno de 60eV em comparação com o fluxo de harmônicos gerados, nesta mesma região de energia, com pulsos centrados em 800nm. Por fim, através da experiência adquirida durante este estágio, foi desenvolvido e implementado em nosso laboratório um sistema de geração de altos harmônicos na região do ultravioleta extremo, baseado na técnica de conversão em capilar preenchido com gás argônio. Harmônicos de alta ordem na região de energia de 40ev (31nm) foram obtidos, tendo sido demonstrada a conversão sob condição de casamento de fase. Utilizando pulsos de femtossegundos em 780nm, a ordem máxima do harmônico observada foi igual a 27 (28.9nm, 42.9eV), devido a limitação da faixa espectral do monocromador utilizado em nossos experimentos. A implementação deste sistema torna disponível no Grupo de Fotônica, uma fonte de luz coerente no ultravioleta extremo, cujas propriedades únicas já tem sido amplamente exploradas em uma variedade de estudos de ciência básica e aplicada. / The main purpose of this thesis was the implementation and study of femtosecond laser pulses generation at short wavelengths (deep ultraviolet, vacuum ultraviolet end extreme ultraviolet) by the technique of frequency conversion in a hollow fiber filled with a noble gas. This frequency conversion technique has made several contributions in the last decades to improve the generation of ultrashort laser pulses in this spectral region. The development of such coherent light sources has important implications on ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopic study of atoms, molecules and materials. Through the implementation of the technique of phase matched frequency conversion in a gas filled hollow fiber using argon, it was possible to obtain femtosecond pulses centered at 260 nm and 195 nm using a Ti: sapphire amplified laser (780 nm, 1.5 mJ, 43 fs, 1 KHz). These wavelengths corresponds, respectively, to the third and fourth harmonics of the laser fundamental frequency. Pulses centered at 260 nm with excellent spatial profile, energies on the order of microjoules and temporal durations down to 18 fs, trough the compression by a prism pair, were obtained, which have wide applicability in nonlinear and time resolved optical spectroscopic studies. Ultrashort pulses at 195 nm where also obtained. An investigation of the influence of the spectral phase modulation of the laser pulses at 780 nm on the four-wave mixing nonlinear process for harmonic generation was also performed. In this way, a femtosecond pulse shaper based on a liquid crystal spatial light modulator in the 4f configuration was implemented in order to modulate the spectral phase of femtosecond pulses at 780 nm. This pulse shaper was then integrated to the system for generation of ultrashort pulses in the deep ultraviolet through the wave mixing process already implemented. This study aimed to obtain the indirect modulation of the 260 nm pulses spectral phase through the transfer of modulated spectral phase from pulses at 780 nm. Interesting initial results were obtained using a -step spectral phase, indicating the correct implementation of the system. The achievement of femtosecond pulses with modulated spectral phase in the deep ultraviolet is of great interest to perform coherent control studies in this spectral range and also for basic studies of how the spectral phase transfer occurs with different nonlinear optical laser processes. High-harmonic generation experiments based in the phase-matched frequency conversion in noble gas filled hollow fiber technique, using femtosecond pulses at 400 nm and 800 nm, were carried out during a internship at University of Colorado, USA. In this study, using pulses at 400 nm, an increase higher than one order of magnitude was obtained in the spectral region of 60 eV compared to harmonics generated, in this same region, with pulses at 800 nm. Finally, through the experience obtained during this internship, were carried out in our laboratory the development and implementation of a high harmonic generation system, based on the frequency conversion in a hollow fiber filled with argon gas. High harmonics with energies around 40eV (31nm) were obtained, and the conversion under phase-matched condition was demonstrated. Using pulses centered at 780nm, the highest harmonic order measured was 27 (28.9nm, 42.9eV), due to the spectral range limitation of monochromator used in our experiments. With the implementation of this system, becomes available at the Photonics Group a coherent light source at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths, which the unique properties have been already widely explored on a diversity of fundamental studies in basic and applied science.

Observamos o comportamento espectral do efeito Kerr transversal, para filmes amorfos de terra rara - cobalto na região do espectro visível e ultravioleta próximo (comprimento de onda, , entre 325 nm e 670 nm), onde o sinal magnetoóptico apresentou um máximo na região azul do espectro. Concluímos que, para esta região espectral, a variação relativa de refletividade é proporcional à magnetização do cobalto e a constante de proporcionalidade depende da composição da liga e do comprimento de onda da luz. Desenvolvemos uma técnica de modulação de fase, própria para medir o efeito Kerr transversal e a comparamos com a técnica de modulação de amplitude. Montamos um magnetômetro a efeito Kerr que opera com a modulação de fase e utiliza um laser de He-Cd ( = 325 nm e 442 nm) ou um diodo laser vermelho ( = 670 nm). Fazendo uma analogia com a figura de mérito para os efeitos Kerr longitudinal e polar (Fe), nós propusemos uma figura de mérito para o efeito Kerr transversal (FJ. Mostramos que sua dependência do ângulo de incidência é semelhante à da variação relativa de refletividade e, comparando medidas da figura de mérito do efeito Kerr longitudinal com a figura de mérito para o efeito transversal, comprovamos que a grandeza proposta é um bom parâmetro para medida de qualidade magnetoóptica de materiais. Observamos os efeitos do sperimagnetismo de ligas com anisotropia local fraca (Gd-Co) e forte (Ho-Co), através do comportamento térmico dos ciclos de histerese magnética e magnetoóptica. Dentre os fenômenos observados estão os efeitos da compensação, o crescimento hiperbólico do campo coercivo e os efeitos da reorientação de spin. Para a liga de Gd20C080a, transição observada foi uma inversão de spin, cujo o campo magnético aplicado, no qual ocorre a transição, cresce exponencialmente com o aumento da temperatura da amostra. / We have observed the spectral behavior of the transverse magnetooptical Kerr effect (TMOKE) in thin films of rare earth - cobalt amorphous alloys for the visible and the near-ultraviolet ranges of spectrurn (wavelength fiom 325 nm up to 670 nm). The relative change of reflectivity has shown a maximum at the blue wavelength. We have concluded that this magneto-optical signal is proportional to the cobalt magnetization and the proportionality constant depends on the alloy composition and on the wavelength. Besides developing an apparatus and a new phase modulation technique for the TMOKE, we have compared it to the more usual amplitude modulation TMOKE technique. This apparatus operates using either a He-Cd laser ( = 325 nm and 442 nm) for a red diode laser ( = 670nm). We have proposed the figure of merit for the transverse Kerr effect (F,) by analogy with the figure of merit for the longitudinal and polar Kerr effect (Fe). We have measured F, as a function of the angle of incidence and we have shown that F, has the same behavior of the magneto-optical signal. A comparison between F, and Fe has shown that F, is as good parameter as well as Fe for the characterization of the materials magneto-optical quality. We have studied the sperimagnetism of thin films of amorphous alloys with weak (Gd-Co) and strong (Ho-Co) random local anisotropy by the thermal behavior of the magnetic and magneto-optical hysteresis loops. The phenomena of compensation, coercivity and spin-reorientation phase transitions were observed. The comparison between magnetic and magneto-optical hysteresis loops for Gd20C~8h0as shown that the transition occurs from a colinear phase to an opposite collinear phase. In this case, the transition magnetic field grows exponentially when the temperature increases.

Recently, a study on obtaining better Euclidean distance for CPM (Continuous Phase Modulation) signals that fit well-known GSM spectral envelope has been carried out, and significant performance improvements were obtained. Two new pulse shapes, which are represented using 8th degree polynomials, were optimized to give the best error performance under the constraint that the PSD stays below GSM spectral standards. However, the approach uses parameters that cause the number of states to increase considerably, and thus yielding high complexity for receiver implementation. In this thesis, a study on finding a feasible receiver design that can provide a performance with acceptable degradation but affordable complexity is carried out for those new pulse shapes. After a survey about complexity reduction techniques, a decision is made to go on with a receiver structure based on Laurent Decomposition (LD) of phase modulated signals. Unlike other complexity reduction techniques, usage of LD based receivers permits reduction in both the number of matched filters and trellis states. Throughout the study, different numbers of matched filters and trellis states were used in LD based receivers for the new pulse shapes, and good results are obtained. For the pulse shape with pulse length L = 3, about a gain of 0.93dB in power is achieved by only 2 matched filters and 14 trellis states. For the case where L = 7, approximately a gain of 2.25dB is achieved with only 8 matched filters and 56 states, whereas 896 matched filters and 448 states are needed in the optimum case without complexity reduction.

No description available.