abstract: Wh-questions have been widely discussed in different languages such as English, Mandarin Chinese, Italian, and Russian, but little attention has been paid to the structure of wh-questions in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Thus, this dissertation attempts to analyze the structure of wh-questions using the current frameworks: Minimalism and Cartography. In the late 1990s, Chomsky established the Minimalist Program which aims to describe the clause structure in as simple and economic mechanism as possible, and he advanced his famous research program to include phase theory, which aims to restrict the syntactic operations. On the other side, Rizzi (1997, 2001) proposed the Cartographic approach. In this approach, Rizzi attempted to analyze the left periphery domain in detail, and suggested the split CP hypothesis. Following those two approaches, Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015) unified them into one approach and suggested that ForceP, TopicP, and IntP are phasal domain while FocusP, FinP, and WhP are not. An overview of the Chomskyan model and Rizzi’s approach has been provided in Chapter 2. Also, this dissertation discussed the unified approach by Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015). In addition to the overview of the general frameworks, this dissertation discussed the clause structure such as the word order, left periphery domain (i.e., CP), and resumption in MSA. Furthermore, Chapter 2 presented the earlier studies on the wh-questions in MSA and highlighted the major gap which this dissertation attempts to fill. In these studies the structure of wh-questions in MSA were mis-analyzed because the surface structure of the nine wh-questions might look the same, but, in fact, they are not. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to (re)study the structure of wh-questions with taking into consideration the resumption and [definiteness]. In Chapter 3, the methodology and corpus analysis, which is used in collecting the wh-questions in MSA, are discussed. Finally, Chapter 4 analyzed the corpus findings based on the unified approach by Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015) and showed some evidence that man ‘who’ and ayy ‘which’ questions in MSA are in phasal phrase (i.e., IntP) while the rest of wh-questions are not. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2017

Esta tese investiga o fenômeno das perguntas polares do Português do Libolo - PLB, em que discuto na perspectiva da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros em sua versão conhecida como Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995, 2005 e 2008, e versões subsequentes), aspectos da derivação sintática de respostas afirmativas a perguntas polares, em sentenças do PLB. A análise dos dados do PLB mostrou que respostas afirmativas a perguntas polares no PLB distribuem-se, preferencialmente, em respostas verbais e respostas com a partícula sim, que podem ser entendidas como instanciadoras de um traço de polaridade lexicalizado pelo verbo, quando o elemento verbal é núcleo de fase em que é licenciada a elipse de VP e pela partícula sim, na fase CP. O enfoque teórico é a Teoria de derivação por fases, do Programa Minimalista. / This thesis concerns the phenomenon of the Polar Interrogatives (PI) in Portuguese spoken in Libolo (PLB), discussing throughout the Principles and Parameters theory in its version known as the Minimalist Program (as set by Chomsky (1995) and following works) issues on the derivation of the syntactic structure of affirmative responses of PI sentences in PLB. The analysis of PLB data showed that affirmative answers to polar questions in PLB are distributed, preferably, in verbal responses and responses with the \"yes\" particle. The affirmative responses of PI sentences in PLB can be understood as instanciers of a polarity feature which is lexicalized by the verb, when the verbal form is the head of the phase that licenses VP ellipses and the yes particle, when the phase is CP. The theoretical approach is the Phase Theory of the Minimalist Program.

Esta tese investiga o fenômeno das perguntas polares do Português do Libolo - PLB, em que discuto na perspectiva da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros em sua versão conhecida como Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995, 2005 e 2008, e versões subsequentes), aspectos da derivação sintática de respostas afirmativas a perguntas polares, em sentenças do PLB. A análise dos dados do PLB mostrou que respostas afirmativas a perguntas polares no PLB distribuem-se, preferencialmente, em respostas verbais e respostas com a partícula sim, que podem ser entendidas como instanciadoras de um traço de polaridade lexicalizado pelo verbo, quando o elemento verbal é núcleo de fase em que é licenciada a elipse de VP e pela partícula sim, na fase CP. O enfoque teórico é a Teoria de derivação por fases, do Programa Minimalista. / This thesis concerns the phenomenon of the Polar Interrogatives (PI) in Portuguese spoken in Libolo (PLB), discussing throughout the Principles and Parameters theory in its version known as the Minimalist Program (as set by Chomsky (1995) and following works) issues on the derivation of the syntactic structure of affirmative responses of PI sentences in PLB. The analysis of PLB data showed that affirmative answers to polar questions in PLB are distributed, preferably, in verbal responses and responses with the \"yes\" particle. The affirmative responses of PI sentences in PLB can be understood as instanciers of a polarity feature which is lexicalized by the verb, when the verbal form is the head of the phase that licenses VP ellipses and the yes particle, when the phase is CP. The theoretical approach is the Phase Theory of the Minimalist Program.

abstract: This dissertation draws upon modern Chomskyan theory to address issues surrounding the development of a unified, minimalist account of language as a mental and biological object, both in terms of its generation and historic change. Towards that end, I investigate, apply, and advance the labeling approach to generative syntax. Labeling is a hypothetical process, operating within the confines of phase theory, which is thought to prepare constructed syntactic objects for interpretation at relevant mental interfaces. I argue a number of points applicable to both synchronic and diachronic linguistics: 1) Labeling failures happen as a matter of course during a derivation, forcing re-evaluation of labeled syntactic structures which ultimately leads to a successful derivation. 2) Labeling and its errors do not happen in real-time, but are bounded by phases. This has consequences for how researchers ought to look at notions and limitations of phasal memory. 3) Labeling not only drives an individual’s mature syntax, but has an effect on how children acquire their syntax, causing them in some cases to alter structures and create new categories. This is responsible for many cases of language change, and I support this argument by investigating data from the history of Chinese and Macedonian that are sensitive to labeling-based phenomena. 4) Research into labeling can help us speculate about the evolution of language generally. Although recursion is sometimes thought to be a defining feature of Universal Grammar, labeling in fact is a much more likely candidate in this regard. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2016

Multiferroic thin-film heterostructures have attracted a great deal of attention due to the increasing demand for novel energy-efficient micro/nano-electronic devices. Both single phase multiferroic materials like BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films, and strain-mediated magnetoelectric (ME) nanocomposites, have the potential to fulfill a number of functional requirements in actual applications—principally, direct control of magnetization by the application of an electric field (E) and vice-versa. From the perspective of material science, however, it is essential to develop a fuller understanding of the complex fabrication-structure-property triangle relationship for these multiferroic thin films. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was used in this study to fabricate diverse epitaxial thin film heterostructures on top of single crystal substrates. The crystal structure, phase transition processes (amongst nanodomain distributions, dielectric phases, magnetic spin states, etc.), and various ME-related properties were characterized under different E or temperature environments. Resulting data enabled us to determine the structure-property relationships for a range of multiferroic systems. First, BFO-based heterostructures were studied. Epitaxial BFO thin films were deposited on top of (001)-oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-30PbTiO3 (PMN-30PT) single crystal substrates. The strain states of BFO and crystal structural phases were tunable by E applied on the PMN-30PT via both the in-plane and out-of-plane modes. The strain-mediated antiferromagnetic state changes of BFO were also studied using neutron diffraction spectroscopy under E. Then, CoFe2O4(CFO)/tetragonal BFO nanocomposites were successfully fabricated on top of (001)-oriented LaAlO3 single crystal substrates. The surface morphology, crystal structure, magnetic properties, and ME effects were evaluated and compared with CFO/rhombohedral BFO nanocomposites. To enhance the performance of ME heterostructures with PMN-PT substrates, PMN-30PT single crystals with nanograted electrodes were also studied, which evidenced an enhancement in piezoelectric properties and dielectric constant by 36.7% and 38.3%, respectively. X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping (RSM) was used to monitor E-induced changes in the apparent symmetry and domain distribution of near-surface regions for the nanograted PMN-30PT crystals. Finally, in order to add antiferroelectric thin films to the family of strain-mediated multiferroic nanocomposites, epitaxial antiferroelectric thin films were prepared. Epitaxial (Pb0.98La0.02)(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 (PLZT) thin films were deposited on differently oriented SrTiO3 single crystal substrates. A thickness dependent incommensurate/commensurate antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition was identified. The crystal structure, phase transition characteristics and pathways, and energy storage behaviors from room temperature to 250 ℃ were studied, enabling a more systematic understanding of PLZT-based AFE epitaxial thin films. To summarize, a range of epitaxial thin films were prepared using PLD, whose crystal structures and multiferroic properties were related through the strain. Accordingly, properties such as dielectricity, antiferroelectricity, and antiferromagnetism could be adjusted by E. This study sheds further light on the potential for designing desirable strain-mediated multiferroic nano-/micro-devices in the future. / Doctor of Philosophy / As a general definition, the class of materials known as multiferroics possess more than one ferroic order parameter. Multiferroic thin-film heterostructures have attracted a great deal of attention due to the increasing demand for novel energy-efficient micro/nano-electronic devices. Both single phase multiferroic materials like BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films and strain-mediated magnetoelectric (ME) nanocomposites show significant potential for use in next-generation devices due to the fact that one can control magnetic properties via the application of an electric field (E) and vice-versa. From the perspective of material science, however, it is essential to develop a fuller understanding of the complex fabrication-structure-property triangle relationship for these multiferroic thin films. In this study, diverse epitaxial thin film heterostructures were fabricated on top of single crystal substrates. The crystal structure, phase transition processes (amongst nanodomain distributions, dielectric phases, magnetic spin states, etc.), and various ME-related properties were characterized under different E or temperature environments. Resulting data enabled us to determine the structure-property relationships for a range of multiferroic systems. First, BFO-based heterostructures were studied. Epitaxial BFO thin films were deposited on top of (001)-oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-30PbTiO3 (PMN-30PT) single crystal substrates. The strain states of BFO and crystal structural phases were tunable by E applied on the PMN-30PT via both the in-plane and out-of-plane modes. The strain-mediated antiferromagnetic state changes of BFO were studied using powerful neutron diffraction spectroscopy under E. Then, CoFe2O4(CFO)/tetragonal BFO nanocomposites were successfully fabricated on top of (001)-oriented LaAlO3 single crystal substrates. The surface morphology, crystal structure, magnetic properties, and ME effects were discussed and compared with CFO/rhombohedral BFO nanocomposites. To enhance the performance of ME heterostructures with PMN-PT substrates, PMN-PT single crystals with nanograted electrodes were also studied, which evidenced an enhancement in piezoelectric properties and dielectric constant by 36.7% and 38.3%, respectively. X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping (RSM) technique was used to monitor E-induced changes in the apparent symmetry and domain distribution of near-surface regions for nanograted PMN-PT crystals. Finally, in order to add antiferroelectric thin films to the family of strain-mediated multiferroic nanocomposites, epitaxial antiferroelectric thin films were prepared. Epitaxial (Pb0.98La0.02)(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 (PLZT) thin films were deposited on differently oriented SrTiO3 substrates. A thickness dependent incommensurate antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition was identified. The crystal structure, phase transition characteristics and pathways, and energy storage behaviors from room temperature to 250 ℃ were studied, enabling a more systematic understanding of PLZT-based AFE epitaxial thin films. To summarize, a range of epitaxial perovskite thin films were prepared, whose crystal structures and multiferroic properties were related through the strain. Accordingly, the properties such as dielectricity, antiferroelectricity, and antiferromagnetism could be adjusted by E. This study sheds further light on the potential for designing desirable strain-mediated multiferroic nano-/micro-devices in the future.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20684号 / 工博第4381号 / 新制||工||1681(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 澤田 純男, 教授 清野 純史, 准教授 後藤 浩之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

The studies of the different forms and structures of language usually take for granted that these refer to non-linguistic entities, i.e., that language reflects the world. In the case of verbal devices, such entities happen to be time, aktionsart or aspect. In view of the proven impossibility of giving an accurate account of the behavior of such devices by means of these categories, disquisitions and further elucidations are perpetuated, what complicates the pro- blem to not very judicious levels. Moreover, because the conclusions reached get equally in conflict with a linguistic reality which resists them, contradicts them. So there is no other choice left than to declare exceptions or special uses, or banish the insubordinate segments to the periphery of the system. Our first goal will therefore be the previous establishment of a theoretical framework, as a cure for the a posteriori theorizing based on what is seen on the surface, which would allow us to assign a possible invariant central value to linguistic elements, for which we will rely on the metaoperational system of H. Adamczewski. In it, such elements are operators defined by their belonging to one of two phases in the process of utterance assembly, namely, by a rhematic character, of proposition of the information, or by a thematic...