The dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important grain legume that is used for human consumption worldwide. In Africa and other parts of the World, legume diets contribute tremendously to protein and energy requirements of consumers. Dry beans provide about 16- 33% protein, dietary fibre (between 14 and 19%), starch, minerals and vitamins. Dry beans have a long storage life and can be cooked as whole grains, fried or dehulled and splitted for production of dhal and salads. There is a tremendous variability in the dry bean varieties. It is believed that consumer preferences for dry beans are influenced by factors such as seed size, seed colour, cooking time and flavour. Although, substantial research has been done on physicochemical properties, description of sensory properties that differentiate bean varieties specifically in terms of liked or disliked flavours was lacking. Sensory evaluation is one of the methods used for evaluating product quality and it can be used to describe the sensory properties of a product (i.e. descriptive sensory evaluation) and determines its acceptability by consumers (i.e. consumer acceptability or preferences). Physicochemical properties and descriptive sensory evaluation of six dry bean varieties (Jenny, Kranskop, PAN 148, AC Calmont, PAN 150 and Mkuzi) from Mpumalanga (MP) and Free State (FS) locations of South Africa were determined. Significant (p<0.05) variety, location as well as location x variety interaction effects were found for both physicochemical and sensory properties of beans. Of the six bean varieties, Jenny (FS), Mkuzi and PAN 148 (MP) beans had relatively long cooking times (>60 min) using a Mattson Bean Cooker. PAN 150 beans from both locations were described as bitter, soapy and metallic with a raw bean flavour. Mkuzi beans were mostly described as having a soapy mouthfeel. Jenny (MP), Kranskop (MP&FS) were sweet, soft and with a cooked bean flavour. Consumer sensory evaluation revealed that beans with sweet, soft and cooked bean flavours were the most preferred. Beans that took long to cook and those that were described as bitter, soapy and metallic in the mouth, received low consumer ratings on a 9-point hedonic scale. The total polyphenol content of PAN 150 (MP), along with Jenny and AC Calmont from MP was determined to find out whether the bitterness was associated with its polyphenol concentration. PAN 150 beans had the lowest concentration of total polyphenols compared to the two other varieties, suggesting that factors other than total polyphenol content caused the bitterness of these beans. A follow up investigation of mineral profiles in whole bean flour of all six bean varieties from the two locations was done to find out whether differences in mineral content e.g. iron (Fe) contributed to bitterness and metallic mouthfeel of certain beans. Results showed significant (p< 0.05) variety differences for phosphorous (P) and significant (p< 0.05) location differences for magnesium (Mn) only. Fe and copper (Cu) contents did not contribute to bitterness or metallic mouthfeel of PAN 150 beans. For maximum consumer acceptability, farmers should concentrate on the production of beans that have characteristics similar to Kranskop (MP&FS), PAN 148 (FS) and Jenny (MP) beans. As bean hardening was suspected in Jenny (FS), PAN 148 (MP) and Mkuzi (MP), the importance of storing beans at proper temperatures (e.g. less than 35ºC) and relative humidity (e.g. < 75 %) should be emphasized to minimize the development of the hard-to-cook defect over long storage periods. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Food Science / unrestricted

Submitted by Amauri Alves (amauri.alves@ufv.br) on 2015-10-21T16:59:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 574156 bytes, checksum: b8a078bc625863c814e48bddaf48c003 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-21T16:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 574156 bytes, checksum: b8a078bc625863c814e48bddaf48c003 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Na cultura do feijoeiro, a maioria dos programas de seleção recorrente utilizam, na etapa de seleção, famílias endogâmicas que são avaliadas em duas ou três gerações. Alterações nas condições climáticas podem provocar mudanças acentuadas nos caracteres do feijoeiro e a ocorrência da interação genótipos x ambientes dificulta o trabalho do melhorista. Por isso, o processo de seleção de famílias de feijoeiro é frequentemente conduzido avaliando-se o desempenho das famílias em diferentes ambientes (ano, local, época de plantio). Estudos têm buscado o aprimoramento dos métodos de seleção em plantas autógamas a partir da aplicação de metodologias de modelos mistos. O BLUP (melhor preditor linear não viesado) permite o uso simultâneo de várias fontes de informação tais quais aquelas advindas de vários experimentos instalados em um ou vários locais e avaliados em uma ou várias safras. Assim, ao utilizar o BLUP com dados de múltiplas gerações de famílias avaliadas em diferentes locais, safras e anos, é possível obter a predição dos valores genotípicos livre das interações com o ambiente e com o efeito de gerações. O presente trabalho utiliza preditores na forma de um índice multigerações com o objetivo de determinar sua eficiência na seleção de famílias de feijoeiro. A partir de 48 populações F 2 oriundas de 48 híbridos F 1 de um dialelo parcial 8x6 foram selecionadas as 20 populações com maior potencial para dar início a um programa de seleção recorrente, visando melhoria da arquitetura do feijão carioca. Esta seleção baseou-se nas estimativas de capacidade geral e específica de combinação para os caracteres diâmetro do hipocótilo (DH), nota de arquitetura de planta e produtividade de grãos. Extraiu-se 19 famílias de cada uma das 20 populações selecionadas, baseando-se no DH de plantas individuais, totalizando 380 famílias que foram avaliadas por duas gerações (famílias F 2:3 e F 2:4 ), no delineamento experimental de látice quadrado triplo (20 x 20), com 20 testemunhas. Foram avaliadas a arquitetura de plantas, a produtividade de grãos e o aspecto de grãos. Os dados foram submetidos a análise via BLUP bivariado (com os dados de F 2:3 e F 2:4 ), ajustado via o modelo de simetria composta. Foram selecionadas 76 famílias segundo o índice de seleção aditivo dos valores genotípicos preditos, 76 famílias segundo o índice aditivo dos valores fenotípicos e 76 famílias por meio do índice de seleção distância genótipo-ideótipo vii aplicado aos valores fenotípicos das famílias. No total, foram selecionadas 90 famílias que foram avaliadas na geração F 2:6 em delineamento experimental de látice (10x10), com três repetições e 10 testemunhas. Foram avaliadas a arquitetura de plantas, o aspecto e a produtividade de grãos. Os dados das 90 famílias foram analisados via REML/BLUP. Foi feita uma análise utilizando conjuntamente os dados de três gerações (F 2:3 /F 2:4 /F 2:6 ), três análises utilizando dados de pares de gerações (F 2:3 /F 2:4 ; F 2:3 /F 2:6 e F 2:4 /F 2:6 ) e três análises com os dados de cada geração individualmente. Em todas as análises de deviance observou-se que o efeito de famílias foi significativo para todos os caracteres. Para a arquitetura de plantas, embora os efeitos da interação famílias x gerações e épocas de plantio tenham sido não significativos, os baixos valores de herdabilidade (0,11 a 0,37) indicam acentuada influência ambiental no caractere. Para a produtividade de grãos as estimativas de herdabilidade foram de baixa magnitude (0,12 a 0,45), os efeitos da interação famílias x gerações e épocas de plantio foram significativos e as estimativas de correlação genotípica média entre as gerações (r gge ) foram de baixa magnitude (0,29 a 0,52), indicando a predominância de interação do tipo complexa. Já para aspecto de grãos, observou-se efeito significativo da interação, altos valores de herdabilidade (0,60 a 0,84) e r gge variando de 0,76 a 0,81, predominando a interação do tipo simples. Quanto à eficiência relativa de cada tipo de análise, ao utilizar o índice total (utilizando as três gerações conjuntamente) o ganho em acurácia em relação à seleção utilizando dados somente da geração F 2:6 foi de 21, 28 e 3% para os caracteres arquitetura de plantas, produtividade de grãos e aspecto de grãos, respectivamente. Assim, concluiu-se que: i) na seleção das melhores famílias para os caracteres arquitetura de plantas e produtividade de grãos é necessária a avaliação de ao menos três gerações em diferentes épocas de plantio e/ou anos; ii) a seleção das melhores famílias para aspecto de grãos pode ser feita desde as gerações iniciais, sendo recomendado o uso do bulk com seleção dentro de famílias; iii) o índice multigerações incluindo dados de todas as gerações disponíveis (índice total) é a metodologia mais eficiente para a seleção de famílias de feijoeiro considerando todos os caracteres avaliados; iv) quanto mais o ambiente e as gerações afetam o comportamento dos genótipos para determinado caractere, maior é a eficiência do índice multigerações. / Changes in climate conditions may cause accentuated changes in the common bean traits, and the occurrence of genotype x environment interaction complicates the breeder’s work. Because of that, the selection process is often carried out by evaluating genotype performance in different environments (year, place, sowing time). Researchers have sought the improvement of selection methods in autogamous plants by using mixed models methodologies. The BLUP (best linear unbiased predictor) allows the simultaneous use of several data sources such as the ones from several experiments carried out in either one or several sites and evaluated in either one or several sowing times. Thus, by using BLUP with data from multiple family generations evaluated in different sites, sowing times and years, it is possible to predict genotypic values free from interactions with the environment and with the effect of generations. This study uses predictors in the form of a multigeneration index aiming at stablishing its efficiency for the selection of common bean families. Out of 48 F 2 populations originated from 48 F 1 hybrids of a 8x6 partial dialel, the 20 populations with the highest potential to start a recurrent selection program were selected in order to improve carioca bean architecture. This selection was based on the general and specific combining ability estimates for traits hypocotyl diameter (HD), plant architecture grade and yield. Nineteen families were extracted out of each of the 20 selected populations, based on the HD of individual plants, totalizing 380 families that were evaluated throughout two generations (families F 2:3 and F 2:4 ) in a triple-square lattice design (20 x 20) with 20 witnesses. The evaluated parameters were plant architecture, yield and grain appearance. Data were analyzed via bivariate BLUP (with data from F 2:3 and F 2:4 ) adjusted via a compound symmetry model. Seventy-six families were selected according to the additive selection index of the predicted genotypic values; 76 families according to the additive index of the phenotypic values; and 76 families according to the genotype-ideotype distance selection index applied to phenotypic values of the families. Overall, 90 families were selected and evaluated in the F 2:6 generation in a lattice design ix (10x10) with three replications and 10 witnesses. The evaluated parameters were: plant architecture, yield and grain appearance. Data from the 90 families were analyzed via REML/BLUP. An analysis was performed using data from three generations simultaneously (F 2:3 /F 2:4 /F 2:6 ); three analyses were performed using data from pairs of generations (F 2:3 /F 2:4 ; F 2:3 /F 2:6 and F 2:4 /F 2:6 ); and three others were performed using data from each generation individually. All analyses of deviance showed that the effect of families was significant on all traits. For plant architecture, although the effect of the families x gerations and sowing time interaction was not significant, the low heritability values (0.11 to 0.37) indicate high environmental influence on the trait. For yield, heritability estimates were also low (0.12 to 0.45), the effects of the families x generations and sowing time interaction were significant, and the estimates of the mean genetic correlation between generations (r gge ) were of low magnitude (0.29 to 0.52), thus indicating the predominance of the complex nature of the interaction. As for bean appearance, the analysis showed a significant effect of the interaction, high heritability estimates (0.60 to 0.84) and r gge ranging from 0.76 to 0.81, which thus shows the predominance of the simple nature of the interaction. Regarding the relative efficiency of each analysis, when comparing the accuracy of the total index (using all three generations simultaneously) with the one of the analysis using only the F 2:6 generation, the increase was 21, 28 and 3% for traits plant architecture, yield and grain appearance, respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that: i) the selection of the best families in plant architecture and yield requires the evaluation of at least three generations in different sowing times and/or years; ii) the selection of the best families in grain appearance can be made since the very first generations, and the use of the bulk with selection inside families is recommended; iii) the multigeneration index including data from all available generations (total index) is the most efficient method for the selection of common bean families considering all evaluated traits; iv) the more the environment and generations affect genotype behavior for a certain trait, the higher the efficiency of the multigeneration index

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2015-11-05T15:38:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 489618 bytes, checksum: 7609724ea0ef2f3496bf38ea80688185 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-05T15:38:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 489618 bytes, checksum: 7609724ea0ef2f3496bf38ea80688185 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O mofo-branco (MB), causado pelo fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, é doença séria em lavouras irrigadas de feijão. O uso de cultivares com resistência parcial ao MB faz parte do manejo da doença, e pode reduzir aplicações de fungicida para seu controle. Avaliou-se a possibilidade de se reduzir as aplicações de fungicida em genótipo com resistência parcial ao MB. Ensaios foram conduzidos em três municípios (Coimbra, Viçosa e Oratórios) da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, no outono-inverno, com irrigação por aspersão, em área com histórico de MB. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no arranjo fatorial 3 x 4: genótipos (VC 17, Pérola ou BRSMG Madrepérola) e aplicações de fungicida (0, 1, 2 ou 3). A linhagem VC 17 está entre os genótipos com maior resistência de campo ao MB. A cultivar Pérola apresenta resistência moderada e a cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola é suscetível. O fungicida fluazinam (0,625 L/ha) foi aplicado na floração e repetido entre 7 e 10 dias depois. Foi usado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Em média, a intensidade (incidência + severidade) do MB variou de baixa (Coimbra) a moderada/alta (Oratórios); e a produtividade de grãos, de 2638 a 3556 kg/ha. Em Viçosa e Oratórios a pressão da antracnose foi alta, e esse foi um dos fatores responsáveis pela menor produtividade dos genótipos Pérola e VC 17, em relação à cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola. Em Viçosa, o VC 17 exibiu menos sintomas de MB que as cultivares Pérola e BRSMG Madrepérola. Em Coimbra e Oratórios, os sintomas de MB nos genótipos VC 17 e Pérola foram semelhantes, mas, em geral, esses genótipos foram menos prejudicados por essa doença que a cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola. Em Oratórios, houve significativa redução dos sintomas de MB com duas aplicações do fungicida, independente do genótipo, enquanto em Coimbra só a BRSMG Madrepérola teve redução do MB, com uma aplicação do fungicida. Em Viçosa, a cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola teve redução da doença com até duas aplicações do fluazinam, enquanto a cultivar Pérola apresentou redução do MB com uma aplicação. Nesse município, o VC 17 não teve redução do MB com o uso de fungicida. Portanto, os resultados de Coimbra, em que houve baixa pressão de MB, e de Viçosa (baixa/moderada intensidade de MB) sustentam, parcialmente, a nossa hipótese de que genótipos com alta resistência parcial ao MB necessitam de menor número de aplicações de fungicida em relação a genótipos com baixa resistência parcial. Entretanto, os resultados obtidos em Oratórios, onde a intensidade do MB foi moderada/alta não sustentam nossa hipótese. Os efeitos da antracnose, além dos efeitos do MB, influenciaram a produtividade, o que comprometeu, em parte, o nosso estudo. Logo, estudos adicionais, com bom controle de doenças foliares, sobretudo com alta pressão do MB, são necessários para testar com maior precisão essa hipótese. / White mold (WM), caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a serious disease in irrigated bean crops. The use of cultivars with partial resistance to WM is part of disease management, and can reduce fungicide applications for its control. We evaluated the possibility of reducing fungicide applications in genotype with partial resistance to WM. Trials were conducted in three districts (Coimbra, Viçosa and Oratórios) of Zona da Mata region, State of Minas Gerais, in the fall-winter, with sprinkler irrigation in an area with a history of WM. The treatments were arranged in factorial 3 x 4: genotypes (VC 17 Pérola or BRSMG Madrepérola) and fungicide applications (0, 1, 2 or 3). The line VC 17 is among the genotypes with higher field resistance to WM. The cultivar Pérola has intermediate resistance and the cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola is susceptible. The fungicide fluazinam (0.625 L/ ha) was applied in the flowering and repeated between 7 and 10 days after. A randomized block design with four replications was used. On average the intensity (severity + incidence) of WM ranged from low (Coimbra) to moderate/high (Oratórios); and grain yield, from 2638 to 3556 kg/ha. In Viçosa and Oratórios, the pressure of anthracnose was high, and this was one of the factors responsible for the lower yield of the genotypes Pérola and VC 17, in relation to the cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola. In Viçosa, the line VC 17 showed fewer symptoms of WM than the cultivars Pérola and BRSMG Madrepérola. In Coimbra and Oratórios, the symptoms of WM in the genotypes VC 17 and Pérola were similar, but in general these genotypes were less affected by this disease than the cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola. In Oratórios, symptoms of WM reduced significantly with two fungicide applications, regardless of the genotype, while in Coimbra only BRSMG Madrepérola has a reduction of WM with one fungicide application. In Viçosa, the cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola had reduction of disease with up to two fluazinam applications, while the cultivarPérola had reduction of WM with one application. In this district, the line VC 17 had no reduction of WM with fungicide. Therefore, the results of Coimbra, where there was low pressure of WM, and Viçosa (low/moderate intensity of WM) support, in part, our hypothesis that genotypes with high partial resistance to WM require fewer fungicide applications compared to genotypes with low partial resistance. However, the results obtained in Oratórios, where the intensity of WM was moderate/high did not support our hypothesis. The effects of anthracnose, besides the effects of WM affected yield, which compromised, in part, our study. Thus, additional studies with good control of foliar diseases, especially with high pressure of WM, are required to test this hypothesis with higher accuracy.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-09-25T18:08:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1131140 bytes, checksum: dcbefdbe20fc517f6e5892532a7a9926 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T18:08:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1131140 bytes, checksum: dcbefdbe20fc517f6e5892532a7a9926 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Um dos principais problemas associados ao plantio do feijoeiro é a restrição hídrica, presente em mais de 2/3 da área cultivada com a cultura no mundo. Os efeitos adversos da restrição hídrica dependem da sua intensidade e duração e da fase de desenvolvimento da cultura. Como efeitos decorrentes da falta d'água, destacam-se o menor desenvolvimento da planta, a baixa produtividade e, especificamente, em sementes, a diminuição da qualidade fisiológica. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar no Artigo 1 os efeitos da restrição hídrica na produtividade, nos fatores de produção e crescimento das plantas de feijão; no Artigo 2, os efeitos sobre o vigor e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas sob tais condições. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no período de abril a agosto de 2016, utilizando-se um cultivar não comercial, denominado VC 17, desenvolvida pela Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial 3x2+1, sendo três épocas de desenvolvimento da cultura (florescimento, formação de vagens e enchimento de sementes), sob dois regimes de irrigação (0% e 40% da evapotranspiração), durante vinte dias, mais o tratamento controle com 100% da evapotranspiração. Avaliou-se o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas pela determinação das seguintes características: produtividade, rendimento por planta, número de sementes por vagem, número de sementes por planta, número de nós na haste principal, altura das plantas, número de vagens cheias e chochas. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi determinada pelas seguintes características: grau de umidade, primeira contagem e germinação, emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, crescimento de plântulas e matéria seca de plântulas. Para avaliar possíveis efeitos maternos na resistência ao estresse hídrico, a germinação e o crescimento de plântulas, conduziu-se o experimento com a utilização de polietilenoglicol 6000 para simular estresse hídrico em laboratório. Houve redução do número de sementes por vagem e do número de nós na haste principal, em função da restrição hídrica utilizada nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento da cultura. Quanto ao vigor, houve diminuição apenas quando avaliado sob estresse simulado com polietilenoglicol, para as características primeira contagem e germinação. No geral, atesta-se que as condições hídricas a que as plantas estão submetidas no campo determinam a produção e a qualidade das sementes produzidas. Contudo, os efeitos dependem da intensidade e da época em que ocorrem. Sob restrições moderadas, em curto período, a produção e a qualidade das sementes das plantas são mantidas. / One of the main problems associated with the bean cultivation is water restriction, occurring in more than 2/3 of the crop cultivated area in the world. The adverse effects of water restriction depend on its intensity, duration and the crop development stage. As the water shortage effects highlights a lower plant development, low productivity and specifically in seeds, decreasing in vigor and physiological quality. The objective of this study was in chapter one to evaluate the water restriction effects on productivity, production and growth factors of bean plants, and in chapter 2, seed vigor and physiological quality produced under these conditions. This study was set in experimental field of Federal University of Viçosa, from April to August 2016 by using a non-commercial cultivar, developed by UFV called VC17. The experimental design was a factorial scheme 3x2+1: three crop stages development (flowering, pod formation and seed filling), under two irrigation regimes (0 and 40 % of evapotranspiration) for twenty days, with the addition of control treatment with 100% evapotranspiration. Growth and development plants were evaluated by following characteristics: productivity, yield per plan, number of seed per pod, number of seed per plant, nodes number of main stem, plant height, number of full and hollow pods. Seed physiological quality was determined by following characteristics: humidity degree, first germination count, emergence, emergence speed index, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling growth, seedling dry matter. To evaluate possible maternal effects on water stress resistance, germination and seedling growth tests was conducted using polyethylene glycol 6000 in order to simulate water stress in laboratory. There was a reduction in the number of seeds per pod and nodes number of main stem as a function of the water restriction received in different crop development stages. About the vigor, there was a decreasing only when evaluated under simulated stress with polyethylene glycol, for the first germination count and germination characteristics. In general, water conditions that plants are exposed in field will determine production and seed produced quality, but the effects will depend on its intensity and occurrence season. Under moderate restrictions in a short time, plants are able to maintain seed production and quality.

Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Fitotecnia / Se procedió a medir la capacidad fotosintética y la eficiencia del uso del agua instantánea en foliolos de poroto obligados a la horizontalidad y foliolos de libre movimiento. Para ello, se trabajó con plantas del cv. Orfeo INIA establecidas en campo, con el objetivo de determinar la necesidad de las plantas de contar con movimientos paraheliotrópicos como mecanismo de fotoprotección y su efecto en la disminución de la capacidad de asimilación de CO2, bajo condiciones de riego. La fijación foliar se llevó a cabo 60 días después de siembra, mediante alambre y pinzas, obligando a la constante horizontalidad del foliolo central de la hoja ubicada en el tercer nudo reproductivo (T1), mientras que en plantas independientes de procedió a marcar los foliolos con libre movimiento ubicados en la misma posición (T2). Las mediciones, que se realizaron los días 2, 5, 10, 17 y 22 después de la fijación foliar, a las 12:00 h, correspondieron a la temperatura foliar, radiación incidente, humedad y temperatura del aire, asimilación de CO2, conductancia estomática, concentración interna de CO2, tasa transpiratoria, contenido de clorofila y eficiencia del uso del agua instantánea.

Orientador: Leandro Borges Lemos / Resumo: A utilização de manejos sustentáveis para maximizar a produtividade das culturas sem aumentar os custos de produção é um dos grandes desafios da agricultura atual. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de manejos de fornecimento de nitrogênio, associando formas de inoculação com Rhizobium tropici, co-inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e adubação mineral de cobertura, no desempenho agronômico de cultivares de feijão comum do grupo comercial carioca de ciclo precoce. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), no esquema fatorial 2x12 (2 cultivares e 12 manejos de fornecimento de N), com quatro repetições. Para os manejos de fornecimento de N foram associados adubação mineral de cobertura com N (45 e 90 kg ha-1 de N), inoculação de sementes com Rhizobium tropici e coinoculação via semente e foliar com Azospirillum brasilense. Foram avaliados o número de trifólios por planta, área foliar, índice de clorofila, teor de nitrogênio foliar e nos grãos, massa seca de plantas, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por planta e produtividade, número de nódulos por planta, massa seca de nódulos por planta, massa seca de raízes e eficiência de nodulação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e, quando necessário, as médias foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Com exceção da massa seca de plantas, todas as variáveis analisadas apresentaram máxima resposta no tratamento com inoculação de sementes com Rh... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of sustainable managements techniques to maximize crop productivity without increasing production costs is one of the great challenges of modern agriculture. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different nitrogen management by testing the inoculation with Rhizobium tropici, co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, and topdressing N fertilization on the agronomic performance of common bean cultivars of early cycle. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design (RBD), in a 2x12 factorial scheme (2 cultivars and 12 N supply management), with four replications. For N supply management, it was used topdressing N fertilization (45 and 90 kg ha-1 N), seed inoculation with Rhizobium tropici, and seed and leaf co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. It was evaluated: the number of trifolium per plant, leaf area, chlorophyll index, leaf and grain nitrogen content, dry mass of plants, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant and yield, number of nodules per plant, dry matter of nodules per plant, dry matter of root, and nodulation efficiency. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (F test) and, when necessary, means were grouped by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Except for the dry mass of plants, all variables analyzed showed maximum response in the treatment with seed inoculation with Rhizobium tropici, foliar application of Azospirillum brasilense, and topdressing fertilization with 90 kg ha-1 of N. In general, t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / As the global human population grows, so does the demand for faster food production rates. Owing to this, agricultural practices have had to expand and move into semi-arid and arid regions, too, where frequent irrigation is essential. However, irrigated ground water contains many salt ions (mainly Na+ and Cl-) which contribute to soil salinization on croplands. Soil salinity negatively impacts crop growth and yield and thus, strategies for the alleviation of salt stress on crop plants have had to be developed. This study assessed the use of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize bacterial endophytes isolated from the halophyte, Arctotheca calendula. Endophytes were identified using 16S rDNA and were screened for plant growth promoting properties including nitrogen fixation, phosphate and zinc solubilization, siderophore, ammonia and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when exposed to 0 mM, 300 mM and 600 mM NaCl. The endophytes had been identified as Erwinia persicina NBRC 102418T, Bacillus marisflavi JCM 11544T, Ochrobactrum rhizosphaerae PR17T, Microbacterium gubbeenense DSM 15944T and Bacillus zhangzhouensis DW5-4T and all of which had demonstrated some plant growth promoting characteristics. Thereafter, we aimed to demonstrate plant growth promotion of P. vulgaris cv. Star 2000 inoculated with PGPB under salinity stress. P. vulgaris cv. Star 2000 seeds were inoculated with the PGPB and exposed to 0 mM and 100 mM NaCl. Post-harvest, plants were assessed for their dry mass, cell death, superoxide concentration and nutrient content. It was discovered that salinity negatively impacted P. vulgaris cv. Star 2000’s dry mass, NaCl-induced cell death, and differentially influenced superoxide concentration, nutrient uptake and content of the leaf and root material in the inoculated and control treatments. However, the isolated PGPB had been able to mitigate the negative effects of soil salinity on P. vulgaris cv. Star 2000.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The tripartite symbiosis between Phaseolus vulgaris, arbuscular-mycorrhiza and the nodule bacteria, Rhizobia have been the focus of many studies ranging over a number of decades, however these studies have failed to answer certain questions relating the role of the symbionts in regard to host nutrition and the subsequent influence of these symbionts on the host C- economy. There is little doubt over the synergistic benefits involved in the dual inoculation of bean plants, as well as the resultant C-costs of maintaining the 2 symbionts, yet the specific contribution of the individual symbionts to the hosts overall nutrient and C-economy remain to be clarified. Thus the aim of this thesis is to help clarify these points by determining the symbiont induced photosynthetic, respiratory and nutritional changes taking place in the host. This was achieved by a series of experiments in which nodulated bean plants were split into two categories-those with and without AM colonized roots. These plants were then exposed to a range of growing conditions, including hi and low P, and a series of N treatments, ranging from zero N through to 3 mM NH/. Under these differing nutrient conditions growth, photosynthetic, respiratory, nutrient and amino acid responses were monitored, thus allowing for the determination of the symbionts influence on the host and the hosts reliance on the respective symbionts. Host reliance was noted most strongly under nutrient limiting conditions. Under low P treatment AM was the dominant symbiont as far as host C was concerned, allowing for the early establishment of the AM, thus ensuring the uptake of P for both host and nodule development. High P affected AM colonization to a greater extent than it did nodule dry weight and conversely the addition of N~ + led to a greater decrease in nodule dry weight than it did AM colonization. In spite of this decline, AM benefited the host by improving host N nutrition and relieving N-feedback inhibition of the export amino acid asparagine on BNF. These AM induced benefits did come at a cost to the host though, the dual inoculated plants had higher below ground respiratory costs and subsequently higher photosynthetic rates to compensate for the increased demand for C. The higher photosynthetic rates associated with dual inoculation were as a result of symbiont induced sink stimulation and not due to the improved nutrition of the host, as shown by the photosynthetic and nutrient response ratios. However, the respiratory costs associated with the uptake of soil nutrients were lower in AM colonized roots, thus showing an increased efficiency in nutrient gain by AM colonized roots. This improvement in host N nutrition as a result of AM colonization, coupled with the lower respiratory costs of AM nutrition led to the conclusion that under certain growing conditions nodules can become redundant and possibly parasitic.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of water salinity, volume of water applied at each irrigation, sodium adsorption ratio and rhizobial strain upon 15 plant growth parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Four levels of water salinity (ECW 0.4, 3.0, 6.0, or 9.0 mmho/cm), three levels of water volume (200, 400, or 800 ml per pot), three levels of SAR (4, 16, or 64) and three strains of Rhizobium phaseoli (K-17, K-47, or K-52) were used. The treatments were replicated with all possible combinations. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, multiple comparisons, and path coefficient analysis.

Certain varieties of snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. , seeds are very susceptible to cracks that develop naturally across the cotyledons during pre-harvest, storage, or germination. This phenomenon is commonly known as cotyledonal cracking and may cause serious yield reductions on plants developing from affected seeds. Cotyledonal cracking susceptibility of six white and six colored seeded varieties of snap beans were compared. Considerable differences were found in cracking susceptibility, but there was little or no relationship between seed coat color and cracking susceptibility. An experiment was conducted to determine if a metabolic stress of the plant during the time of pod set could be involved in cotyledonal cracking. Blossoms were tagged on individual plants beginning with the day of first blossom, and tagging was continued for 21 days as blossoms emerged . Individual pods were harvested at maturity and maintained under controlled conditions throughout a simulated weathering treatment to follow. Seeds of each pod were classified according to the amount of cotyledonal cracking sustained. It was concluded that if a stress were involved, it apparently affected the seed several days after pod initiation and that an increase in cotyledonal cracking was negatively correlated to an increase in the number of pods set during one day. Simulated weathering tests were made of seeds remaining in the pod and seeds from the same varieties that were shelled. The results indicated that the pod provides about equal cotyledonal cracking protection for all varieties tested. Apparently the pod is not an important cause of cracking resistance in certain varieties of snap beans. Seed coat permeability was measured and compared for the 12 varieties . A technique was employed by which the bean seed coat served as a semipermeable membrane between a distilled water and a sucrose solution. Sucrose dilution was measured refractometrically and the rate of water penetration calculated. There was little relationship between seed coat permeability and cracking susceptibility among the varieties. The rate of imbibition and drying for seeds of six varieties having varying degrees of cracking susceptibility was tested. Imbibition and drying conditions were closely controlled and weight changes were recorded at regular intervals during imbibition and drying. Results indicated that some of the varieties expressing the most rapid moisture changes were also the most resistant to cracking. It was concluded that the rate of change of seed moisture was not the primary factor controlling cotyledonal cracking susceptibility. Rate of imbibition was tested for two susceptible and two resistant varieties. When the pre-imbibition seed moisture was above 10 percent, a ll varieties imbibed water freely. When pre-imbibition moisture was below 10 percent, several seeds of resistant varieties became slowly permeable while nearly all seeds of the susceptible varieties imbibed freely. This suggested the possibility that a hard seed tendency of the resistant varieties may be one source of protection against cotyledonal cracking. Preliminary data suggested that the seed coats of susceptible varieties remain permeable even at moisture levels below 10 percent, while many seed coats of the resistant varieties become rather impermeable at low moisture levels. Microscopic examination of cotyledonal cracks from four different varieties indicated that the splitting occurred across cotyledonal cell walls more rapidly than between cell walls. This suggested that a weakness of the intercellular middle lamella is not responsible for cotyledonal cracking susceptibility. Further microscopic examination and comparison of the cotyledonal cell structure of two susceptible and two resistant varieties failed to show any structural differences between varieties that could account for differences in cotyledonal cracking susceptibility.