The aim of this work was to study the influence of the pasteurization and filtration on selected chemical compounds in beer. Specifically, the influence on elemental composition, content of organic acids, carbohydrates and phenolic substances was studied. Optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) was used for elemental analysis of beer. Analysis of organic acids was evaluated by Ion chromatography. For analysis of carbohydrates was used High performance liquid chromatography with ELSD detector (HPLC-ELSD), phenolic compounds was evaluated by HPLC with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Data from analysis of beer was performed by usage of statistical methods (analysis of variance and principal component analysis). Parameters that showed the most significant differences between individual groups of beers were obtained. Correlations between the variables and the technological beer processing operations were found. 12 parameters of total 23 were affected. The effect of filtration and pasteurization was observed in content of the iron, silicon, potassium and magnesium, malate, monosaccharides glucose and fructose and phenolic compounds.

Les bactériophages (ou phages) sont des prédateurs de bactéries et sont redoutés dans les productions agro-alimentaires mettant en œuvre des fermentations. En œnologie, la transformation du jus de raisin en vin fait appel à différents types de fermentation. La fermentation alcoolique est réalisée par des levures, et peut être suivie par une fermentation malolactique (FML), notamment pour les vins rouges, afin d’améliorer la stabilité microbiologique et les qualités organoleptiques du produit. La bactérie lactique OEnococcus oeni (O. oeni) appartient à la famille des Leuconostocaceae et est l’acteur principal de la FML. Des souches d’O. oeni sont utilisées comme levain malolactique, et inoculées dans le vin pour mieux maitriser les fermentations. O. oeni rencontre dans son environnement des phages spécifiques appelés oenophages. Toutefois, bien que la présence de ces oenophages ait été constatée, leur diversité reste à ce jour peu explorée, tout comme leurs implications dans l’élaboration du vin. Une fréquence élevée de la lysogénie a été observée dans l’espèce et parmi les levains commercialisés. Les risques associés a la présence de phages ou à la lysogénie sont des paramètres peu abordés dans la filière. Afin de répondre à ces interrogations, dans un premier axe, la diversité des oenophages a été étudiée en isolant des phages à partir d’une large collecte d’échantillons œnologiques menée dans le sud-ouest de la France. L’analyse d’échantillons de différents types de vin, de différents cépages, collectés à différentes étapes de la vinification nous a permis de mettre en lumière une diversité génomique des oenophages non suspectée. Nous avons initié le développement de nouveaux outils moléculaires pour étudier la dynamique des populations bactériennes et phagiques dans le contexte œnologique. Ainsi, une première approche par Digital Droplet PCR a été utilisée pour détecter et quantifier les populations lysogènes. Dans un deuxième axe, l’interaction phage-hôte en présence de composés phénoliques du vin a été étudiée. Les travaux suggèrent que la croissance d’O. oeni en présence de certains flavonols et acides phénoliques réduit la capacité d’adsorption des phages sur leur hôte. / Bacteriophages are viral predators of bacteria and a major concern in fermentations involved in food processing industry. In winemaking, transformation of grape juice into wine involves different types of fermentations. Alcoholic fermentation is driven by yeasts, and can be followed by malolactic fermentation (MLF), especially for red wines, which can improve microbial stability and sensorial quality of wine. The lactic acid bacterium OEnococcus oeni (O. oeni), member of Leuconostocacae family, is generally responsible for the MLF process. Strains of O. oeni are also used as starters to master MLF. O. oeni encounters specific phages called oenophages. Even though the presence of oenophages has been observed, their diversity remains poorly investigated, just like their implications in winemaking. However, high frequency of lysogeny has been observed among O. oeni strains and starters. Risks linked with the presence of phages and lysogeny are questioned in the sector. In the first part of this thesis, oenophages diversity has been studied with the isolation of a large number of phages during the collection of a broad range of oenological samples in South West France. Analysis of samples coming from different wine types and varieties, collected at different steps of winemaking enabled us to highlight an underestimated genomic diversity. We also initiated the development of new molecular tools to study population dynamics among phages and hosts in the winemaking context. Thus, a first approach by Digital Droplet PCR has been used to detect and quantify lysogenic strains. In the second part, phage-host interactions in the presence of wine phenolic compound were investigated. Our results suggest that growth of O.oeni cells in the presence of particular flavonols and phenolic acids reduces adsorption capacities of phages on their host.

Les vignerons du Val de Loire souhaitent faire évoluer les différents types de vins liquoreux produits actuellement dans leurs appellations en lien avec l’élaboration d’une qualité de raisin correspondant à ces types. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de caractériser objectivement les baies de raisin et leur qualité.Notre étude porte sur le développement d’une méthode multicritères combinant des mesures physiques et biochimiques des raisins, permettant d’identifier et de caractériser différents niveaux de développement de la pourriture noble sur raisins de Chenin blanc dans un objectif de production de vins liquoreux.Pour cela, des raisins correspondant à trois niveaux de pourriture noble ont été sélectionnés, lors de deux millésimes, 2012 et 2013. Des analyses classiques de qualité du raisin ont été réalisées et complétées par des analyses de couleur, de texture et de composés phénoliques.Outre la caractérisation phénolique du Chenin (sain et botrytisé), cette étude met en évidence la présence de myricétine, que l’on retrouve traditionnellement dans les variétés de raisin rouge, et qui semblerait être aussi synthétisée dans les baies de raisins blancs fortement atteintes par la pourriture noble.Nous avons également montré qu’une analyse multicritères permet une très bonne différenciation des baies plus ou moins botrytisées. Une combinaison des teneurs en myricétine, astilbine et glycérol permet notamment une très bonne discrimination des baies en fonction de leur niveau de botrytisation. Enfin, nous avons détectés de nouveaux composés dans les baies suite à l’attaque fongique, qui pourraient provenir de réactions d’oxydation. Ces résultats restent toutefois à confirmer. / Winemakers from the Loire valley are willing to improve the various types of sweet wines currently produced in their designation of origin altogether with the elaboration of grape quality that corresponds to these wines. For that purpose, it is necessary to objectively characterize the grapes and their quality. Our study implies the development of a multcriteria method that combines physical and biochemical measures on the grape, allowing the identification and characterization of the different levels of noble rot development on Chenin blanc grapes for the production of sweet wines. To do so, grapes corresponding to three noble rot levels were selected during two vintages, 2012 and 2013. Classical analysis of grape quality were carried out and complemented with color, texture and phenolic composition analysis. Besides the phenolic characterization of Chenin (healthy and botrytised), this study revealed the presence of myricetin, that is traditionally detected on red grape varieties, and that seems to be also synthetized on white grapes strongly affected by noble rot. We have also showed that a multicriteria analysis brings a very good differentiation of grapes more or less botrytised. A combination of myricetin, astilbin and glycerol concentrations showed a significantly good discrimination of grapes according to botrytisation level. Finally, we have detected new compounds on the grapes after the fungal attack that could be the result of oxidative reactions. These results are to be confirmed

Ce travail de recherche est centré sur la valorisation de deux Euphorbiacées : Ricinus communis et Jatropha curcas. La première est une espèce autochtone connue comme plante dont l’huile des graines est utilisée pour ses vertus cosmétiques quant à la deuxième, c’est une espèce allochtone récemment introduite à titre expérimental en Tunisie et connue comme plante bioénergetique. Pour le ricin huit populations Tunisiennes ont été étudiées: Riadh Andalous, Nefza, Béja, Nabeul, Hammamet, Bouficha, Khanguet Hajej et Aouled Amer. Quant au jatropha, le matériel végétal est récolté dans la station expérimentale de Nabeul (Tunisie). Il s’agit de huit populations qui proviennent d’Arusha en Tanzanie, de Mozambique, de Suriname et de Brésil à partir de cinq provenances à savoir : Paranà, Norte de Minas, Mato Grosso, Regiao sudeste et Vale do Jequitinhonha. Le travail comprend une première partie consacrée à une étude bibliographique. Une deuxième partie est consacrée aux matériels et méthodes utilisés et une dernière partie qui montre l’ensemble des résultats obtenues. Ainsi, les résultats montrent que les extraits des feuilles des populations des deux espèces étudiées sont plus riches en composés phénoliques que les extraits des racines. L’étude phytochimique a montré que le ricin contient surtout de l’acide gentisique. Quant au jatropha, il contient surtout de l’épicatechine et de la naringine. L’étude chimique des huiles fixes des deux espèces montrent que l’huile de ricin renferme essentiellement d’acide ricinoléique. Quant à l’huile de jatropha, elle contient deux acides gras en proportions majeures qui sont l’acide oléique et l’acide linoléique. L’évaluation des activités anti-oxydantes des extraits des deux espèces indique une corrélation positive entre ces activités et les teneurs en composés phénoliques. Par ailleurs, l’étude de l’activité anti-acétylcholinestérase des extraits testés montrent que ces extraits sont des inhibiteurs de l’AChE plus puissants que la galanthamine utilisée comme contrôle positif. Notre étude a confirmé que les différents extraits de ricin et de jatropha, autres que les huiles fixes, peuvent donc être exploités pour d’autres activités biologiques, parmi les quelles l’action inhibitrice de l’AChE une des principales cibles des traitements contre la maladie l’Alzheimer et le piégeage des radicaux libres, en raison de leur richesse en composés phénoliques / The aim of this study is to promote two Euphorbiaceae plants the Ricinus communis and the Jatropha curcas, the first one is known for its oil used in the cosmetic products, whereas the second one is known especially for its seeds used in the production of biodiesel. For the castor plant, eight Tunisian populations are studied: Riadh Andalous, Nefza, Beja, Nabeul, Hammamet, Bouficha, Khanguet Hajej and Aouled Amer. For the jatropha, recently introduced in Tunisia, the plant material is collected from the Nabeul station (Tunisia). Eight populations coming from Arusha in Tanzania, Mozambique, Suriname and Brazil from regions of Paraná, Minas Norte, Mato Grosso, Regiao sudeste and Vale do Jequitinhonha are studied. In first, a bibliographic study is made. In second, the used materials and methods are cited. Fanilly, all the results are mentioned. The study shows that the phenolic compounds are higher in the leaves extracts than in the roots extracts for both species. The phytochemical study shows that the gentisic acid is the major phenolic compound identified in the castor plant extracts. In contrast, the epicatechin and the naringin are the most important phenolic compounds identified in the jatropha extracts. The GC-MS analysis reveals that the castor oil contains mainly the ricinoleic acid. For the jatropha oil, two major fatty acids are identified: the oleic and the linoleic acids. Results of the antioxidant properties of leaves and roots of both species indicate a positive correlation between the leaves and the roots activities and their contents of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of the tested extracts shows for the first time that some tested extracts are more active than the galantamine used as a positive control. Our study confirmed that, in addition to their oils, different extracts of the castor plant and the jatropha can be used for biological activities such as the scavenging free radicals and the inhibitory action of AChE enzyme, which is a major target for treatments against the Alzheimer's disease due to their high levels of phenolic compounds. Owing to the activities of the leaves and the roots extracts confirmed by this study, the agricultural exploitation of the castor plant and the jatropha can be economically more profitable

Les composés phénoliques pourraient être de bons candidats pour assurer la qualité et la sécurité des produits périssables tels que les aliments prêts-à-consommer. Très répandus dans les plantes et les co-produits agro-industriels, ils peuvent limiter l’oxydation de lipides insaturés d’intérêt nutritionnel (omega-3, dont DHA et EPA) et le développement de bactéries pathogènes alimentaires telles que Listeria monocytogenes.L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer la double activité antioxydante et antimicrobienne de ces composés phénoliques dans des milieux alimentaires complexes et de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'action associés.L’étude en milieux modèles a tout d’abord permis de mettre en évidence des relations structure-activités et de décrypter certains mécanismes d’action mettant en jeu des paramètres tels que le nombre et l’environnement chimique des groupements phénoliques, le logP, les formes dissociées / non dissociées des acides phénoliques. Les performances de trois composés sélectionnés (eugénol, acide férulique et α-tocophérol) ont ensuite été évaluées dans des milieux alimentaires complexes plus réalistes : des émulsions h/e composées d'huile de poisson, d’une phase aqueuse et de protéines de lactosérum ou Tween 80 en tant qu'émulsifiant. L’acide férulique ne présente aucune activité antioxydante mais peut inhiber le développement de L. monocytogenes. En revanche, l’eugénol et l’α-tocophérol sont de bons antioxydants dans les émulsions à base de protéines de lactosérum alors qu’ils n’y sont pas antimicrobiens. Quelques mécanismes d’action sont proposés pour expliquer ces comportements. / Phenolic compounds appear to be good candidates for ensuring the quality and safety of several perishable products like ready-to-eat food. Widely found in plants and byproducts from agro-industries, they offer a potential solution to limit the oxidation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. DHA and EPA) and the growth of foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes.The aim of this PhD is to evaluate dual antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in complex food media and to better understand the associated mechanisms of action.First experiments carried out with a series of phenolic compounds in simple model media confirmed this dual efficiency.Interesting structure/activity relationships were highlighted and some mechanisms of action were decrypted, involving parameters like number and chemical environment of phenolic groups, logP, dissociated/undissociated forms of phenolic acids. The performances of three selected phenolic compounds, i.e. eugenol, ferulic acid and α-tocopherol (added alone or as a mixture), were evaluated in more realistic complex food media: o/w emulsions composed of fish oil, aqueous phase and whey proteins or Tween 80 as emulsifiers. Ferulic acid shows no antioxidant activity but can inhibit the development of L. monocytogenes. In contrast, eugenol and α-tocopherol are good antioxidants but not antimicrobials in emulsions formulated with whey proteins. Mechanisms of action are proposed to explain these behaviors.

In West African medicine, Entada africana Guill. & Perr. from the family of Fabaceae is used to treat inflammatory conditions in the management of fractures, wounds, and sprains in the northern region of the Republic of Benin. The aim of the present study was to isolate and elucidate phenolic compounds from a hydroalcoholic leaf extract from E. africana and to identify compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Eleven compounds were purified from three fractions, which have shown strong to medium anti-inflammatory activity. The isolated compounds were characterized by HRESI-MS and NMR methods as gallic acid (1), ethyl gallate (2), 5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one (3), 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone (4), dihydrokaempferol-7-O-glucoside (5), catechin (6), quercetin-3-O-[β-apiosyl- (1‴→2″)-β-glucoside] (7), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (8), naringenin-7-O-glucoside (9), aromadendrin (10), and myricetin-3-O-glucoside (11). Nine of the major phenolic compounds were tested using TNF-α stimulated human keratinocytes (HaCaT) as skin inflammation model to identify molecules, which may explain the use of the plant leaves as an anti-inflammatory remedy by assessing the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-6. The hydroacoholic leaf extract of E. africana exerted a medium inhibitory effect on the release of IL-8. 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone, aromadendrin, dihydrokaempferol-7- O-glucoside and ethyl gallate demonstrated a strong to medium effect on the release of IL-6. For the release of IL-8, 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone demonstrated a medium activity. This study provides for the first time a detailed screening of phenolic compounds occurring in the hydroethanolic leaf extract of E. africana. Additionally, it is shown that E. africana contains active compounds which may justify its traditional medicinal use as an antiinflammatory remedy to treat inflammatory and pain-related skin conditions in the Republic of Benin.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La presente tesis plantea distintas estrategias para el diseño de alimentos a partir del aprovechamiento del bagazo que se genera como subproducto en la industria de elaboración de zumos de frutos rojos. De este modo, se puede aportar un valor añadido al subproducto, al mismo tiempo que se desarrollan alimentos capaces de cubrir las necesidades y exigencias nutritivas que demanda el consumidor actual. Uno de los aspectos más interesantes que tiene el uso de estos subproductos, es su alto contenido en polifenoles y fibra, de gran importancia en la industria alimentaria por su efecto en las propiedades de los alimentos y sobre la salud. Se realizó un primer estudio para conocer el efecto de la sustitución de grasa en bizcochos por diferentes tipos de fibra: soluble, insoluble y una mezcla de ambas. En este trabajo se observó que las características texturales, estructurales y sensoriales se vieron afectadas con la incorporación de fibra, principalmente en el caso de la fibra insoluble. Por todo esto, se establecieron dos estrategias de mejora. Por una parte, se incorporaron diferentes impulsores químicos en combinación con bicarbonato (normal o encapsulado) en bizcochos formulados con bagazo y se caracterizaron desde un punto de vista físico químico, estructural y sensorial. Por otra parte, se estudió cómo afecta a la textura, estructura y a la digestibilidad in vitro del almidón la sustitución parcial de harina de trigo por harina extrusionada en magdalenas formuladas con bagazo. En ambos estudios se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios en cuanto a la mejora de las propiedades del producto. Además de las estrategias de mejora en productos horneados, se decidió incorporar bagazo en matrices lácteas para desarrollar nuevas formulaciones de batidos. Se estudió el efecto de un tratamiento no térmico, las altas presiones hidrostáticas, sobre el contenido fenólico y la capacidad antioxidante de los batidos, y sobre la capacidad antimicrobiana de los fenoles presentes en el bagazo. Se observó que la mayor retención de compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante con la mínima supervivencia microbiológica se obtuvo para las presiones y tiempos más altos (500 MPa durante 10 min) en los batidos con las concentraciones más altas de bagazo estudiadas (10%). Por último, se llevó a cabo un estudio con sistemas modelo para conocer las interacciones que tienen los polifenoles, cuando forman parte del bagazo o cuando se encuentran en forma de extracto, con los principales macronutrientes de los alimentos y sus efectos sobre la bioaccesibilidad de los compuestos fenólicos tras la digestión in vitro. La bioaccesibilidad de los polifenoles cuando se incorporaron en los sistemas modelo en forma de bagazo aumentó en comparación con cuando se adicionaron como extracto. Por otro lado, los sistemas modelo formulados con bagazo y un solo nutriente, presentaron una mayor bioaccesibilidad de los compuestos fenólicos que cuando se encontraron todos los nutrientes en el sistema modelo. / [CAT] La present tesi planteja diferents estratègies per al disseny d'aliments a partir de l'aprofitament del bagàs que es genera com a subproducte en la indústria d'elaboració de sucs de fruits rojos. D'aquesta manera, es pot aportar un valor afegit al subproducte, al mateix temps que es desenvolupen aliments capaços de cobrir les necessitats i exigències nutritives que demanda el consumidor actual. Un dels aspectes més interessants que té l'ús d'aquests subproductes, és el seu alt contingut en polifenols i fibra, de gran importància en la indústria alimentària pel seu efecte en les propietats dels aliments i sobre la salut. Es va realitzar un primer estudi per a conéixer l'efecte de la substitució de greix en bescuits per diferents tipus de fibra: soluble, insoluble i una mescla d'ambdues. En aquest treball es va observar que les característiques texturals, estructurals i sensorials es van veure afectades amb la incorporació de fibra, principalment en el cas de la fibra insoluble. Per tot això, es van establir dues estratègies de millora. D'una banda, es van incorporar diferents impulsors químics en combinació amb bicarbonat (normal o encapsulat) en bescuits formulats amb bagàs i es van caracteritzar des d'un punt de vista físic químic, estructural i sensorial. D'altra banda, es va estudiar com afecta a la textura, estructura i a la digestibilitat in vitro del midó la substitució parcial de farina de blat per farina extrusionada en magdalenes formulades amb bagàs. En tots dos estudis es van obtindre resultats satisfactoris quant a la millora de les propietats del producte. A més de les estratègies de millora en productes enfornats, es va decidir incorporar bagàs en matrius làcties per a desenvolupar noves formulacions de batuts. Es va estudiar l'efecte d'un tractament no tèrmic, les altes pressions hidroestàtiques, sobre el contingut fenòlic i la capacitat antioxidant dels batuts, i sobre la capacitat antimicrobiana dels fenols presents en el bagàs. Es va observar que la major retenció de compostos fenòlics i capacitat antioxidant amb la mínima supervivència microbiològica es va obtindre per a les pressions i temps més alts (500 MPa durant 10 min) en els batuts amb les concentracions més altes de bagàs estudiades (10%). Finalment, es va dur a terme un estudi amb sistemes model per a conéixer les interaccions que tenen els polifenols, quan formen part del bagàs o quan es troben en forma d'extracte, amb els principals macronutrients dels aliments i els seus efectes sobre la bioaccessibilitat dels compostos fenòlics després de la digestió in vitro. La bioaccessibilitat dels polifenols quan es van incorporar en els sistemes model en forma de bagàs va augmentar en comparació amb quan es van addicionar com a extracte. D'altra banda, els sistemes model formulats amb bagàs i un sol nutrient, van presentar una major bioaccessibilitat dels compostos fenòlics que quan es van trobar tots els nutrients en el sistema model. / [EN] This thesis proposes different strategies for the design of foods based on the use of pomace generated as a by-product in the berry juice processing industry. In this way, it is possible to add value to the by-product while developing foods capable of meeting the needs and nutritional requirements demanded by today's consumers. One of the most interesting aspects of the use of these by-products is their high content of polyphenols and fiber, of great importance in the food industry due to their effect on food properties and health. A first study was carried out to determine the effect of replacing fat in sponge cakes with different types of fiber: soluble, insoluble and a mixture of both. In this work it was observed that the textural, structural and sensory characteristics were affected by the incorporation of fiber, mainly in the case of insoluble fiber. For all these reasons, two improvement strategies were determined. On the one hand, different chemical leavenings agents were incorporated in combination with bicarbonate (normal or encapsulated) in sponge cakes formulated with pomace and characterized from a physical-chemical, structural and sensory point of view. On the other hand, it was studied how the partial substitution of wheat flour by extruded flour in pomace-formulated muffins affects texture, structure and in vitro starch digestibility. In both studies satisfactory results were obtained in terms of improved product properties. In addition to the improvement strategies in baked products, it was decided to incorporate pomace in dairy matrices to develop new milkshake formulations. The effect of a non-thermal treatment, such as high hydrostatic pressures, on the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the milkshakes, and on the antimicrobial capacity of the phenols present in pomace was studied. It was observed that the highest retention of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity with the lowest microbiological survival was obtained for the highest pressures and times (500 MPa for 10 min) in the milkshakes with the highest pomace concentrations studied (10%). Finally, a study was carried out with model systems to learn about the interactions that polyphenols have when they are part of the pomace or when they are in extract form, with the main macronutrients of food and their effects on the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds after in vitro digestion. The bioaccessibility of polyphenols increased when it is incorporated into the model systems as pomace compared to when it is added as extract. On the other hand, model systems formulated with pomace and a single nutrient presented higher bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds than when all nutrients were found in the model system. / The authors are grateful to Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-Spain) for financial support through the BERRYPOM. Adding value to processing waste: innovative ways to incorporate fibers from berry pomace in baked and extruded cereal-based foods project included in the ERA-NET-SUSFOOD program, to Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through project AGL2017-86840-C2-2-R, and to FEDER funds from EU. / Díez Sánchez, E. (2021). Aprovechamiento de subproductos de zumos de frutos rojos para el diseño de alimentos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172372 / Compendio

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La presente tesis tiene como objetivo ofrecer estrategias que permitan incrementar la rentabilidad del cultivo de caqui "Rojo Brillante" mediante la valorización de los excedentes y destríos generados en los almacenes. La tesis aborda como objetivos principales la obtención de productos e ingredientes deshidratados con alto contenido en compuestos bioactivos y la evaluación de la digestibilidad in vitro de los mismos. La primera estrategia consistió en obtener caquis semisecos mediante secado "natural" evaluando la necesidad de aplicar un tratamiento previo de desastringencia. El tratamiento de secado en los caquis astringentes disminuyó significativamente el contenido en taninos solubles responsables de la astringencia de la fruta, alcanzando valores similares a los presentes en el caqui no astringente. Además, se observó que, el color de la pulpa permaneció con un tono anaranjado y poco pardeado cuando se partió de caqui astringente, por lo que no sería recomendable la aplicación de un tratamiento previo de desastringencia. Una segunda estrategia se centró en la liofilización para obtener snacks de caqui de alta calidad, al ser éste un tratamiento que permite obtener productos o ingredientes con alto valor añadido. Se establecieron las condiciones óptimas de procesado y almacenamiento mediante la obtención de los valores de humedad y actividad del agua críticos que garantizasen el estado vítreo de la matriz, evitando un aumento en la tasa de reacciones de deterioro, cambios de textura y color, y la pérdida de los compuestos bioactivos de la fruta. Como última estrategia se utilizó el tratamiento de secado por aire caliente en caqui astringente y no astringente, en distintos estados de madurez, para obtener snacks de caqui. Los snacks desarrollados presentaron un tono más anaranjado, en comparación con la fruta fresca, y menor contenido en taninos solubles. Se observó una alta correlación entre el nivel de astringencia percibido por los consumidores y la disminución del contenido en taninos solubles. Los snacks obtenidos a partir de caqui astringente en etapas de madurez avanzadas fueron igualmente aceptados por los consumidores que los obtenidos a partir de caqui no astringente. Seguidamente se estudió el efecto del secado con aire caliente y del estado de madurez sobre la fracción de carotenoides mediante diferentes técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas como la fotoluminiscencia. El secado no afectó al contenido en carotenoides, pero disminuyó la capacidad antioxidante de los snacks. La fotoluminiscencia evidenció la isomerización de carotenoides y la formación de productos de degradación térmica, por lo que ambos hechos podrían explicar la pérdida de capacidad antioxidante en el caqui sometido a tratamientos de secado por aire caliente. Por último, se llevaron a cabo estudios de digestión in vitro. La recuperación de taninos solubles en la fase del intestino delgado fue mayor en los snacks obtenidos mediante secado por aire caliente que en la fruta fresca y en los snacks liofilizados. Los snacks obtenidos a partir de caqui no astringente presentaron un índice de recuperación de taninos solubles mayor que los obtenidos a partir de caqui astringente. Los taninos insolubles llegaron intactos a la fracción no absorbida, por lo que podrían llegar al colon y ejercer su potencial antioxidante. / [CA] La present tesi té com a objectiu oferir estratègies que permeten incrementar la rendibilitat del cultiu de caqui "Roig Brillant" mitjançant la valorització dels excedents i destriaments generats en els magatzems. La tesi aborda com a objectius principals l'obtenció de productes i ingredients deshidratats amb alt contingut en compostos bioactius i l'avaluació de la digestibilitat in vitro d'aquests. La primera estratègia va consistir a obtindre caquis semisecs mitjançant assecat "natural" avaluant la necessitat d'aplicar un tractament previ de desastringència. El tractament d'assecat en els caquis astringents va disminuir significativament el contingut en tanins solubles responsables de la astringència de la fruita, aconseguint valors similars als presents en el caqui no astringent. A més, es va observar que, el color de la polpa va romandre amb un to ataronjat i poc marró quan es va partir de caqui astringent, per la qual cosa no seria recomanable l'aplicació d'un tractament previ de desastringència. Una segona estratègia es va centrar en la liofilització per a obtindre snacks de caqui d'alta qualitat, en ser aquest un tractament que permet obtindre productes o ingredients amb alt valor afegit. Es van establir les condicions òptimes de processament i emmagatzematge mitjançant l'obtenció dels valors d'humitat i activitat de l'aigua crítics que garantiren l'estat vitri de la matriu, evitant un augment en la taxa de reaccions de deterioració, canvis de textura i color, i la pèrdua dels compostos bioactius de la fruita. Com a última estratègia es va utilitzar el tractament d'assecat per aire calent en caqui astringent i no astringent, en diferents estats de maduresa, per a obtindre snacks de caqui. Els snacks desenvolupats van presentar un to més ataronjat, en comparació amb la fruita fresca, i menor contingut en tanins solubles. Es va observar una alta correlació entre el nivell de astringència percebut pels consumidors i la disminució del contingut en tanins solubles. Els snacks obtinguts a partir de caqui astringent en etapes de maduresa avançades van ser igualment acceptats pels consumidors que els obtinguts a partir de caqui no astringent. Seguidament es va estudiar l'efecte de l'assecat amb aire calent i de l'estat de maduresa sobre la fracció de carotenoids mitjançant diferents tècniques quantitatives i qualitatives com la fotoluminiscència. L'assecat no va afectar el contingut en carotenoids, però va disminuir la capacitat antioxidant dels snacks. La fotoluminiscència va evidenciar la isomerització de carotenoids i la formació de productes de degradació tèrmica, per la qual cosa tots dos fets podrien explicar la pèrdua de capacitat antioxidant en el caqui sotmés a tractaments d'assecat per aire calent. Finalment, es van dur a terme estudis de digestió in vitro. La recuperació de tanins solubles en la fase de l'intestí prim va ser major en els snacks obtinguts mitjançant assecat per aire calent que en la fruita fresca i en els snacks liofilitzats. Els snacks obtinguts a partir de caqui no astringent van presentar un índex de recuperació de tanins solubles major que els obtinguts a partir de caqui astringent. Els tanins insolubles van arribar intactes a la fracció no absorbida, per la qual cosa podrien arribar al còlon i exercir el seu potencial antioxidant. / [EN] This thesis proposes different strategies to increase the profitability of "Rojo Brillante" persimmon by valuing the surpluses and discarded fruit generated in the warehouses. This thesis addresses the development of dehydrated products and ingredients with a high content of bioactive compounds and the evaluation of their in vitro digestibility. The first strategy was to obtain semidry persimmons by "natural" drying, evaluating the need to apply a previous desastringency treatment. The drying treatment in the astringent persimmons significantly decreased the soluble tannin content responsible for the astringency of the fruit, reaching values similar to those present in the non-astringent persimmon. In addition, the color of the pulp remained with an orange hue angle and moderate browning, when astringent persimmon was used, thus the application of a previous desastringency treatment would not be recommended. A second strategy focused on freeze-drying to obtain high-quality persimmon snacks, as a treatment that allows obtaining products or ingredients with high added value. Optimum processing and storage conditions were established by obtaining the critical water content and water activity values that would guarantee the glassy state, avoiding an increase in the rate of deterioration reactions, changes in texture and color, and the loss of bioactive compounds in the fruit. As a last strategy, the hot air-drying treatment was used in astringent and non-astringent persimmon, in different ripening stages, to obtain persimmon snacks. The snacks had a more orange hue angle, compared to fresh fruit, and lower soluble tannin content. A high correlation was observed between the level of astringency perceived by consumers and the decrease in soluble tannin content. Snacks obtained from astringent persimmon in advanced ripening stages were equally accepted by consumers as non-astringent ones. Then, the effect of hot air drying and the ripening stage on the carotenoid fraction was studied using different quantitative and qualitative techniques such as photoluminescence. Hot air-drying did not affect the carotenoid content but decreased the antioxidant capacity of the snacks. The photoluminescence evidenced the isomerization of carotenoids and the formation of thermal degradation products. Both facts could explain the loss of antioxidant capacity in persimmon subjected to hot air-drying treatments. Lastly, in vitro digestion studies were carried out. The recovery of soluble tannins in the small intestine phase was higher in the snacks obtained by hot air drying than in the fresh fruit and the freeze-dried snacks. The snacks obtained from non-astringent persimmon had a higher recovery index of soluble tannin than those obtained from astringent persimmon. The insoluble tannins reached the unabsorbed fraction intact, so that they could reach the colon and exert their potential antioxidant capacity. / The authors thank the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades for the financial support given throughout Project RTA2017-00045-C02-02 / Martínez González, C. (2021). Tratamientos de secado para la obtención de ingredientes de alto valor nutritivo a partir del destrío postcosecha de caqui [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180348 / Compendio

Thesis (MSc (Wine Biotechnology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria and are active against other bacteria, either in the same species (narrow spectrum) or across genera (broad spectrum). The application of bacteriocins during the vinification process might help to prevent the production of undesired compounds by inhibiting the indigenous bacterial microflora and allowing malolactic fermentation to be conducted by a selected bacterial strain. Furthermore, the use of bacteriocins might allow reducing the total sulphur dioxide amount in wine. The purpose of this study was the selection of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonging to the genera Oenococcus, Lactobacillus and Pediococcus with the ability to produce bacteriocins, with respective biological activity against undesired indigenous wine LAB and the capability to complete malolactic fermentation. The first objective of this study was the screening of LAB isolated from South African red wines for the production of bacteriocins. Only 27 strains out of 330 wine isolates, belonging to the species Lb. plantarum, Lb. paracasei, Lb. hilgardii and O. oeni, showed activity towards various wine-related and non wine-related indicator strains with the colony-overlay method. It is the first time that bacteriocin activity is reported in O. oeni. The second objective was the detection and identification of known structural bacteriocin genes of Lb. plantarum wine strains. Furthermore, the web server BAGEL was used to in silico analyse putative bacteriocin-encoding genes in the genome of O. oeni and primers were designed to amplify four possible bacteriocin-encoding genes. A PCR-based screening revealed the presence of the plantaricin encoding genes plnA, plnEF, plnJ and plnK in five selected Lb. plantarum strains. Moreover, PCR analysis rendered positive results with all four chosen putative bacteriocin-encoding genes in the eight tested O. oeni strains with antimicrobial activity. The latter genes of O. oeni were heterologously expressed in different Escherichia coli host strains, but no antimicrobial activity could be detected. The third objective of this study was the transformation and expression of the heterologous bacteriocin genes nisin A and pediocin PA-1 in two selected Lb. plantarum strains. To enhance their antimicrobial activity a plasmid containing the nisin A gene was successfully cloned into the two strains. Indeed, an enhanced antimicrobial activity could be detected, but the transformed plasmid was not stable. The fourth objective in this project was the evaluation of bacteriocin production in liquid media. A co-culture experiment with a plantaricin producing Lb. plantarum strain and an Enterococcus faecalis strain as indicator was performed. A complete inhibition of cell growth of Ent. faecalis was observed within 72 hours. The last objective was the evaluation of the impacts of phenolic compounds on the activity of nisin and pediocin. The short term influence of two phenolic acids, two flavan-3-ols, grape tannins and oak tannins on the activity of nisin and pediocin PA-1 was investigated. No influence on the activity was detected. Furthermore, synergistic effects on bacterial growth inhibition were observed. This study confirms the potential use of either bacteriocin additives or bacteriocin-producing LAB in order to control the bacterial microflora during the vinification process.

In this thesis I review how Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, an invasive alga from Asia, has spread globally due to human activities and describe how this species can affect seagrass ecosystems. Abiotic factors such as nutrient and substratum availability may facilitate the spread of S. muticum into Zostera marina L. meadows, but analyses of seawater nutrients, and sediment particle size and % organic content revealed no significant differences between experimental quadrats in seagrass meadows either with, or without the presence of S. muticum. Phenolic compounds were examined because they form the basis of defensive mechanisms in plants and algae, therefore any change in phenolic content may affect the ability of Z. marina to protect itself from disease, herbivory and invasive species through allelopathic interactions. Results from a four year field study and multiple annual laboratory experiments showed significant reductions (p = 0.034 and p = 0.002, respectively) in the caffeic and tannic acids equivalents content of Z. marina when in the presence of S. muticum. As the abundance of S. muticum increases, other changes in the physiology of Z. marina may occur including variations in growth rates, nutrient partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence, but data from multiple laboratory experiments illustrated no significant differences in growth. Chlorophyll fluorescence analyses revealed significant differences between treatments with and without S. muticum (p = 0.008), but pairwise comparisons indicated these differences only occurred in 2008 (p < 0.001). Significant differences were also found in nutrient partitioning amongst functional regions of the shoots (p = 0.024), but pairwise comparisons detected these differences between a biomass control treatment (ZZ: Zostera + Zostera) and the ZS (with S. muticum) and ZM (Z. marina on its own at a lower biomass per replicate) treatments (p = 0.013 and p = 0.019, respectively), but not between ZS and ZM. Previous in situ research has found negative effects of S. muticum presence on densities of kelp and other algae. Results from the long-term field study indicated significantly lower mean in situ Z. marina densities within the ZS treatment (p < 0.001). Epibiota found living on the blades of Z. marina provide food for organisms within seagrass ecosystems and also create microhabitats for other species to occupy. Alterations in the abundances of epibiota and microhabitats formed could further modify seagrass ecosystems through shifts in timing of food availability, food preferences and microhabitats created. The long-term field study data revealed significantly lower epibiota abundances within the ZS treatment (p = 0.019), but differences in biomass between treatments were not detected. Changes in the biochemistry, physiology, vegetative physiognomy and epibiota assemblages of Z. marina revealed during experimental manipulations are presented and considered within the context of long-term seagrass survival in light of increasing S. muticum invasion.