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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Mar. 30, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-146). Also issued in print.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2019-01-23T18:30:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata_Saldanha_2018.pdf: 810101 bytes, checksum: b45ce79ad809216543b1f4f2228e57f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-23T18:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata_Saldanha_2018.pdf: 810101 bytes, checksum: b45ce79ad809216543b1f4f2228e57f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-31 / This dissertation aims to analyze Restorative Justice and its practices, to find a meeting point for the foundation of these practices in Philosophy, especially based on the systemic-phenomenological theory of Bert Hellinger. Restorative Justice is a relatively new topic in Brazil and it has been increasingly used, but it is still needy the study of this subject when is not under a practical bias. Thus, this work seeks to conceptualize the theme based on the bibliographical review on the subject, with Kant, Hegel and Bert Hellinger. In the first chapter, the context of the flowering of restorative practices in Brazil, with a focus on the criminal area and the essentiality of its theory, is worked on: new vision of conflict, inclusion, participation, (co) responsibility, voluntariness, honesty, humility, interconnection, empowerment, hope, solidarity and the encounter. In the second chapter, Restorative Justice is approached from a critical perspective, especially on the basis of Kant and Hegel, the main framers of the current model of retributive justice.For Kant, crime is the non-fulfillment of a duty and punishment is a punishment for such an action, that is, punishment is the retribution of the evil of crime with the evil of pen, in a strictly formal paradigm. In Hegel, law is the most accurate form of law and its violation hurts the highest degree of human freedom. The Law defines the duties and the rights of the subjects. Duty is negative determination and right is positive determination of freedom. But since law and duty can be denied, law internalizes its own negation, so that this negation is not formally infinite. Thus, the denial of law by the law itself is the sanction, which also denotes a formalist bias of the concept of justice and punishment. Finally, in the last chapter, and after locating the central elements of restorative practices, we seek in Bert Hellinger's systemic-phenomenological theory a foundation for restorative practices. Bert Hellinger supposes that there are three laws that govern all human relationships: belonging, hierarchy and balance. As every system values inclusiveness, belonging is the right of everyone to be part of it. Hierarchy is the order of precedence of people as time passes. Finally, balance is the trade-off between giving and taking, representing a flow of exchange that animates human relationships. The major point of contact between restorative practices and the systemic-phenomenological theory is the change of perception in relation to the conflict, with the inclusion, which derives from the right to belong, the equality, the dignity of the human person, which makes reconciliation possible and opens the way to peace, enabling, in turn, the construction of the sense of justice. concluding that Restorative Justice is a meeting with itself and with the other, face-to-face, aiming to understand the hidden causes and entanglements which led to conflict in a larger context (beyond the conflict), with the assumption of the responsibility of each one to the event of the conflict and construction of the systemic reparation of damages (material, spiritual, emotional, transgenerational, psychological, symbolic). Bert Hellinger's theory allows us to transcend the differentiations that exclude and restore the basic human need for connection with other human beings. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a Justiça Restaurativa e suas práticas e encontrar um ponto de encontro para a fundamentação destas práticas na Filosofia, especialmente com base na teoria sistêmico-fenomenológica de Bert Hellinger. A Justiça Restaurativa é um tema relativamente novo no Brasil e ela vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada, mas ainda é carente o estudo desse tema que não seja sob um viés prático. Assim, este trabalho busca conceituar o tema com base na revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto, com apoio na filosofia de Kant, Hegel e Bert Hellinger. No primeiro capítulo, é trabalhado o contexto de florescimento das práticas restaurativas no Brasil, com enfoque na área criminal e a essencialidade de sua teoria: nova visão do conflito, inclusão, participação, (co)responsabilidade, voluntariedade, honestidade, humildade, interconexão, empoderamento, esperança, solidariedade e o encontro. No segundo capítulo, a Justiça Restaurativa é abordada sob uma perspectiva crítica, especialmente com base em Kant e Hegel, principais estruturadores do modelo de justiça retributivo vigente. Para Kant, o crime é o descumprimento de um dever e a punição é um castigo para tal ação, ou seja, a punição é a retribuição do mal do crime com o mal da pena, em um paradigma estritamente formal. Em Hegel, a lei constitui a forma mais apurada do Direito e sua violação fere o mais alto grau da liberdade humano. O Direito define os deveres e os direitos dos sujeitos. O dever é determinação negativa e o direito é determinação positiva da liberdade. Mas como o direito e o dever podem ser negados, o Direito interioriza sua própria negação, a fim de que essa negação não seja formalmente infinita. Assim, a negação do Direito pelo próprio Direito é a sanção, o que denota também um viés formalista do conceito de Justiça e punição. Por fim, no último capítulo, e após situar os elementos centrais das práticas restaurativas, busca-se na teoria sistêmico-fenomenológica de Bert Hellinger uma fundamentação para as práticas restaurativas. Bert Hellinger supõe que existem três leis que regem todos os relacionamentos humanos: o pertencimento, a hierarquia e o equilíbrio. Como todo sistema preza pela inclusão, o pertencimento é o direito de todos de fazerem parte. A hierarquia é a ordem de precedência das pessoas conforme o passar do tempo. Por fim, o equilíbrio é a compensação entre o dar e o tomar, representando um fluxo de troca que anima as relações humanas. O maior ponto de contato entre as práticas restaurativas e a teoria sistêmico-fenomenológica é a mudança de percepção em relação ao conflito, com a inclusão, que decorre do direito de pertencer, a igualdade, a dignidade da pessoa humana, o que possibilita a reconciliação e abre o caminho para a paz, possibilitando, por sua vez, a construção do sentido de Justiça. A Justiça Restaurativa assim representa um encontro consigo próprio e com o outro, face-a-face, visando compreender as causas ocultas e emaranhamentos que levaram ao conflito diante de um contexto maior (para além do conflito), com a assunção da responsabilidade de cada um para o acontecimento do conflito e construção da reparação sistêmica dos danos (material, espiritual, emocional, transgeracional, psicológico, simbólico). A teoria de Bert Hellinger permite transcender as diferenciações que excluem e restaurar a necessidade humana básica de conexão com os demais seres humanos.

The problem is the investigation of the possibility of an alternative theory of literature that attempts to show literature's relation to human consciousness. A phenomenological theory of literature is presented as a comprehensive theory of literature as opposed to extrinsic theories that are not comprehensive. The basic assumption is that a comprehensive theory of literature must take into account literature's relationship to human consciousness. The shortcomings of traditional modes of literary theory are discussed in order to provide grounds for the proposed intrinsic alternative. The philosophical foundations for the proposed alternative are laid in the phenomenology of Husserl, Ingarden, Heidegger, and the French existentialists. These four positions are mediated through the introduction of the philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. Finally, the proposed alternative theory of literature is applied to the test case of Joseph Conrad's Lord Jim.

Le programme d'expression de gènes dans des cellules eucaryotes dépend fortement de l'état du porteur du génome. L'état physique de la fibre de chromatine est un élément clé de ce programme. Cependant, malgré l'effort considérable fourni pour élucider la structure et les principes physiques de l'organisation de la chromatine, ces principes restent flous. La théorie phénoménologique permet d'analyser l'organisation probable de la chromatine de point de vue thermodynamique. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'ordre liquide-cristallin qui résulte de l'équilibre entre le désordre thermique dans la chromatine et les interactions électrostatiques (et mécaniques) de ses constituants. En utilisant les résultats expérimentaux largement acceptés, nous identifions les propriétés robustes mésogènes des nucléosomes (nano-assemblages ADN-protéines) à une petite échelle, et nous montrons comment les corrélations de ces paramètres contrôlent l'ordre qui s'installe dans la chromatine à l'échelle plus grande. Le modèle est basé sur les corrélations des caractéristiques polaires et chirales des nucléosomes. La théorie phénoménologique permet de décrire les phases condensées dans des solutions aqueuses des nucléosomes avec l'ADN linker digéré par des enzymes, aussi bien dans des conditions physiologiques que dans une large gamme de concentration du sel monovalent. Nous utilisons l'hypothèse que pour les mêmes conditions physiologiques les mécanismes physiques qui agissent dans les solutions condensées et dans la fibre sont similaires. Cela nous permet par la suite d'effectuer l'analyse de symétrie, construire le modèle de l'énergie libre, et prédire les états liquide-cristallins hélicoïdaux de la fibre favorisés thermodynamiquement. En plus des modèles de « solénoïde » et de « l'hélice à deux départs » discutés dans la littérature, nous montrons la possibilité des arrangements nucléosomiques « à plusieurs départs » et la biaxialité possible de ces structures. L'effet de l'application d'un champ de force homogène à la fibre de chromatine dans des expériences biochimiques est également étudié. Nous montrons que le déroulement de l'état hélicoïdal est un processus multi-étapes, et nous présentons ses détails structuraux et thermodynamiques. / Gene expression program in eukaryotic cells is strongly dependent on physical state of the genome carrier. Physical state of the chromatin is a key element in this program. However, despite the efforts to elucidate the structure and the physical principles underlying the organization of chromatin, they remain largely unknown. Phenomenological theory helps to analyze the most probable chromatin organization. In the present work we study liquid-crystalline order in chromatin resulting from the balance of thermal disorder and electrostatic (and mechanical) interactions of its constituents. Using generally accepted experimental facts we identify robust mesogenic parameters of nucleosomes (DNA-protein nano assemblies) at the smaller scale and show how the correlations of these parameters control the ordering into a chromatin structure at the bigger scale. The model is based on correlation of polar and chiral characteristics of nucleosomes. Phenomenological theory allows us to describe the condensed phases in aqueous solutions of nucleosomes with digested linker DNA, both in physiological conditions and in a wide range of monovalent salt concentration. Using the hypothesis of similar physical mechanism acting in condensed solutions and in the fiber in the same physiological conditions, we perform detailed symmetry analysis, construct the free energy model and reveal the thermodynamically favorable helical liquid-crystalline states of the fiber. In addition to « solenoid » and « two-start-helix » models abundantly discussed previously, we show the possibility of multi-start helix arrangements of nucleosomes in the chromatin and possible biaxiality of the structures. The effects of homogeneous mechanical force field applied to the chromatin in biochemical experiments are also studied. We show that helical state unwinding is a multistep process and we give its structural and thermodynamical details.

Orientador: Guillermo Gerardo Cabrera Oyarzun / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T18:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_FernandoAssis_M.pdf: 623202 bytes, checksum: ec47f534b74f1dafc10e8a0d7c031968 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo da simetria do parâmetro de ordem em supercondutores ferromagnéticos. Nossa abordagem é inspirada na teoria de Landau para Transições de Fase de Segunda Ordem ou, de maneira mais precisa, na idéia que uma transição de fase de segunda ordem está acompanhada por uma redução na simetria do sistema. A nova fase passa a ser descrita por um subgrupo da fase de alta simetria, implicando consequências para o parâmetro de ordem, que em nosso caso determina a estrutura do gap supercondutor. A recente descoberta da coexistência de supercondutividade e ferromagnetismo revelou o problema da classificação das possíveis simetrias do parâmetro de ordem supercondutor quando o estado normal não possui simetria de reversão temporal. Veremos que o problema é resolvido quando a simetria do estado normal é descrita por grupos magnéticos ( ou co-grupos) e que a classificação dos estados supercondutores deve agora ser feita em termos das co-representações destes grupos / Abstract: In this dissertation, we present a study of the order-parameter symmetry in ferromagnetic superconductors. Our approach is inspired on the Landau Theory of Phase Trasition or, more precisely, on the idea that a second order phase transition is a symmetry breaking process where the ordered phase of the system is described by a subgroup of the highly symmetric one, leading to important consequences for the order parameter. In our case, it imposes constraints to the superconducting gap structure. The recent discovery of the coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism brought the problem of the classification of such structures in the situation where time reversal symmetry is broken on the normal state. We argue that this problem is solved when one consider the description of such normal state by magnetic groups (or cogroups) and that the classification of the superconducting states must be done in terms of the corepresentations of such cogroups / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Women’s roles in the workplace have increased but expectations within their family roles have not diminished. Work-family conflict (WFC) occurs when work and family roles are mutually incompatible in some respect. Mothers’ representations of their own particular personal contexts seem largely absent from the cultural iconography and so motivations for the study included bringing to light the phenomenological experiences of contemporary fulltime working mothers by developing a rich description of their lived experience. These ideas have not been widely explored in South Africa. The study aimed to explore how full-time working mothers experience work-family conflict, including how they conceptualise their dual roles, how salient each role is to them, the factors in the work and family domains which are particularly pertinent for them and any coping strategies they might employ. The study used as a theoretical framework the model of work-family conflict developed by Greenhaus and Beutell in 1985, together with an extension from the work of Amstad, Meier, Fasel, Elfering and Semmer in 2011. The study used a phenomenological methodology. Eight middle-class, professional, full-time working mothers from the Southern Suburbs and City Bowl of Cape Town were interviewed individually, using a semi-structured interview schedule. A qualitative paradigm was used to analyse the interviews. Emotional and cognitive repercussions of WFC were many, including feelings of unsustainability. Some participants acknowledged a need to compromise in order to cope, but the current normative messages are not conducive to this. Participants aspire, not to stop working, because the role of worker is regarded as important for self-definition, but to reduce their overall load. The generalisability of this study was reduced because of its localised ambit, its small size and some similarities in socio-economic profile among the participants. Future studies could further explore the choices or strategies which are successful in reducing WFC.

The doctoral dissertation deals with the description and analysis of healthy self-esteem in terms of its formation; influences that enter into the process of formation and possibilities of the healthy self-esteem development in the school environment with regard to social, cultural and religious context in which the student lives. The theoretical part of the thesis on the basis of literature compiled the most fundamental assumptions and circumstances that largely affect pupil's confidence and contribute to its development in a positive sense. Attention is paid to themes theoretical definition of the concept of self and internal influences that act on the formation of self-esteem. Family, school and peer group are presented as a major social and cultural external influences, together with a religious context influencing the formation of self-esteem. The performance is a phenomenological theory of Chris Mruk shows the issue of confidence in more complex form. The theoretical part is concluded by outlining the possibilities for the development of healthy self-esteem in school through the pupil )including peer mediation) and analysis of some international research which raises questions for a Czech context. The aim of the research is to determine whether and to what extent has felt self-esteem,...