Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 11, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-196).

x, 84 p. : ill. / Modernization theory posits that economic growth and democratization are mutually constitutive processes. I extend a recent literature that finds this relationship to be spurious due to the existence of a number of international factors, specifically the role of foreign capital. Through two-stage least square (2SLS) regressions for as wide a sample as the data allow and two case studies (Indonesia and the Philippines), I find that the presence of US capital significantly influences domestic political institutions. This relationship, however, is non-linear and interrelated with exogenous shocks. / Committee in charge: Tuong Vu, Chairperson; Craig Parsons, Member; Karrie Koesel, Member; Will Terry, Member

This thesis on the development of a land use databank for community and regional planning in the Philippines has two main objectives. The first is to show that a planning databank is an indispensable component in the present day urban and regional planning process. The second is to propose how the databank concepts may be introduced in the Philippine planning approach to community and regional development. In attempting to achieve the first objective, Chapters I to III of the thesis focused on the problem of lack of accurate, adequate and relevant planning data; on the various concepts about land and land use and their relevance to the establishment of a land use databank; and on the databank case studies to find out how a planning databank is actually established, maintained and used for planning purposes. Present day urban and regional analyses have continuously relied on vast amounts of data. However, because the data needed for such analyses were not organized, because the vast files of data from various sources lacked comparability for adequate analysis, and because data were not updated for current usage, planning research objectives were rarely realized. The planning databank is a fairly recent tool to remedy the problem of lack of accurate, relevant and adequate planning data. A planning databank may be defined as a "system which employs an electronic computing facility to develop information from a relevant set of data derived from various sources", or it may mean simply as "an organized method of using data for a specific purpose." Since the planning databank concept is still new, even by American planning experience, introducing this concept to the Philippines would be limited by many "cultural barriers." Chapter IV attempted to single out these "cultural barriers". The beliefs among the citizen that data being collected will be used against them, as for example, increasing their taxes; inter-agency suspicion among the possible sources of data; and lack of technical skills considered adequate to operate a planning databank, were possible hindrances to the establishment of a databank in the Philippines. Another is lack of awareness in the Philippines for physical planning. In view of the "cultural barriers", it was decided that a more realistic approach to the establishment of a land use databank in the Philippines should include the following assumptions: First, that there exists an awareness among the national, provincial and local officials regarding the need for physical planning in the community or region. If the condition prevails, then the databank concept may be introduced on a cooperative basis between the Country's Regional Development Authorities and the regional communities. Second, that there is national government financial assistance for acquiring the needed electronic data processing equipment and for maintaining the databank's major operations. Without the financial assistance from the national government, the financial requirements for the system may be excessive for the Regional Authorities to bear. The proposed databank followed the enumerated sequence of computer-oriented activities: (a) identification of generalized categories of data considered essential for effective community and regional planning; (b) inventory of data sources and data; (c) development of information record format and code; (d) data collection and data collection priorities; and (e) data file creation, maintenance and retrieval. The proposed databank also include the necessary administrative arrangements, as well as research and decision-making management scheme. The planning databank is a long-range solution to the problem of lack of reliable and adequate planning data. The major activities involved, such as data collection, data file creation and maintenance, and data retrieval must be conceived as a continuing process. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The institutionalization of a social clause in an agreement which is binding among the signatories is difficult to support as it always entails having to touch issues like protectionism, and political, economic and cultural hegemony. The barrier of distrust between the "pro" and the "anti" social clause groups has become too deeply entrenched in the Asia Pacific to elicit a consensus that can be embodied in a ratified agreement. It is in this light that the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum seems to be a more practicable approach. This, thesis begins on the recognition that APEC exists and the Philippines is actively participating in it — the critical issue now is to make it an institution that will safeguard labor rights, not contribute further to their violation. Vital to the understanding of APEC is that it is more of a process rather than a solid institution. The APEC process is consensus-based and therefore functions well as a vessel for the harmonious and beneficial navigation by member economies of the treacherous waters of global trade. Because of the apparent voluntary character of member countries' commitments, some cause-oriented groups consider this process as an opportunity for interjecting social issues in APEC trade discussions by influencing civil society and thereby ultimately putting pressure on their respective governments to include these issues in the countries' individual commitments. This thesis is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter gives a historical analysis of the Philippines' journey toward trade liberalization in an increasingly globalizing world economy. The early stages of the country's trade liberalization program were plagued by a fundamental problem: the policies at the macro-economic level conflicted with the goal of liberalization, for they were hinged on an unsustainable level of foreign borrowing and on domestic politics of corruption and exploitation of human resource. The second chapter analyses the APEC objectives of free trade and the Philippines' trade liberalization commitments within that forum. It is argued that the country's bold and unilateral initiatives toward the fulfillment of the Bogor Declaration are unsustainable because of the government's misplaced fundamentals of competitiveness and lack of social support measures. The third chapter is a theoretical review of the linkage between the social clause and the liberal trading order with references to the North-South divide. It is argued that given a basically similar rationale — rejection of protectionism and of exploitation of labor — there could be an alternative path between the two opposing camps through which labor rights can be discussed and considered in a regional trade forum. The concluding chapter explores the different ways with which the labor movement can tap the human development and sustainable development aspects of the APEC forum. There is a need to develop and utilize a counter-consciousness in policy making which will inject a critical approach to the Philippines' ardent drive to attain global competitiveness. It is concluded that there is a possibility of creating a political space for non-government organizations (NGOs), private organizations (POs) and social movements to meaningfully participate in the APEC process and help in safeguarding social concerns, particularly labor rights. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

This study of science teachers in a Philippine state school explored the potential of group discussions as a learning landscape considering, in particular, how sharing of teaching experiences may contribute to professional growth. The study was conducted from July 1997 to January 1998. The main objectives were to gain an understanding of the influence of social interactions in improving the practice of individual teachers; and to explore how Filipino culture affects the interaction process. The setting of the study was the science department at a state school (K-10) in the Philippines. A discussion group was established to explore how teacher interaction might serve to raise awareness and shape classroom practice. The group discussions and individual interviews were videotaped and audiotaped, respectively. Group discussion as an intervention of the study provided an opportunity to examine how certain Filipino cultural traits and traditions may influence the participation of teachers in the interaction process. Qualitative analyses of the data provided information about the nature, value, benefits, and constraints of group discussions in learning to teach. The findings suggest that improvement in teaching is a collective rather than an individual enterprise and that teaching happens best in concert with colleagues (Rosenholtz, 1989); that collaboration is linked with norms and opportunities for continuous improvement and career-long learning (Fullan, 1991); that by interacting collaboratively, strengths can be maximized, weaknesses can be minimized, and the result will be better for all (Friend & Cook, 1992); that a learning forum free from traditional restraints is instructive (Krupnick, 1997); and that the field of education needs to capitalize on the knowledge of teachers who know about education as few others do (Duckworth, 1997). The researcher argues that Filipino culture plays a significant role in the dynamics of interaction occurring during group discussions. Recognizing and identifying this role is important if we wish to provide the teachers with the support, reassurance, and strength that their school and work demand. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

La grotte de Tabon (Palawan, Philippines) est un site préhistorique majeur en Asie du Sud-Est. Elle a livré des fossiles d’Homo sapiens datant du Pléistocène supérieur, rares dans la région. Pourtant, son histoire demeure mal connue : d’importantes altérations physiques et chimiques compliquent la lecture de sa stratigraphie, tandis que des objets archéologiques sans contexte clair entravent l’élaboration d’une chronologie fiable. Cette étude jette un nouveau regard sur la grotte de Tabon à travers une approche pluridisciplinaire des sciences de la Terre. Elle explore notamment l’environnement et le climat des premiers hommes anatomiquement modernes dans la région. Les résultats mettent en lumière une période clef entre 40 et 33 ka BP, caractérisée par des climats plus secs, des paysages plus ouverts et une empreinte humaine marquée dans la grotte. Cette période a également été ponctuée par un court épisode d’humidité qui a laissé un spéléothème gypsifère étendu en guise de témoin. Dans l’avenir, de nouvelles approches, prenant en compte les contraintes particulières du site, pourraient permettre de souligner davantage la valeur scientifique et patrimoniale unique de la grotte de Tabon, une fenêtre sur les premiers périples de notre espèce à travers les archipels d’Asie du Sud-Est. / Tabon Cave (Palawan, Philippines) is a key prehistoric site in Southeast Asia, one of the few to have yielded Homo sapiens fossils from the Late Pleistocene. Its history remains poorly understood: heavy physical and chemical alterations have greatly complicated its stratigraphy, and contextually isolated archaeological finds hamper the construction of a clear chronology. This study reexamines Tabon Cave using a multi-pronged geosciences approach to explore environment, climate, and early modern human presence in the region. The results reveal a major period in the cave’s history between 40 and 33 ka BP, when drier climates, more open landscapes, and active human use of the cave were briefly spaced by a wet episode that left an extensive, gypsiferous speleothem. Future innovative research approaches spurred by the unique constraints of the site will undoubtedly further highlight the unique scientific and heritage value of Tabon Cave, a window into the earliest odysseys of our species across the archipelagos of Southeast Asia.

This study is an examination of Lino Brocka's development as a filmmaker of the New Cinema of the Philippines. It provides a close textual analysis of two recent Brocka films, Macho Dancer (1988) and Fight for Us (1989) using a sociocultural approach to the study of the representation of aspects of social reality and their relationship to contemporary Philippine society. The study is divided into six chapters: Chapter I contains the introduction to the study, Chapter II traces the development of Philippine cinema in relation to Philippine socio-political history, Chapter III describes the New Cinema film movement in the Philippines, Chapter IV provides a biographical sketch of Lino Brocka in which the development of his critical attitude, notions of social reality, and significant works are discussed, Chapter V contains the film analyses, and Chapter VI contains the conclusions to the study.

Writing the history of children's literature in the postcolonial era remains important, because it serves as the counter-assertion to the history of the child and the history of children's literature dominated by the West. The once-silenced voice of the postcolonial child must resurface in in literary criticism, because it asserts the strangeness and otherness that the West and of which it has remained largely ignorant. The present study offers a postcolonial reading of children's literature in the Philippines in the context of succeeding waves of Spanish and American colonization. In making close-readings of selected works, I analyze the dynamic between metropolitan Manila and provincial Bicol, in the effort to reconfigure operative binaries of city and country still shaping the economic, historical and cultural realities in everyday Filipino/a life. Philippine children's literature remains "Manila -centric"not only because the capital city retains the monopoly of cultural production nationally, but because it perpetuates the legacy of colonialism in language and educational policy required by elites in the center. By contrast, Bicol represents the power, voice, and authority of the once -marginalized periphery, whereby an alternative to Manila in children's literary disc ourse has emerged, born out of (as I argue here) a specifically and culturally situated local discourse: that of the bukid or mountain.Bukid is the Bicol term for the rice field, mountain, and volcano. The iconic mountain-volcano of our region, the Mayon Volcano, represents the power of bukid now appearing on the horizon of the metropolitan imaginary. The mountain is speaking back. Historically, bukid has served as a shelter for the marginalized. It also has provided refuge for revolutionaries rebelling against the colonizers based in the center. As an as -yet under-theorized voice linking local landscape to history, the voice of bukid is crucial to the study of Filipino/a children's literature, because its very solidity and monumentality are integral to Filipino/a consciousness everywhere. (Every region has its own mountain.) The voice of the bukid not only challenges the binarism between the city and the country, but makes a critique of the current centralized system of production impoverishing the regional capacity for children's literature in the Philippines. My personal experience as a Filipina -Chinese woman writing on behalf of our children remains connected to these marginalized spaces seemingly so distant from the metropolitan imagination. According to Gloria Anzaldua, "The work of the mestiza consciousness is to break down the subject-object duality that keeps her a prisoner and to show in the flesh and through the images of her work how duality is transcended" (80)

This study aimed to provide empirical verification to the hypothesis that unwanted fertility could lead to mortality, with underinvestment as an intervening mechanism. Unwanted fertility was defined as a live birth that deviated from parental expectation in some distinguishable characteristics or set of characteristics. Births defined as unwanted were: 1) births which respondent indicated she preferred to have occurred later or births which she did not want at all, 2) those whose birth order exceeded the mother’s desired family size, and 3) those which exceeded the number of desired boys of the number of desired girls of the mother. Underinvestment as defined by Scrimshaw (1978) involved the idea that mothers would not go to extremes to save the life of a child and might invest more time and resources in other children. To measure underinvestment, a scale was constructed made up of the following items: 1) source of prenatal care, 2) frequency of prenatal care, 3) age started supplementary feeding, 4) length of breastfeeding, 5) source of medical treatment, 6) length of time before treatment was sought, and 7) time spent cuddling and playing with child. Mortality was classified into two types: postneonatal mortality and childhood mortality. Postneonatal mortality involved deaths from ages one to eleven months. Childhood mortality involved deaths at ages one to four years. Thus, analysis proceeded in two ways: 1) that involving all live births born at least a year before the time of the interview and 2) that involving only live births born at least five years before the time of the interview. Results of the study did not support the hypothesis that unwanted fertility could lead to mortality, with underinvestment as an intervening mechanism. In general, no significant association was found between unwantedness and mortality. However, underinvestment and mortality (postneonatal and childhood) were significantly associated for both wanted and unwanted births. Underinvestment and childhood mortality were significantly related for births in lower class families and for births in middle and upper class families. Postneonatal mortality was significantly related to underinvestment among lower class births only. Postneonatal mortality was not significantly related to SES. Childhood mortality was significantly related to SES with underinvestment as an intervening variable. The study underscored the difficulties involved in measuring the variables of interest -- unwantedness and underinvestment. Several limitations of the study were pointed out and recommendations for further research were stated. / Ph. D.

published_or_final_version / Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts