Caractéristique de la littérature noire des années 1960 aux États-Unis, la revendication de l’Être-noir est présente dans les moindres mots écrits par les auteurs africains américains de cette période. William Melvin Kelley, en tant qu’écrivain du Black Arts Movement, le met en avant dans ses œuvres au profit d’une éducation de l’Africain Américain contre la ségrégation et d’autres formes de racisme. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de conceptualiser le Noir par l’écriture, mais surtout de le dépeindre. Selon l’auteur en effet, son rôle est d’abord de mettre en action des personnes, et non pas des idées travesties qui résulteraient d’une quelconque idéologie noire. C’est ce schéma – le passage du monde réel à un monde fictif, ainsi qu’à une représentation idéologique – qui sera étudié dans cette thèse. Il faudra toutefois noter la transformation de l’attitude de l’auteur. En effet, de l’état de simple narrateur, il passe à celui d’activiste. Ce changement est notable par la différence des idées et de la verve entre le premier livre et le dernier publiés par Kelley. Cette évolution de la pensée sera ensuite reliée aux récentes directions prises par l’écrivain. Située au carrefour entre la phénoménologie, la philosophie de l’existentialisme noir, la sociologie ainsi que la littérature, l’analyse qui sera menée aura pour but de mettre en avant l’existence noire vue par William Melvin Kelley. L’auteur ne se place pas seulement en tant que représentant des Noirs, mais comme chargé d’une mission : celle d’aider l’Africain Américain à comprendre la société étatsunienne pour améliorer sa position sociale et culturelle. / Blackness is one of the keywords of the African American literature of the 1960s. It is to be read in each and every word that an Afro-American writer would put down on the paper. As a Black Arts Movement writer, William Melvin Kelley sets blackness forth in his works so that the black population can better struggle against segregation and other forms of racism. Yet, he does not only conceptualize the African American person by writing him or her up, but above all, he depicts them. For Kelley, the role of the author is primarily to show people, not disguised ideas resulting from some other black ideology. It is this pattern – the passage from a real world to a fictitious one, as well as to an ideological representation – that I will study in my dissertation. However, I am first going to note down the transformation in Kelley’s conduct toward race relations as he goes from the narrator to the activist. This change is to be seen in the difference that exists in the verve between his first novel and the last that was published. This renovation will also be linked to the recent direction taken by Kelley in his more recent writings. Phenomenology, Black existentialism, sociology and of course literature will be the bases for this dissertation. The analysis will insist on black existence as seen by William Melvin Kelley. The writer does not only act as a representative of black people, but as one who must help the “Africamerican understand the American society in order to improve his or her social and cultural position.”

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:32:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Jose Rollas de Brito.pdf: 428891 bytes, checksum: d03fad27f0bbe80f0b1353cbab7c00d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-18 / Based on Hannah Arendt s thoughts, this thesis aims to reflect about how the idea of public happiness an expression that is used in the author s main works may contribute for the contemporary debates involving the theme of happiness. In the present days, happiness is often thought only in terms of biological life or man s vital process. The obligation of being happy is the culmination of the modern Project and the consolidation of production, labor force s reproduction and consumption of goods under the sign of private property, wealth accumulation, individualism and hyperconsumption. Our problem is not to examine actual policies of happiness but to take public happiness as an analytical perspective, for its ability to empower the critics of these policies of happiness in contemporary societies. With this work we intend to contribute with the present Social Psychology studies of happiness, especially for the opening of a new field of studies and research, articulated within the concept of public happiness / A partir do pensamento de Hannah Arendt, essa tese objetiva refletir sobre como a felicidade pública, expressão presente nos principais trabalhos da autora, pode contribuir para os debates contemporâneos que envolvem o tema da felicidade, que têm privilegiado uma única dimensão da felicidade, relacionada à vida biológica ou ao processo vital do homem. O dever de sermos felizes se apresenta como ponto de chegada do projeto inaugurado na era Moderna, em que a produção, a reprodução da força do trabalho e o consumo de bens voltados para a satisfação e o bem estar pessoal se consolidaram na sociedade contemporânea sob a forma da propriedade privada, do acúmulo da riqueza, do individualismo e do hiperconsumo. Nosso problema não é examinar as políticas da felicidade na atualidade, mas tomar a perspectiva da felicidade pública como lugar analítico, que torna fecundas as críticas às políticas da felicidade nas sociedades contemporâneas. Com este trabalho pretendemos contribuir para os estudos da felicidade na Psicologia Social Contemporânea, particularmente para a abertura de um novo campo de estudos e pesquisas em torno do conceito de felicidade pública

Penser l’être humain comme un être libre : tel est le souci constant de la réflexion de Paul Ricœur. Au niveau anthropologique, le philosophe cherche à remettre la liberté en lien avec la condition concrète de l’homme, où la nature, le corps, autrui et la société sont en jeu. Ce n’est qu’en reconnaissant une telle condition que la liberté devient réelle, affirmative et puissante. Au niveau ontologique, c’est la liberté humaine qui offre un accès privilégié à la compréhension de l’être en général. Après avoir écarté la notion de l’être comme objectivité, la liberté le dévoile comme un acte affirmatif. Au niveau méthodologique, le développement d’une herméneutique phénoménologique constitue un élément essentiel de l’ontologie de la liberté, dans la mesure où la pensée est elle-même toujours impliquée dans cette interrogation ontologique. C’est par un tel « engagement » que la pensée atteste l’être de la liberté, surtout face à l’énigme du mal. / One of the persistent concerns of Paul Ricœur’s philosophy is to reflect upon the human being as being free. At the anthropological level, Ricœur always considers freedom within concrete human condition, in which nature, body, others and society are all involved. One’s freedom becomes real, affirming and powerful only when such condition is recognized. At the ontological level, it is only as a free being that one has the privileged access to the understanding of being in general. Human as free being reveals that being should not be understood as objectivity, but as an affirming act. Finally, at the methodological level, Ricœur’s elaboration of phenomenological hermeneutics constitutes an essential element of his ontology of freedom. From his methodological development, it can be seen that the thinking philosopher himself, as a free being, is also engaged in his inquiry. In this regard, Ricœur’s philosophy as such becomes an attestation of free being, especially in his confrontation with the enigma of evil.