Depuis une trentaine d'année, l'obtention de composés chiraux énantiopurs tient un rôle prépondérant dans la synthèse de molécules biologiquement actives, tout particulièrement dans les domaines de la pharmacie de l'agrochimie et de la parfumerie. Cet engouement pour la synthèse énantiosélective a conduit à la mise au point de multiples ligands chiraux et notamment les diphosphines chirales par atropoisomérie initiées par les travaux de Noyori et Takaya. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la synthèse de nouveaux ligands hétérocycliques bidents et chiraux par atropoisomérie par des voies de synthèse originale où une double construction des hétérocycles sera mise en œuvre dans l'étape clé. En parallèle, nous avons aussi développé une approche de synthèse permettant l'obtention de mono et bis phosphonates atropochiraux utilisant des allènes comme précurseurs de la synthèse. / Atropisomeric diphosphine ligands play a crucial role in the synthesis of enantiopur molecules, particularly in pharmaceutical, agrochemical and flavors industries. Growing demand in asymmetric synthesis, impose to develop news ligands by rapid, economic and effective strategies of synthesis. This optically pure ligand was combined with multiples transition metal to form catalyst what will have used wide variety of entioselective reaction type.Over the past few years, a new family of ligands has emerged, possessing biheterocyclic skeleton and thus allowing the introduction of different steric and electronic interactions. We will report a efficient syntheses of the new atropisomeric five-membered heterocyclic diphosphines with original strategy of synthesis whose the main stages consist in a double heterocyclic construction. In the second part, we will develop an approach permitting to obtain atropochiral phosphonates with a similar strategy of synthesis from allenylphosphine oxides or allenylphosphonates as precursors.

Ce mémoire est consacré à la synthèse et à l'étude de coordinats phosphorés originaux construits sur des résorcinarènes rigidifiés. Trois types de ligands ont été élaborés : 1) des phosphines tertiaires obtenues par ancrage de groupes –PPh2 sur des cycles aromatiques d'un résorcinarène générique. Celles-ci réagissent avec des espèces cationiques en formant des complexes chélate P,O résultant du clivage d'une liaison C–O localisée en ortho du cycle phosphoré. Ce type de cassure, inédit, permet d'accéder à des catalyseurs d'oligomérisation d'éthylène pour la production de chaînes courtes; 2) des diiminophosphoranes obtenus par fonctionnalisation distale d'un résorcinarène-cavitand. Un ligand de cette famille donne lieu à des sélectivités de forme en hydrogénation (Rh) de mélanges d'oléfines; 3) des phosphino-cavitands doubles permettant d’engendrer, par chélation, des métallo-capsules. L'une d'entre elles (Pt) conduit à des sélectivités remarquables en hydroformylation du styrène. / This thesis describes the synthesis of three types of phosphorus-containing resorcinarene cavitand: a) compounds with diphenylphosphino groups grafted to the wider rim of a generic cavity. These phosphines undergo facile, directed C–O bond breaking upon reaction with transition metal ions in the presence of exogenous or endogenous nucleophiles. A nickel complex of this type was shown suitable for the low pressure production of short α-olefins starting from ethylene; b) cavitands distally-substituted by two iminophosphoranyl groups (–Ph2P=NAr). One of them (Ar = p-anisyl), when combined with Rh(I), resulted in a shape-selective olefin hydrogenation catalyst; 3) double phosphino-cavitands, which upon chelation gave metallo-capsular complexes in which the metal centre is either fully or partially embedded in the resulting cavity. A platinum complex of this type resulted in the selective hydroformylation of styrene into the expected branched aldehyde.

No description available.

No description available.

Catalytic hydrophosphination has enormous potential in the selective preparation of value-added organophosphines, despite the challenge of the reaction. This dissertation aims to address the hurdles in catalytic hydrophosphination with respect to substrate scope, selectivity, and reaction conditions using [қ5 –N,N,N,N,C– (Me3SiNCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2NSiMe2CH2]Zr (1). Compound 1 readily engages with a suite of primary phosphines. These are challenging substrates for this reaction, but 1 readily provides high conversions with these substrates. Increasingly large primary phosphines, including chiral phosphines, undergo catalysis with 1. Furthermore, a variety of underreported unsaturated substrates can be functionalized in catalytic hydrophosphination with 1. Alkynes are underreported substrates, but 1 showed not only catalytic reactivity with internal alkynes, but also the first example of a double hydrophosphination with these substrates. Almost entirely absent from catalytic hydrophosphination are unactivated alkenes, yet 1 catalyzes them with TON and TOF that now rival those of styrenes. Additionally, a new tandem inter- and intramolecular diene hydrophosphination was reported to give cyclic phosphine products. The selectivity in catalytic hydrophosphination 1 in all processes is novel in many regards. In alkyne hydrophosphination, vinyl phosphines or double hydrophosphination products could be isolated as secondary phosphines, depending on reaction conditions. For alkenes, secondary or tertiary phosphines can be formed by modification of the reaction stoichiometry. Isolated secondary phosphines were further elaborated into chiral tertiary phosphines. Catalytic hydrophosphination with a chiral, air-stable primary phosphine gave chiral secondary phosphine products. Efforts to synthesize a chiral ligand to close the gap on catalysts (and therefore substrates) for asymmetric hydrophosphination are discussed. Catalysis with 1 proceeds under photolysis. Direct irradiation of 1 by ultraviolet or visible light during alkene hydrophosphination substantially enhanced catalytic activity. For example, previous reports of styrene hydrophosphination with 1 showed TON = 18 and TOF = 1.5 h-1. Under irradiation, the process is substantially more efficient (TON = 20 and TOF = 60 h-1) and the substrate scope is expanded. Computational and spectroscopic data indicate that photoexcitation results in a charge transfer in the active catalyst, which appears to accelerate catalysis by promoting substrate insertion based on a linear freeenergy relationship. The impressive substrate scope, mild conditions, and increased catalytic activity from photoexcitation, rather than heat, are among the best reported for the reaction. Identification of a photoexcitation event that promotes substrate insertion may enable enhanced reactivity from other metal catalysts for this transformation.

En aquest treball es descriu la síntesi de tres noves fosfines ambifíliques hidrosolubles (CH3)3C-CH2-C(CH3)2-Ph-(OCH2CH2)n-P(Ph)CH2CH2SO3Na (amb n= 1 (1), 5 (2)), Ph2PCH2CH2CH2P(Ph)CH2CH2-SO3Na (3), les quals varen ser caracteritzades per tècniques de ressonància magnètica nuclear de 1H, 13C i 31P, i per espectrometria de masses electrosprai.S'ha estudiat la reacció d'hidroformilació d'olefines superiors amb catalitzadors de rodi en sistemes bifàsics amb onze lligands ambifílics. Tot i que amb un dels lligands es va obtenir un elevat percentatge de conversió, la presència de metall en la fase orgànica impossibilita l'ús d'aquests lligands en processos industrials. Un estudi sintètic paral·lel en condicions d'hidroformilació va permetre caracteritzar la formació del complex [RhH(CO)L3] (L=fosfina ambifílica) a partir del precursor [Rh(acac)(CO)2].Estudis de complexació de les fosfines ambifíliques amb pal·ladi(II) han portat a la caracterització de complexos d'estequiometria [PdCl2L2]. A partir d'aquests estudis s'han obtingut per primera vegada dades experimentals que indiquen la coordinació del grup sulfonat de les fosfines al pal·ladi.Es varen efectuar estudis d'agregació de les fosfines ambifíliques i dels seus respectius complexos de pal·ladi. Mitjançant mesures de tensió superficial es va confirmar el caràcter tensioactiu de (1) i (2) i del complex [PdCl2(2)2]. Es va obtenir en cada cas el valor de la concentració micel·lar crítica. Per tal de visualitzar els agregats formats es varen estudiar solucions aquoses d'alguns dels lligands ambifílics i els seus complexos de pal·ladi per microscòpia electrònica usant la tècnica de la criofractura. L'estructura dels agregats no va poder ser caracteritzada completament mitjançant aquest mètode, probablement a causa de que es formarien principalment micel·les, les quals són massa petites per ser observades a través del microscopi electrònic.Finalment s'han realitzat estudis de radiocompostos de 99m-Tecneci per tal de ser aplicats en medicina nuclear com a radiofàrmacs. Es va estudiar la formació de radiocompostos amb les fosfines ambifíliques mitjançant diferents mètodes cromatogràfics. Es va estudiar la biodistribució del radiocompost format amb la difosfina (3) en una rata de laboratori, mostrant una acumulació preferencial en el ronyó i el fetge. Paral·lelament es va realitzar un estudi sintètic de complexos homòlegs de reni no radioactius. En aquest cas es va poder caracteritzar, mitjançant 31P-RMN, la formació del complex octaèdric [ReO2(3)2] on el lligand difosfina actua com a quelat. Es va poder comprovar la dificultat per obtenir complexos octaèdrics d'estructura semblant amb lligands monofosfina. / The synthesis of the following three new water soluble amphiphilic phosphines is described (CH3)3C-CH2-C(CH3)2-Ph-(OCH2CH2)n-P(Ph)CH2CH2SO3Na (n = 1 (1), 5 (2)), Ph2PCH2CH2CH2P(Ph)CH2CH2-SO3Na (3). These phosphines were characterized by 1H, 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrospray mass spectrometry.The hydroformylation reaction of higher olefines with rhodium catalysts in two-phase systems with eleven amphiphilic ligands was studied. Although a high conversion was observed with one ligand, the use of these ligands in industrial processes was disabled because the catalyst was partially soluble in the organic phase. A synthetic study under hydroformylation conditions allowed to characterize the complex [RhH(CO)L3] (L= amphiphilic phosphine) starting from the precursor [Rh(acac)(CO)2].Complexation studies of the amphiphilic phosphines with palladium(II) allowed to the characterization of [PdCl2L2] complexes. As far as we know, these studies supplied the first experimental data points to the coordination of the sulphonate group to the metal in phosphine ligands with the ethylsulphonate fragment.Aggregation studies of the amphiphilic phosphines and their respective palladium complexes were carried out. Superficial tension measures confirmed the tensioactive character of (1), (2) and the complex [PdCl2(2)2]. The critical micellar concentrations were determined.Aqueous solutions of some amphiphilic ligands and their palladium complexes were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using the freeze-fracture technique in order to visualize the formed aggregates. The structure of the aggregates could not be fully characterized by this method, probably because micelles were mainly formed and they are too small to be characterized by this technique.Finally, synthetic studies of 99m-Technecium radiocompounds for nuclear medicine applications as radiopharmaceuticals were carried out . The formation of radiocompounds with the amphiphilic phosphines was studied by means of TLC methods. The bio-distribution of the radiocompound formed with the diphosphine (3) was studied in a rat, showing a preferential accumulation in kidney and liver. A synthetic study with the homologous non radioactive rhenium complex was carried out. The octahedral complex [ReO2(3)2]- was characterised by 31P NMR data and the results are consistent with the chelation of the diphosphine ligand acts to the metal. The synthesis of similar octahedral complexes with monophosphine ligands was unsuccessful.

The reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) will continue to play a vital role in society as the population of the world grows and maintains its dependence on artificial fertilizers. This energy-intensive transformation is achieved industrially by the Haber-Bosch process and naturally via nitrogenase enzymes. Recent synthetic systems attempt to produce NH3 artificially but with lower energy costs than Haber-Bosch by modeling their designs after nitrogenase. This dissertation describes the progress made in one iron-phosphine system, the water-soluble Fe(DMeOPrPE)2N2, capable of producing NH3 at room temperature and pressure. Chapter I describes the history of the coordination chemistry of N2 to a variety of metals, with a focus on iron complexes. In addition to exploring the range of coordination geometries and supporting ligands of such complexes, the application of N2 coordination complexes towards NH3 formation is analyzed. Chapter II discusses the various methods for quantifying yields of ammonia. Along with a historical perspective on the popular indophenol method, the challenges and best conditions for measuring NH3 in the Fe-DMeOPrPE system are defined. Chapter III explores a series of trans-hydrido intermediates along a potential protonation pathway of Fe(DMeOPrPE)2N2. The complete series of reduced dinitrogen ligands (N2, N2H2, N2H4, and NH3) on the Fe(DMeOPrPE)2H+ scaffold is described. Chapter IV highlights the discovery and characterization of a unique bridged Fe(I) dimer, observed during the protonation of Fe(DMeOPrPE)2N2 as a dark purple intermediate. Chapter V describes the electrochemistry of certain intermediates in the Fe-DMeOPrPE system. This insight should open new avenues for future investigations. By altering the electronics of the system, more NH3 may eventually be produced. Chapter VI provides a summary of this work. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / 10000-01-01

In recent years two-phase catalysis has been established as a new field of catalyzed processes and has achieved industrial-scale importance in olefin hydroformylation. Two-phase reactions have a number of advantages, for example, ease of separation of catalyst and product, catalysts can be tailored to the particular problem, use of special properties and effects of water as a solvent, and low environmental impact. For higher olefins (* C6), the reaction suffers low activity due to low water solubility of higher olefins. Tricesium analog of TPPTS, m,m,m-trisulfonated triphenylphosphine, was synthesized and fully characterized. Two-phase olefin hydroformylation with Rh(acac)(CO)2 was investigated. The results indicated that both activity and selectivity (linear to branch aldehyde ratio) are similar to Rh/TPPTS system. The salt effect showed that increase the solution ionic strength will increase the selectivity and decrease the activity in the olefin hydroformylation with TPPTS. A new surface active phosphine, trisulfonated tris-m-(3henylpropyl)phenylphosphine, was synthesized and fully characterized. The results of biphasic olefin hydroformylation were consistent with aggregation of the ligand. The two phase 1-octene hydroformylation results showed that with only 3 methylene groups, there is no difference between the para and meta position of C3 group. A new chelating diphosphine, tetrasulfonated 2,2'-bis{di[p-(3 phenylpropyl)phenyl]phosphinomethyl}-1,1'-biphenyl,was prepared and fully characterized. Its application in two-phase hydroformylation of olefin showed enhanced activity and selectivity compared to the non-chelated phosphine analog. Finally, homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation was carried out in the presence of a chiral surfactant in an attempt to affect asymmetric induction. The catalytic results showed that at a surfactant/Rh ratio of 25, the asymmetric hydrogenation of AACA-Me (a-Acetamidocinnamic Acid Methyl Ester) in methanol has no effect on asymmetric induction with the introduction of this chiral surfactant. / Master of Science

Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons synthétisé et caractérisé de nouvelles phosphines possédant des groupements fonctionnels organométalliques rédox-actifs. En modifiant l'état rédox de ceux-ci, les propriétés électroniques de ces ''métalloligands'' devraient changer, induisant ainsi une modification de la densité électronique autour du métal auquel ils sont coordinés. Idéalement, cela devrait se traduire par un changement de l'activité catalytique du métal, si celui-ci intervient comme catalyseur dans une transformation catalytique. Nous avons tout d'abord étudié de ligands triarylphosphines fonctionnalisés par un ou trois groupements organofers. Après caractérisation de quatre métalloligands de ce type à l'état réduit et à l'état oxydé, leurs paramètres électroniques ont été évalués par deux méthodes expérimentales différentes. Finalement, les complexes Pd(II) correspondant aux métalloligands ont été synthétisés et testés en catalyse. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés à la chimie de dérivés alkynyldiarylphosphines organométalliques. Ces complexes sont instables après oxydation, formant des complexes bis-acétylures Fe(II) dicationiques, qui ont pu être isolés et caractérisés. L'inhibition de la dimérisation a été possible par séquestration du doublet électronique du phosphore ou par apport de gêne stérique autour de celui-ci. Enfin, des pré-catalyseurs correspondant à ces métallophosphines ont été également synthétisés et étudiés. Ces complexes se sont révélés stables, après oxydation des ligands, et les performances de certains en catalyse ont été évaluées. / During this work, we have synthesized and characterized new metalloligands bearing redox-active organometallic end-groups. Switching the redox state of the latter should modify the electronic properties of the studied metalloligands. Once these are complexed to a metal, this should induce a change of the metal’s electronic density, which results ideally in a change of its catalytic activity. First, we studied triarylphosphine ligands bearing one or three organoiron end-groups. Four of these metalloligands were fully characterized in both their reduced and oxidized states, and their electronic parameters were evaluated using two different experimental methods. Later on, corresponding Pd(II) complexes were also synthesized and their catalytic preformances were tested. In the second part of this work, organometallic Fe(II) alkynyldiarylphosphine derivatives were synthesized. Upon oxidation, the resulting species was found to be unstable, leading to the formation of dicationic bis-acetylide Fe(II) complexes, that were isolated and characterized. The dimerization process was inhibited either by sequestration of the electronic lone pair of the phosphorus atom, or by controlling the steric hindrance around that center. Finally, corresponding precatalysts were synthesized and, upon the oxidation of the metalloligands, they were found to be fairly stable compounds. Some of these complexes were also tested in a catalytic transformation.

La catalyse est par définition l’utilisation d’une quantité sous stœchiométrique d’un composé accélérant une réaction, sans entrer dans son bilan réactionnel. Si le catalyseur est une molécule organique chirale, nous pouvons effectuer des réactions d’organocatalyse asymétrique. D’autre part, si les phosphines trivalentes sont largement employées comme ligands en catalyse organométallique, elles présentent également une réactivité complémentaire aux amines en organocatalyse. Une nouvelle phosphine chirale à noyau ferrocénophane, le FerroPHANE, a été récemment développée et utilisée avec succès au laboratoire. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent mes travaux de thèse portant à la fois sur l’étude de nouveaux processus catalytiques et la synthèse de nouveaux dérivés phosphorés chiraux. Tout d’abord, une réaction de cyclisation [3+2] entre des oléfines et des allénylphosphonates catalysée par le FerroPHANE a été développée (excès énantiomériques compris entre 84 et 91%). Dans un second temps, des groupements aryles ont été introduits sur le noyau ferrocénique du FerroPHANE afin de moduler sa réactivité et son énantiosélectivité. Enfin, une nouvelle famille de phosphoramidites chiraux à noyau ferrocénique a été synthétisée et utilisée dans la synthèse de complexes de platine. / Catalysis is the acceleration of a reaction by addition of a sub-stœchiometric amount of a compound. When catalyst is a chiral organic derivative, it is possible to obtain enantioenriched products by asymmetric organocatalysis. Moreover, if trivalent phosphines have been widely developed as ligand for organometallic catalysis, their reactivity is complementary to amines in organocatalysis. A new planar chiral phosphine with ferrocenophane scaffold was recently developed and successfully used in organocatalysed reactions by our team: FerroPHANE. In this context, we have been interesting both in the development of new enantioselective [3+2] cyclization reactions catalyzed by chiral trivalent phosphines and the development of new chiral phosphorus derivatives with ferrocenophane scaffolds. In a first part, new enantioselective [3+2] cyclization reactions between olefins and allenylphosphonates, catalyzed by FerroPHANE, have been successfully developed (enantiomeric excesses between 84 to 91%). In a second part, to modify the reactivity and the enantioselectivity of this new family of phosphines, aryl groups were introduced on the ferrocenyl scaffold. Finally, a new family of chiral phosphoramidites with ferrocenyl scaffold have been synthesized and applied to the synthesis of chiral platinum complexes.