L'arthrite rhumatoïde (RA), l'arthrite psoriasique (PsA) et le lupus érythémateux disséminé(SLE) sont trois maladies rhumatismales courantes avec des manifestations articulaires et cutanées. Les synoviocytes de type fibroblaste (FLSs) sont les principaux composants de la synoviale et contribuent directement à l'inflammation synoviale et à la destruction du cartilage. Une augmentation de la phospholipase A1 membre A (PLA1A) dans le sérum a été détectée chez des patients atteints de SLE et était liée à l'activité de la maladie. PLA1A hydrolyse spécifiquement l'acide gras sn-1 sur la phosphatidylsérine (PS) pour produire de la lysophosphatidylsérine, qui a de multiples effets immunomodulateurs. Normalement, la PLA1A sécrétée a une accessibilité limitée à son substrat. Lorsque les cellules subissent une apoptose ou une activation ou forment des microparticules (MPs), la PS peut être exposée sur le feuillet externe de la membrane plasmique des cellules ou des MPs. Les MPs sont des vésicules extracellulaires hétérogènes et peuvent fournir diverses cargaisons pour la communication intercellulaire locale ou longue distance au cours de l'inflammation. Dans la circulation et le liquide synovial des patients atteints de RA, une augmentation des MPs dérivées de cellules sanguines a été détectée, parmi lesquelles les MPs dérivées des plaquettes(PMPs) étaient les plus abondantes, suivi par les MPs de globules rouges (RMPs). Une étude précédente a également rapporté que les PMPs stimulaient le phénotype inflammatoire des FLSs. L'acide lysophosphatidique (LPA) est un médiateur lipidique bioactif qui peut être synthétisé par différentes voies nécessitant des phospholipases A1 ou A2 (PLA1/2) et l'autotaxine (ATX). L'axe de l'ATX-LPA récepteurs est étroitement lié à la pathogenèse de la RA en modifiant la motilité, la migration et la production de cytokines/chimiokines des synoviocytes. Cependant, le mécanisme par lequel la PLA1A et les MPs contribuent au développement des maladies rhumatismales n'est toujours pas bien compris. Dans cette thèse, nous avons exploré le rôle de la PLA1A et des MPs dans les processus de maladies rhumatismales en utilisant des FLSs humains primaires. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence que la PLA1A était élevée dans le plasma et les liquides synoviaux des patients arthritiques, et qu'il y avait une proportion accrue des RMPs et des PMPs PS positives dans le plasma des patients atteints de SLE et d'arthrite précoce. Nous avons découvert que l'incubation des MPs dérivés de cellules sanguines avec de l'ATX recombinant produisait des quantités considérables de LPA, y compris des espèces saturées et insaturées. La PLA1A recombinante pourrait hydrolyser la PS exposée à la surface des FLSs activés ou des MPs, stimulant la sécrétion d'IL-8 par les FLSs via l'axe ATX-LPA récepteur. Ensuite, nous avons exploré l'impact de PLA1A dans la pathogenèse de l'arthrite psoriasique induite en utilisant des souris Pla1a[exposant -/-]. Nous avons découvert que le déficit en PLA1A réduisait la susceptibilité à l'inflammation articulaire et cutanée induite dans le modèle murin. Les symptômes réduits étaient associés au niveau inférieur de cytokines/chimiokines pro-inflammatoires dans les tissus synoviaux, tels que l'IL-17. Le déficit en PLA1A a peut-être modifié l'activation et la polarisation des lymphocytes qui produisent IL-17. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont défini les implications de la PLA1A et des MPs dérivées des cellules sanguines dans le processus inflammatoire in vitro et in vivo des maladies rhumatismales. Il a également souligné que la PLA1A pourrait être utilisée comme biomarqueur potentiel pour surveiller l'activité des maladies rhumatismales et même cible potentiel pour le traitement de l'arthrite psoriasique. / Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are three common rheumatic diseases with articular and cutaneous manifestations. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are the primary components of the synovium and contribute directly to synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction. Elevated serum phospholipase A1 member A (PLA1A) was reported in SLE patients and was related to disease activity. PLA1A specifically hydrolyzes the sn-1 fatty acid on phosphatidylserine(PS) to produce lysophosphatidylserine, which has multi-immunomodulatory effects. Normally, secreted PLA1A has limited access to its substrate. When cells undergo apoptosis, activation or form microparticles (MPs), the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of cells or MPs can expose PS. MPs are heterogeneous extracellular vesicles and can supply various cargos for local or long-distance intercellular communication during inflammation. In circulation and synovial fluid from RA patients, increased MPs derived from various cells were detected, among which the platelet-derived MPs (PMPs) were the most abundant and followed by the red blood cell (RBC)-derived MPs (RMPs). A previous study also reported that PMPs stimulated the inflammatory phenotype of FLSs. Extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator which can be synthesized through different pathways requiring PLA1/2 and autotaxin (ATX). The ATX-LPA receptor axis is closely related to RA pathogenesis by modifying synoviocytes motility and migration and stimulating cytokine/chemokine production. However, the underlying mechanism by which PLA1A and MPs contribute to the development of rheumatic disease is still not well understood. In this thesis, we explored the pro-inflammatory effects of PLA1A and MPs in rheumatic disease processes using primary human FLSs. Our results highlighted a high PLA1A level in the plasma and synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients, and there was an increased proportion of PS-positive RMPs and PMPs in the plasma from SLE and RA patients. We found that incubation of blood cell-derived MPs with recombinant ATX produced considerable amounts of LPA, including saturated and unsaturated species. Recombinant PLA1A could hydrolyze the PS surface exposed by activated FLSs or MPs, stimulating the secretion of IL-8 by FLSs through the ATX-LPA receptor axis. Then we explored the impact of PLA1A in the pathogenesis of induced psoriatic arthritis using Pla1a[superscript -/-] mice. We found out that PLA1A deficiency reduced the susceptibility to induced articular and cutaneous inflammation in the murine model. The reduced symptoms were associated with a low pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine level, including IL-17, in synovial tissues. PLA1A deficiency possibly impacts lymphocyte activation and polarization of the lymphocytes that produce IL-17. The work presented in this thesis defined the involvements of PLA1A and blood cell-derived MPs in in vitro and in vivo inflammatory processes of rheumatic diseases. It also highlighted that PLA1A could be used as a potential biomarker for monitoring rheumatic disease activity and even a putative target for psoriatic arthritis treatments.

published_or_final_version / Molecular Biology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Recently, three distinct isoforms of phospholipase D (PLD) were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLD α represents the well-known form found in plants, while PLD β and γ have been only recently discovered (Pappan et al., 1997b; Qin et al., 1997). These isoforms differ in substrate selectivity and cofactors required for activity. Here, I report that PLD β and γ isoforms were active toward N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), but PLD α was not. The ability of PLD β and γ to hydrolyze NAPE marks a key difference from PLD α. N-acylethanolamines (NAE), the hydrolytic products of NAPE by PLD β and γ, inhibited PLD α from castor bean and cabbage. Inhibition of PLD α by NAE was dose-dependent and inversely proportional to acyl chain length and degree of unsaturation. Enzyme kinetic analysis suggested non-competitive inhibition of PLD α by NAE 14:0. In addition, a 1.2-kb tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cDNA fragment was isolated that possessed a 74% amino acid identity to Arabidopsis PLD β indicating that this isoform is expressed in tobacco cells. Collectively, these results provide evidence for NAE producing PLD activities and suggest a possible regulatory role for NAE with respect to PLD α.

Thèse doctorat : Biochimie : Villeurbanne, INSA : 1997. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 179-222.

Thèse doctorat : Biochimie : Villeurbanne, INSA : 2004. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 148-196.

Thèse de doctorat : Biologie moléculaire et biochimie végétale : Strasbourg 1 : 2004. / Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 19 p.

Phospholipase C mediated hydrolysis of the phosphoinositides yields second messenger products which have been linked to normal and abnormal cell growth processes. It has been suggested that fatty acids may regulate phospholipase C activity in vivo. This study sought to investigate relationships between phospholipase C activity, tumor size and dietary linoleic and stearic acids.Phospholipase C activity, of livers and serially transplanted mammary adenocarcinomas from female strain A/ST mice on one of three diets, was measured. Tumors ranged from .20 to 2.98 g at the time of removal. Phospholipase C activity of tumors was negatively and significantly (p<.Ol) correlated to increasing tumor weight in those diet groups that contained linoleic acid and no added stearic acid. The highest PLC activity was seen in small tumors across all diet groups. Maximum PLC activity of tumors was over 2 fold higher than the maximum activity of livers across all diet groups. PLC activity of the liver was negatively and significantly (p<.02) correlated to increasing tumor weight for samples from the high linoleic acid diet (SF-15). This research concludes that PLC activity varies during tumorigenesis and may reflect tumor development. / Department of Biology

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2000. / Spine title: Phospholipase A₂ binding. Includes bibliographical references (p. 245-258). Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Pharmacology)--Vanderbilt University, May 2006. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Edson Antunes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T04:13:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_EniltonAparecido_D.pdf: 1739135 bytes, checksum: faa68531f796834af8491c48ada0ccc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A pancreatite aguda e uma doença inflamatória do pâncreas caracterizada por intensa necrose pancreática e efeitos sistêmicos secundários como lesão pulmonar, os quais são a principal causa da mortalidade observada nessa doença. Ha evidencia de que as fosfolipases A2 (PLA2) tem um importante papel na fisiopatologia da pancreatite aguda. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a capacidade de PLA2s de induzir pancreatite em ratos e os mecanismos envolvidos nesse fenômeno. As seguintes PLA2s foram utilizadas: piratoxina-I (homologo Lys-49 de PLA2 desprovido de atividade catalitica), bothropstoxina-II (homologo Asp-49 de PLA2 com baixa atividade catalítica) e a PLA2 proveniente do veneno de Naja moçambique moçambique (que possui alta atividade catalítica). Ratos Wistar machos (200-250 g) provenientes do CEMIB/UNICAMP foram utilizados. As PLA2s foram injetadas no ducto biliopancreatico de animais anestesiados e apos diferentes tempos experimentais foram avaliados o extravasamento de proteínas plasmáticas no pâncreas, infiltrado de neutrofilos no pâncreas e pulmão e amilase serica. A analise histológica do pâncreas e pulmão também foi realizada em alguns grupos experimentais. Piratoxina-I foi capaz de causar extravasamento de proteínas plasmáticas no pâncreas, infiltrado de neutrofilos no pulmão e os níveis sericos de amilase. Alem disso, a piratoxina-I causou alterações histológicas nos tecidos pancreático (infiltrado de neutrofilos, necrose de células acinares e edema intersticial) e pulmonar (edema intersticial e diminuição do espaço alveolar), que foram mais evidentes nos tempos iniciais da pancreatite (4-12h). Bothropstoxina-II e a PLA2 do veneno de Naja moçambique moçambique, a semelhança da Piratoxina-I, também foram capazes de aumentar o extravasamento de proteínas plasmáticas e o influxo de neutrofilos no tecido pancreático por mecanismos nao relacionados a sua atividade catalítica. Entretanto, o influxo de neutrofilos para o pulmão e o aumento dos níveis sericos de amilase causados por essas PLA2s foi dependente de sua atividade catalítica. As PLA2s também causaram secreção deamilase de acinos pancreáticos isolados, que foi dependente da atividade catalítica dessas enzimas. Adicionalmente, com o objetivo de entender o mecanismo envolvido na pancreatite induzida pela PLA2 de Naja mocambique mocambique animais foram tratados com os seguintes agentes farmacológicos: pentoxifilina (inibidor da sintese de TNF-á), SR140333 (antagonista de receptor NK1), icatibant (antagonista de receptor B2), L-NAME (inibidor não seletivo das NOS), aminoguanidina (inibidor preferencial da NOS induzivel), indometacina (inibidor não seletivo de COX), celecoxib (inibidor seletivo de COX-2), PCA4248 (antagonista dos receptores de PAF) e AA861 (inibidor da 5-lipoxigenase). Em conjunto, nossos dados mostraram que os efeitos locais e secundários são multimediados, envolvendo a participação de bradicinina, substancia P, NO, TNF-á, PAF e metabolitos das COXs. Em conclusão, demonstramos que as PLA2s secretorias são capazes de induzir pancreatite aguda em ratos quando injetadas no ducto biliopancreatico, um quadro caracterizado por efeitos inflamatórios locais e secundários cuja mediação farmacológica envolve vários fatores. Alem disso, a pancreatite aguda induzida pelas PLA2s reproduz algumas alterações observadas na pancreatite aguda em humanos, representando uma nova estratégia de estudo da fisiopatologia da pancreatite aguda / Abstract: Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas that is characterized by intense pancreatic necrosis and remote systemic effects such as the lung injury that is the main cause of death during acute pancreatitis. There are evidences that phospholipases A2 (PLA2) have an important role in the acute pancreatitis pathophysiology. The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of PLA2 to induce acute pancreatitis in rats, and the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The following PLA2s were used: piratoxin-I (a Lys-49 PLA2 homologue devoid of catalytic activity), bothropstoxin-II (an Asp-49 PLA2 homologue with low catalytic activity) and PLA2 from Naja mocambique mocambique venom (high catalytic activity). Male Wistar rats (200-250g) provided by CEMIBUNICAMP have been used. The PLA2s were injected into the common bile duct of anesthetized rats, after which pancreatic plasma protein extravasation, pancreatic and lung neutrophil infiltration and serum levels of amylase were measured. Histology of the pancreatic and lung tissue has also been carried out in some experimental group. Piratoxin-I was able to increase the pancreatic plasma protein extravasation, lung neutrophil infiltration and serum amylase levels. In addition, Piratoxin-I caused histological changes in the pancreatic (neutrophil infiltration, areas of acinar cell necrosis and interstitial edema) and lung (interstitial edema and diminuition of alveolar space) tissues, which were more evident in the early periods (4-12h) after the injection. Bothropstoxin-II and PLA2 from Naja mocambique mocambique venom were also able to increase the plasma protein extravasation and neutrophil influx in the pancreatic tissue by mechanisms unrelated to their catalytic activity. However, the remote lung neutrophil influx caused by these PLA2s was shown to depend on their catalytic activity. The enhancement of serum amylase levels was also dependent on the catalytic activity of these enzymes. The PLA2s also caused amylase secretion from isolated pancreatic acini, which was dependent on their catalytic activity. Next, in order to further understand the mechanisms involved in pancreatitis induced by PLA2 Naja mocambique mocambique, animals were treated with the following pharmacological agents: pentoxifylline (TNF-á synthesis inhibitior), SR140333 (NK1receptor antagonist), icatibant (B2 receptor antagonist), L-NAME (non-selective NOS inhibitor), aminoguanidine (preferential inducible NOS inhibitor), indomethacin (nonselective COX inhibitor), celecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor), PCA4248 (PAF receptor antagonist) and AA861 (5-lipoxygenase inhibitor). Taken together our data showed that local and remote effects are multimediated, involving the participation of bradykinin, substance P, NO, TNF-á, PAF and COXs metabolites. In conclusion, we have shown that secretory PLA2s are able to induce acute pancreatitis in rats when injected into the common bile duct. Therefore, PLA2-induce acute pancreatitis reproduces some aspects of the human disorder representing a new strategy to study the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis / Doutorado / Farmacologia / Doutor em Farmacologia