Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Realisierung mehrerer theoretischer Ansätze zur Synthese von Oligonucleotiden, die an gezielter Position mit der trans-{PtII(NH3)2}2+ - Spezies modifiziert sind. Es wurde ein Synthesebaustein "Pt-T" synthetisiert, der die direkte Einführung eines N3-platinierten Thymidins während der Oligonucleotidsynthese ermöglicht. Unter den Bedingungen der Standard - H-Phosphonat - Synthese werden bei Verwendung des synthetisierten platinierten Synthesebaustein "Pt-T" platinierte Oligonucleotide erhalten, die eine trans-[PtII(NH3)2Py(N3-T)]+ - Modifizierung enthalten. Mit Hilfe der Sanger - Sequenzierung konnte gezeigt werden, daß die an T angebundene trans-{PtII(NH3)2Py}2+ - Platinspezies T7 DNA Polymerase blockiert. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Spaltung der 5'-Phosphorsäurediesterbindung durch Schlangengift - Phosphodiesterase infolge dieser Platinmodifizierung deutlich langsamer abläuft. Durch Ersatz von Pyridin durch 1,6-Lutidin bleibt die Reaktionsfähigkeit der trans-Position am Platin erhalten. Durch geeignete Reaktionsbedingungen wurde das nach erfolgter Oligonucleotidsynthese an einem 4-mer gebundene Platin bifunktional an den selben Strang gebunden und so trans-[PtII(NH3)2{d(TTTG)-N3-T(2),N7-G(4)}]+, ein kurzes Oligonucleotid mit intrastrand-crosslink, synthetisiert. Die durchgeführte enzymatische Hydrolyse zeigt eine hohe Beständigkeit gegenüber dem Abbau mit Schlangengift - Phosphodiesterase und alkalischer Phosphatase. / This work describes the synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides, which are modified at a specific position with the trans-{PtII(NH3)2}2+ - species. A platinated monomer building block "Pt-T" has been synthesized separately prior to automated synthesis. Platin modified oligonucleotides were elongated by use of standard H-phosphonate chemistry. The use of the synthesized platinated building block "Pt-T" leads to platinated oligonucleotides with a trans-[PtII(NH3)2Py(N3-T)]+ - modification. The synthesized oligonucleotides have been subjected to sequencing by the Sanger - method and it could be shown, that this modification blocks T7 DNA polymerase. Furthermore it could be shown, that the cleavage of the 5'-phosphodiester bond by snake venom phosphodiesterase due to these modification runs down clearly more slowly. In consequence of substitution of pyridine by 2,6-lutidine the reactivity of the trans - position of the platinum remains received. After oligonucleotide synthesis the platinum became crosslinked, thus trans-[PtII(NH3)2{d(TTTG)-N3-T(2),N7-G(4)}]+, a short oligonucleotide with intrastrand-crosslink, was synthesized. The enzymatic hydrolysis showed a high constancy facing the degradation with snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase.

A presente tese relata, em sua primeira parte, o estudo de reatividade das reações competitivas de Michaelis-Arbuzov e Perkow de algumas &#945-haloacetofenonas-orto e meta-substituídas [o- e m-Y-&#934-C(O)CH2-Hal] (Hal = CI, Br e I; Y = OMe, Me, H, F, CI, Br e NO2) com o trietilfosfito. Estas reações foram acompanhadas por cromatografia a gás e observou-se que no caso das reações das &#945-bromoacetofenonas-meta-substituídas as proporções dos produtos de Michaelis-Arbuzov e Perkow, cetofosfonato e enolfosfato respectivamente, estão diretamente relacionadas à constante &#963m, enquanto que nas &#945-cloro e &#945-iodoacetofenonas-orto-substituídas não foram observados os efeitos dos substituintes. Entretanto, nas &#945-bromoacetofenonas- orto-substituídas, verificou-se uma forte dependência da constante &#963I dos substituintes com as proporções relativas dos produtos formados. Na segunda parte desta tese, foi realizado um estudo conformacional de 7 séries de &#945-heteroacetofenonas-orto e meta-substituídas [o- e m-Y-&#934-C(O)CH[X]-P(O)(OEt)2] (X = H, SMe, S(O)Me e SO2Me; Y = OMe, Me, H, F, CI, Br e NO2), através da espectroscopia no infravermelho apoiada por cálculos ab initio HF/6-31 G**. Foi observada, para a maioria dos casos, a presença de um ou dois confôrmeros em solução, onde na maioria dos casos a conformação mais estável é a gauche (sin-clinal) e a segunda mais estável é ou cis (sin-periplanar) ou gauche (anti-clinal). Na série das &#945-metiltio-&#945-dietoxifosforilacetofenonas-orto-substituídas não foi possível efetuar o estudo conformacional devido a enolização presente nestes compostos. Nas &#945-metilsulfinil-&#945-dietoxifosforilacetofenonas-meta-substituídas verificou-se através das espectroscopias no infravermelho e ressonância magnética nuclear, a presença de um equilíbrio diastereomérico. / This thesis reports the study of the reactivity of the competitive Michaelis- Arbuzov and Perkow reactions of some orto- and meta- substituted &#945-haloacetophenones (I) [o- and m-Y-&#934-C(O)CH2-Hal] (Hal = CI, Br e I; Y = OMe, Me, H, F, CI, Br and NO2) with triethyl phosphite, by gas chromatography, and the conformational analysis of some orto- and meta-substituted &#945-heteroacetophenones (II) [o- and m-Y-&#934-C(O)CH[X]-P(O)(OEt)2] (X = H, SMe, S(O)Me and SO2Me; Y = OMe, Me, H, F, Cl, Br and NO2), by means of infrared spectroscopy and ab initio HF/6-31 G** computations. For reactions involving meta-substituted &#945-bromoacetophenones and triethylphosphite it was found a good correlation between the ketophosphonate / enolphosphate ratio (K/E) and the &#963m constant. The (K/E) ratios obtained from the reaction of the orto- substituted &#945-chloro- and &#945-iodo-acetophenones and triethylphosphite did not show a clear trend with any substituent constant. However, a good correlation between the (K/E) ratio and the &#963I constant was obtained in the case of the reaction involving the orto-substituted &#945-bromoacetophenones and triethylphosphite. The vco infrared analysis in general compares well with the ab initio calculations which showed the occurrence of one or two stable conformations for compounds of series (II), being the gauche (syn-clinal) the most stable and the cis (syn-periplanar) or the gauche (anti-clinal) the second one. The vco IR analysis of the orto-substituted &#945-methylthio-&#945-diethoxyphosphorylacetophenone series was precluded due to its strong enolization. As for the meta-substituted &#945-methylsulfinyl-&#945-diethoxyphosphoryl-acetophenones the IR and NMR spectroscopies along with the ab initio computations showed the ocurrence of a diastereomeric equilibrium both in gas and in solution.

&amp / #945 / -Hydroxy phosphonates are versatile building blocks for the synthesis of many biologically active compounds that display antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, pesticide activities beside their enzyme inhibitory activities such as they are the inhibitors of rennin or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease and polymerase. Benzaldehyde lyase is able to catalyze not only C-C bond formation reactions but also C-C bond breaking reactions with high enantioselectivity that brings about the development of new synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of hydroxy ketones which are the key intermediates in the synthesis of many biologically active compounds due to the versatility of stereogenic center for developing structural diversity. There are several synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of hydroxy phoshonates however, in this work we have achieved the synthesis of hydroxy phoshonates through C-C bond forming reactions catalyzed by Benzaldehyde lyase that offers the use of green methodologies. Moreover, we have achieved the synthesis of hydroxy ketones which are versatile building blocks in the synthesis of many biologically active compounds via the immobilization of BAL enzyme on superparamagnetic solid support with high yield and high enantioselectivity.

A new phosphineoxy aziridiniyl phosphonates POAP were synthesized as potential organocatalysts and used for silicon based asymmetric Abramov-type phosphonylation of aldehydes with triethyl phosphite. Besides POAP organocatalyst, known chiral phosphineoxy ferrocenyl substituted aziridinyl methanol (POFAM) and aziridinyl phosphonates (AP) were also used for the same reaction. The product &alpha / -hydroxy phosphonates were obtained in good yields up to 99% but with poor enantioselectivities. Highest enantioselectivity (%34) was obtained with POAP organocatalyst. Optimization studies were done with different solvents, ligands, aldehydes, and concentrations.

Το θειικό βάριο είναι ένα κρυσταλλικό στερεό το οποίο απαντάται ως ορυκτό. Οι χρήσεις του στην βιομηχανία είναι πολλές, καθώς χρησιμοποιείται σε ένα ευρύ φάσμα εφαρμογών από την κατασκευή πυράντοχων βαφών έως την βιομηχανία παραγωγής πετρελαίου για την αποφυγή αύξησης της πίεσης κατά την διάρκεια των γεωτρήσεων. Ωστόσο, κατά τη χρήση του στην άντληση πετρελαίου, η χρήση του έχει ως αποτέλεσμα το σχηματισμό επικαθίσεων οι οποίες είναι δύσκολο να απομακρυνθούν λόγω της μικρής τους διαλυτότητας. Για την απομάκρυνση των επικαθίσεων θειικού βαρίου δεν είναι δυνατόν να χρησιμοποιηθούν κοινά οξέα, καθώς το θειικό βάριο αφενός είναι δυσδιάλυτο σε αυτά αλλά παράλληλα δημιουργούν σοβαρά προβλήματα διάβρωσης του εξοπλισμού (σωληνώσεις, reservoir αποθήκευσης νερού). Για την αντιμετώπιση των καθαλατώσεων αυτού του είδους, χρησιμοποιούνται υδατοδιαλυτές ενώσεις οι οποίες προστίθενται στα ρευστά στα οποία λαμβάνει χώρα καταβύθιση του θειικού βαρίου και έχουν την ικανότητα να παρεμποδίσουν ή να επιβραδύνουν το σχηματισμό του θειικού βαρίου. Ενώσεις αυτού του τύπου είναι οι πολύ-φωσφονικές, πολυηλεκτρολύτες όπως τα πολύ-καρβοξυλικά, πολυσουλφονικά οξέα κ.τ.λ., με ορισμένες από αυτές να είναι αρκετά δραστικές και να μπορούν να περιορίσουν σε μεγάλο βαθμό τον σχηματισμό επικαθίσεων του θειικού βαρίου. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε η κινητική της καταβύθισης του θειικού βαρίου σε υδατικά υπέρκορα διαλύματά του, στα οποία η αναλογία πλεγματικών ιόντων Ba:SO4 1:1 στους 25οC, απουσία και παρουσία πρόσθετων. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα αυθόρμητης καταβύθισης για την εύρεση του εύρους της μετασταθούς ζώνης με την τεχνική “free drift”. Από την συσχέτιση του χρόνου επαγωγής που μετρήθηκε, συναρτήσει του υπερκορεσμού και βάσει της κλασσικής θεωρίας της πυρηνογένεσης υπολογίσθηκε ότι η επιφανειακή ενέργεια του θειικού βαρίου ήταν 17,4 mJ•m-2. Η τιμή αυτή, η οποία είναι σημαντικά διαφορετική από τις τιμές οι οποίες αναφέρονται στην βιβλιογραφία, αντανακλά τη σημασία του τρόπου παρασκευής των υπέρκορων διαλυμάτων στις μετρήσεις αυτές. Στη σταθερή περιοχή των υπέρκορων διαλυμάτων, και προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί ο μηχανισμός κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης του θειικού βαρίου, έγινε σειρά πειραμάτων στα οποία μετρήθηκε ο ρυθμός κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης του θειικού βαρίου σε κρυσταλλικά φύτρα θειικού βαρίου. Στα υπέρκορα διαλύματα, η αναλογία πλεγματικών ιόντων Ba:SO4 1:1 στους 25oC. Οι μετρήσεις αυτές πραγματοποιήθηκαν με την τεχνική διατήρησης σταθερού του υπερκορεσμού κατά την διάρκεια της καταβύθισης. Ως παράμετρος παρακολούθησης της εξέλιξης της κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ειδική αγωγιμότητα των υπέρκορων διαλυμάτων, η οποία εμετρείτο με τον αντίστοιχο αισθητήρα, το σήμα από τον οποίο, ενεργοποιούσε αυτόματο τιτλοδότη για την προσθήκη αντιδραστηρίων κατάλληλης συγκέντρωσης. Οι μετρήσεις του ρυθμού κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης έδειξαν παραβολική εξάρτηση από τον υπερκορεσμό των αντίστοιχων διαλυμάτων ενώ δεν παρουσιάστηκε εξάρτηση του ρυθμού από την συγκέντρωση των φύτρων για τις συγκεντρώσεις κρυστάλλων μεταξύ 0,026 – 0,19 mg.L. Η εξάρτηση του ρυθμού κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης του θειικού βαρίου από τον υπερκορεσμό των αντίστοιχων διαλυμάτων έδειξε ότι ο μηχανισμός καθορίζεται από την επιφανειακή διάχυση των δομικών μονάδων. Οι αναστολείς που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την μελέτη στην επίδραση της παρουσίας τους στα υπέρκορα διαλύματα στο ρυθμό της κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης φύτρων θειικού βαρίου ήταν το βενζοϊκό- 1,3,5 τρις φωσφονικό οξύ (BTP) και το άμινο τρις-μεθυλενοφωσφονικό οξύ (AMP). Η κυριότερη διαφορά των δυο ενώσεων έγκειται στη μοριακή τους γεωμετρία: Το πρώτο χαρακτηρίζεται από σχετική ακαμψία των δεσμών ενώ το δεύτερο από ευκινησία . Κατά τη διάρκεια των πειραμάτων αυτών διαπιστώθηκε ότι η παρουσία των αναστολέων στα υπέρκορα διαλύματα είχε σημαντική επίδραση (αύξηση) στη διαλυτότητα του θειικού βαρίου, ενώ ταυτόχρονα παρατηρήθηκε μείωση των ρυθμών κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης. Το AMP βρέθηκε ότι ήταν περισσότερο αποτελεσματικό στην αναστολή της καταβύθισης του θειικού βαρίου, προκαλώντας μείωση στο ρυθμό σε ποσοστό μεγαλύτερο του 90% σε συγκεντρώσεις της τάξης των 30 ppm. Το BTP ήταν και αυτό αρκετά αποτελεσματικό, παρατηρήθηκε όμως ότι η αποτελεσματικότητα της παρουσίας του ήταν αρκετά υψηλή (>50%) σε χαμηλές (10 ppm) και σε υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις (>50 ppm) συγκεντρώσεις, ενώ στις ενδιάμεσες συγκεντρώσεις η αποτελεσματικότητά του ήταν σημαντικά μικρότερη. Επιπλέον, το AMP είχε ανασταλτική δράση στο ρυθμό καταβύθισης του θειικού βαρίου τόσο σε αλκαλικές (pH=9,5) όσο και σε όξινες (pH=3,6) τιμές pH στα υπέρκορα διαλύματα. Η αποτελεσματικότητα του AMP ήταν αρκετά υψηλή, μεγαλύτερη από 70%, σε συγκεντρώσεις >30 ppm. / Barium sulfate is a crystalline solid encountered as mineral and precipitated in numerous applications from analytical chemistry to the of fire resistant paints up to the oil industry to avoid the pressure increase during the drilling. However, in oil industry form deposits which are difficult to remove due to the low solubility. The removal of barium sulfate scale deposits is not possible through the use of common acids, because the solubility of this salt does not change significantly with increasing acid concentration. Moreover the use of mineral acids result in the severe corrosion of the metal parts of the equipment involved (pipes, water storage reservoir). Alternative descaling and scale prevention techniques have been desighed and are widely applied. In these techniques, a number of compounds have been used which, when added at very low concentrations in scale prone aquatic media result in the inhibition or cancellation of the formation of barium sulfate scale deposits. In these compounds which include poly-phosphonates or polyelectrolytes with sulfonated or carboxyl functional groups, have shown impressive results. The issue of structure of the additive molecules both in solution but most important upon adsorption on the surface of the nuclei of the crystalline deposit forming under the favorable friving force created by the solution supersaturation, is very important for obtaining a better understanding of the factors underlying the efficiency of inhibition of inorganic scale formation. In the present work, we investigate the kinetics of precipitation of barium sulfate from supersaturated solutions both in the absence and in presence of additives was investigated. The kinetics of crystal growth were investigated using the seeded growth techiwue at sustained supersaturation. The molar ratio of total barium : sulfate (Ba:SO4) in the supersaturated solutions was 1:1 and all experiments were done at 25oC in the absence and presence of additives. The width of the metastable zone for the barium sulfate system was determined from spontaneous precipitation experiments involving unstable supersaturated solutions with the “free drift” technique. From the dependence of the inhibition times preceding precipitation on the solution supersaturation and using the classical nucleation theory (CNT) models the surface energy of the precipitated phase was estimated. The kinetics of crystallization of barium sulfate were investigated in stable supersaturated solutions which were seeded with well-aged and characterized barium sulfate crystals prepared from slow mixing of equimolar barium chloride and sodium sulfate solutions. The molar ratio Ba:SO4 was in these experiments 1:1. The rates of crystal growth were measured at conditions of constant supersaturation using a specific conductivity probe, which through the synchronized burettes of an automatic titrator triggered the addition of equimolar barium chloride and sodium sulfate solutions. The added titrants had the appropriate composition to compensate for the respective quantities transferred to the solid phase forming. The rate of titrants addition yieleded the rates of crystal growth at the respective conditions. The measured crystal growth rates showed parabolic dependence on the solution supersaturation suggesting the prevalence of a surface diffusion controlled mechanism. Moreover, the independence of the measured crystal growth rates (moles precipitated per unit time and seed crystals surface area) on the mass of the seed crystals. Confirmed that crystal growth took place exclusively on the seed crystals. The effect of the presence of benzene-1,3,5-triyltris phosphonic acid (BTP) and amino-tris(methylenephosphonic) acid (AMP) in the supersaturated solutions on the rates of crystal growth of barium sulfate was investigated by measurements of the respective crystal growth rates at sustained supersaturation as in the additives free solutions. The main structural difference of the two molecules tested is that the former has a flat conformation because of the aromatic ring while the latter has a significantly higher freedom of motion. The presence of the test additives in the supersaturated solutions had a significant effect on the solubility of barium sulfate. The modified solubilities were calculated from measurements of the concentrations of free Ba2+ and SO42- ions concentrations and solution supersaturations were calculated accordingly. The presence of the test additives resulted in the significant reduction of the respective crystal growth rates. The presence of AMP in the ssupersaturated solutions caused reduction of the crystal growth rates as high as 90% at 30 ppm. BTP was efficient as well in inhibiting barium sulfate crystallization. However, it was found that rates were reduced by more than 50% at concentrations as low as 10 ppm and high concentrations in the range of 50 ppm. At intermediate concentration (20-30 ppm) the efficiency of BTP in the reduction of crystal growth of barium sulfate was significantly lower. AMP inhibited barium sulfate scale not only at alkaline pH (pH=9,5) values and at acidic values (pH=3,6). At pH=3,6 and for AMP conentrations of 30 ppm the rates of crystal growth of barium sulfate were reduced by 70% with respect to the values in its absence.

The goal of the work described in this dissertation was to investigate the structure of metal phosphonate frameworks which were composed of conforma-tionally flexible ligands. This goal was achieved through investigating new syn-thetic techniques, systematically changing structural aspects (i.e. chain length), and conducting in situ X-ray diffraction experiments under non-ambient condi-tions. First, the use of ionic liquids in the synthesis of metal phosphonates was in-vestigated. Reaction systems which had previously been studied in purely aqueous synthetic media were reinvestigated with the addition of a hydrophobic ionic liq-uid to the reaction. Second, the structural diversity of zinc alkylbisphosphonates was investigated through systematically varying the chain length and reaction conditions. Last, the structural changes associated with externally applied stimuli (namely temperature and pressure) on conformationally flexible metal phospho-nates were investigated. Elevated temperature was used to investigate the structur-al changes of a 1-D cobalt chain compound through three stages of dehydration and also applied pressures of up to 10 GPa were used to probe the structural resili-ence of two zinc alkylbisphosphonate materials under. The iminobis(methylphosphonic acid) type ligands are a good example of a small, simple, conformationally flexible ligand. There are three distinct different structural types, utilizing this ligand with cobalt metal, described in the literature, all of which contain bound or solvated water molecules. The addition of a hydrophobic ionic liquid to an aqueous synthesis medium resulted in new anhydrous compounds with unique structural features. Systematic investigations of zinc alkylbisphosphonate materials, construct-ed with three to six carbon linker ligands, resulted in four new families of com-pounds. Each of these families has unique structural features which may prove in-teresting in future applications developments. Importantly, it is shown that wheth-er the chain length is odd or even plays a role in structural type although it is not necessarily a requirement for a given structural type; furthermore, chain length itself is not strictly determinative of structural type. Dehydration in a cobalt phosphonate was followed via in situ single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound goes through a two-stage dehydration mecha-nism in which the compound changes from a 1-D chain to a 2-D sheet. This pro-cess is reversible and shows unique switchable magnetic properties. The high pressure studies of an alkyl chain built zinc metal phosphonate showed that the chains provide a spring-like cushion to stabilize the compression of the system allowing for large distortions in the metal coordination environment, without destruction of the material. This intriguing observation raises questions as to whether or not these types of materials may play a role as a new class of piezo-functional solid-state materials.

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs)are anthropogenic fluorinated surfactants that have been detected in almost every environmental compartment studied, yet their production and applications are far outweighed by those of other higher molecular weight fluorinated surfactants used in commerce. These fluorinated surfactants are widely incorporated in commercial products, yet their post-application fate has not been extensively studied. This thesis examines various biological and environmental processes involved in the fate of these surfactants upon consumer disposal. Specific focus was directed towards the environmental chemistry of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonates (PFPAs), and perfluoroalkyl phosphinates (PFPiAs), and their potential roles as sources of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the environment. PAPs are established biological precursors of PFCAs, while PFPAs and PFPiAs are newly discovered PFAAs in the environment. Incubation with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) microbes demonstrated the ability of PAPs to yield both fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), which are established precursors of PFCAs, and the corresponding PFCAs themselves. WWTP biosolids-applied soil-plant microcosms revealed that PAPs can significantly accumulate in plants along with their degradation metabolites. This has implications for potential wildlife and human exposure through the consumption of plants grown and/or livestock raised on farmlands that have been amended with contaminated biosolids. A number of compound-and environmental-specific factors were observed to significantly influence the partitioning of PFPAs and PFPiAs between aqueous media and soil, as well as, aquatic biota during sorption and bioaccumulation experiments respectively. In both processes, PFPAs were primarily observed in the aqueous phase, while PFPiAs predominated in soil and biological tissues, consistent with the few environmental observations of these chemicals made to date. Detection of the PAP diesters (diPAPs), PFPiAs, and fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs),all of which are used commercially, in human sera is evidence of human exposure to commercial fluorinated products, but the pathways by which this exposure occurs remain widely debated. Overall, this work presents novel findings on the environmental fate of commercial fluorinated surfactants and each of the process studied shows a clear link between the use of commercial products and the fluorochemical burden currently observed in the environment.

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs)are anthropogenic fluorinated surfactants that have been detected in almost every environmental compartment studied, yet their production and applications are far outweighed by those of other higher molecular weight fluorinated surfactants used in commerce. These fluorinated surfactants are widely incorporated in commercial products, yet their post-application fate has not been extensively studied. This thesis examines various biological and environmental processes involved in the fate of these surfactants upon consumer disposal. Specific focus was directed towards the environmental chemistry of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonates (PFPAs), and perfluoroalkyl phosphinates (PFPiAs), and their potential roles as sources of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the environment. PAPs are established biological precursors of PFCAs, while PFPAs and PFPiAs are newly discovered PFAAs in the environment. Incubation with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) microbes demonstrated the ability of PAPs to yield both fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), which are established precursors of PFCAs, and the corresponding PFCAs themselves. WWTP biosolids-applied soil-plant microcosms revealed that PAPs can significantly accumulate in plants along with their degradation metabolites. This has implications for potential wildlife and human exposure through the consumption of plants grown and/or livestock raised on farmlands that have been amended with contaminated biosolids. A number of compound-and environmental-specific factors were observed to significantly influence the partitioning of PFPAs and PFPiAs between aqueous media and soil, as well as, aquatic biota during sorption and bioaccumulation experiments respectively. In both processes, PFPAs were primarily observed in the aqueous phase, while PFPiAs predominated in soil and biological tissues, consistent with the few environmental observations of these chemicals made to date. Detection of the PAP diesters (diPAPs), PFPiAs, and fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs),all of which are used commercially, in human sera is evidence of human exposure to commercial fluorinated products, but the pathways by which this exposure occurs remain widely debated. Overall, this work presents novel findings on the environmental fate of commercial fluorinated surfactants and each of the process studied shows a clear link between the use of commercial products and the fluorochemical burden currently observed in the environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A grande aplicação dos radiofármacos está em medicina nuclear diagnóstica representando 95% dos procedimentos realizados, porém, nos últimos anos, tem crescido consideravelmente a sua aplicação em procedimentos terapêuticos. Os radionuclídeos que emitem particulas ionizantes (α, β e elétrons Auger) são indicados para tratamento de tumores. Tumores malignos são responsáveis por aproximadamente 12% dos óbitos e representam a terceira causa de mortalidade no Brasil. O 188Re é um dos mais atrativos radioisótopos para uma variedade de aplicações terapêuticas em medicina nuclear, oncologia e intervenções cardiológicas, é totalmente favorável e conveniente pelo fato de que ele é livre de carregador e pode ser obtido de forma econômica na forma de um gerador de 188W/188Re, além de possuir uma meia-vida fisica de 16,9 horas e 100% de emissão de radiação β-. A partir da década de 2000 vêm sendo realizadas diversas investigações envolvendo marcações de moléculas com 188Re. Os tumores metastáticos são a forma mais comum de malignidade esquelética. Em casos metastáticos os principais objetivos do tratamento são a prevenção de fraturas patológicas e promover a sobrevida com o máximo de preservação de função permitindo que o paciente mantenha o máximo possível de mobilidade e controle da dor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a comparação das marcações de diversos fosfonatos (Metileno disfofonato de Sódio MDP, Ácido Etilenodiaminotetrametilenofosfônico EDTMP, e do diclorometilenobifosfonato de sódio - Clodronato) com 188Re para terapia de metastáses ósseas. Fosfonatos são inibidores da reabsorção óssea osteoclástica e são efetivos neste tratamento. As marcações do MDP, EDTMP e Clodronato com 188Re foram otimizadas utilizando como agente redutor o cloreto estanoso (SnCl2 2H2O) e como agente estabilizante o ácido ascórbico. As variáveis estudadas foram massa do ligante, massa do SnCl2.2H2O, massa do ácido ascórbico, tempo, pH e temperatura da reação. Os resultados mostraram que se obteve um excelente rendimento de marcação de 98% para o 188Re-MDP, de 83% para o 188Re-EDTMP e 85% para o 188Re-Clodronato. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP