The aim of this thesis is to create a portfolio of paper products with respect to established ethical principles. The resulting products must have a suitable design optimized for the manufacturing process. Based on the changes in sales over the past two decades, this work revises the current market position of paper. In addition, it generally examines the unethical communication of paper entities towards the end user. The result of this thesis is a range of products of two selected basic types - notebook and photo album. The overall results of my efforts, including this work, are likely to result in the creation of a new, own brand.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This research focuses on the detection of arterial blockage due to LDL (low density lipoprotein). Arterial blockages are related to two kinds of fats LDL and the HDL. HDL being the good fat, the patient does not have to undergo the biopsy, while in case of LDL, biopsy should be performed. Issues associated with invasive approaches raise safety concerns for patients such as infection, longer operation durations, longer recovery time etc. This research focuses on a noninvasive imaging technique to detect the kind of block age. Photo acoustic approach was investigated in order to simulate human tissues leading to medical diagnosis and treatment. Photo acoustic imaging involves production of an image on absorption of laser pulses. The laser pulses are further scattered and absorbed producing heat. The goals of the study were to categorize the type of the tissue materials based on the output temperature distribution via IR sensors and reflected acoustic waves via acoustic pressure sensors. The reflected acoustic wave and IR thermal distribution may be applied towards arterial blockages to differentiate the different types of tissue layers. The simulation results should have implications towards the future implementation of the practical devices and system. Parameters including energy levels, tissue thicknesses, frequencies, penetration depth, and the densities of the LDL/HDL fat materials were considered. Various energy pulses; 1j, 3j, and 5j were considered as input sources to the tissue materials (single or multi layers). The simulated layers considered in the study were the skin, bone, blood, and fat cells. The temperature and acoustic pressure response over the various layers were analyzed for the detection of blockages. The ndings of the temperature and acoustic pressure ranges can be detected by MEMS/NEMS (Micro electro mechanical systems/ nano electro mechanical systems) sensors, such as IR and Piezoelectric devices. Bioheat and acoustic wave equations were solved simultaneously using COMSOL software for multiple layers. The proper boundary conditions were provided in the solutions of these equations. The scattering and transmission acoustic wave, and the temperature distributions, may be used as guide to the integrated sensor system design for future consideration. The simulation was performed in four stages: (1) Single layer and multiple layers at a given frequency and energy level (2) Multiple layers at a given frequency for different energy levels (3) Multiple layers at a given energy level for different frequency and (4) Multiple layers at a given frequency and energy levels with different size tissues. The simulation results showed that a range of acoustic pressure between 240 and 260 need to be detected, with a di erential temperature distribution in kelvin range. Power pulses of 10MPa showed a temperature change of 175, which is believed to be within the exible substrate sensing devices that may be used for the practical model of this research. The thesis covers a proposed system for the practical model following the simulation results received in this study.

Part A of two Project Reports; Part B can be found at: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/17692 / <p> A number of recently published papers have been critical of the values of CE and Cλ by the ICRU as absorbed dose conversion factors for ionization chambers used in electron or photon beams.</p> <p> This report examines the subject in light of these recent works. Presented is a review of both theoretical and experimental results published to date along with the results of experimental work carried out at this facility. The present study concentrated on the measurement of the absorbed dose conversion factors for electrons and 25 NW photons. It also attempted to determine how the conversion factors might be influenced by such factors as chamber design buildup cap thickness and composition, and phantom composition.</p> <p> Measurements were made using electrons with 10 to 32 MeV initial energy and a 25 MeV photon beam, all produced by a Sagittaire Model Therac 40 linear accelerator. Checks on the stability of the measurement system were made using a 60Co source. Fricke ferrous sulfate dosimetry was used for absorbed dose measurement in the determination of CE.</p> <p> The results of the study would indicate that there is little or no effect on the measured values of CE or Cλ introduced by either the sleeves or phantoms for the radiation qualities studied. The results of the absorbed dose conversion factor study would indicate that the values recommended by the ICRU are sufficiently accurate for use in most instances. The data would tend to support the arguement that if there is an error in one of the ICRU derivations, the error in theory lies in the CE determination rather than that for Cλ.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

The products and mechanisms of some photo-reactions of indenes and naphthalene with acrylonitrile have been studied. Indene reacts with acrylonitrile with the hydrocarbon absorbs light, or when a triplet sensitizer is absorbing. Photolysis under the former condition yields 2-(1-indenyl)- and 2-(3-indenyl)propionitrile, and 6-cyano-2,3-benzobicyclo[3,2,0]hep-2-ene. Base-catalyzed isomerizations of the substituted indenes are reported. On sensitization, cis- and trans-isomers of 7-cyano-2,3-benzobicyclo[3,2,0]hep-2-ene are formed; the known indene dimer is a minor product. Adducts 1,1-dimethyl- and 1,1-diphenylidene with acrylonitrile are also described. Naphthalene adds to acrylonitrile on photolysis to afford trans-8-cyano-2,3-benzobicyclo[4.2.0] octa-2,4-diene and 1- and 2-naphthyl-2-propionitriles. Sensitization gives no detectable products. Studies on fluorescence quenching, solvent effect and deuterium-labelling indicates that exciplexes are formed between acrylonitrile and the excited hydrocarbons. Inter- or intra-molecular protonation of the exciplexes with subsequent reaction of the carbonium ion formed, is suggested to produce indenes or naphthalenes. Possible mechanisms for the formation of other products are proposed. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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No description available.

Human fungal superficial infections are mainly caused by dermatophytes. These infections are distributed worldwide, common for people of all ages, in both sexes. The current treatments include taking oral antifungal drugs and topical therapy. However, treatments of superficial infections can be challenging in children and elderly mainly due to compliance issues and associated potential health risks and side-effects. Photo dynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel approach to treat fungal superficial infections. In this approach, light is used to excite a photosensitizer to turn readily available oxygen into reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill the pathogen. In this research, we have used the pathogenic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum as a model to screen for photosensitizers and identify the best combinations of photosensitizer X carrier X light exposure time against T. rubrum. I obtained the In vitro photosensitizers’ Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC), carrier inhibitory and fungicidal combinations experimental results. In addition, ex vivo experimental results for photosensitizer and carrier systematic treatments are presented with both nail pieces and nail well apparatus. The in vitro results confirm the fungicidal ability of photosensitizer Methylene Blue and natural extracts Inula, Propolis and St. John’s Wort to T. rubrum. For ex vivo experiments, among the three natural extracts, only Inula showed promising fungicidal effect on nail pieces. Methylene Blue and carrier, Methylene Blue plus Inula and carrier combinations at certain concentrations all showed strong nail penetration ability and fungicidal effect against T. rubrum infection. These results suggest promising avenues for further clinical research and application of PDT. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The Red Light Camera program in Fairfax County has been in operation for more than 2 years. As of 2003, there are 13 cameras in operation. The camera takes 2 pictures of a vehicle while it illegally entered the intersection and after it entered the intersection. These photographs give evidence of the red light violation. The citation is mailed to the register owner of the vehicle. The penalty is $50. This study has been conducted to evaluate the program. The violation and accident data at all of the study intersections were provided by Fairfax County Department of Transportation and Fairfax County Police Department. The traffic data in Fairfax County were provided by Virginia Department of Transportation. The results of the violation analysis indicate that the Red Light Camera program did reduce the violation rate by up to 58 percent in the 22nd ' 27th month period of the operation. The study also shows that the increase of the amber-time interval produced a higher reduction in violation rate up to 70 percent. The reduction in violation was found to be statistically significant. The violation rate is reduced to 1-2 violations per 10,000 vehicles considering the effect of the RLC operation only. With the effect of both RLC and amber-time increase, the violation rate is reduced to 0-1 violation per 10,000 vehicles. The accident rate is reduced by 27 percent after 2 years of the RLC operation. The Red Light Camera is found to have an effect on the reduction in Property Damage Only accident. However, the reduction in accident was not found to be statistically significant. Therefore, there is no benefit accrued from the reduction in accidents. From this study, the Red Light Camera program increases safety at camera intersections in Fairfax County by reducing violation rates after 2 years of its operation. / Master of Science

A study of the effect of photo-sensitized mercury on mixtures of isobutane and isobutene.