Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The production of nitric oxide by soft solar X-rays in the E-region of the ionosphere is investigated. An empirical expression for the variation in X-ray flux as a function of F10.7 is determined. This expression is incorporated into a one-dimensional diffusive photochemical model to compute nitric oxide densities. No results of these calculation are compared with NO observation from the Solar Mesosphere Explorer satellite. Variations of X-ray flux by a factor of 30 over the solar cycle can explain the observed variation in nitric oxide densities. / http://archive.org/details/investigationofp00duma / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Orientadora: Profa Dra Cláudia Boian / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, 2017. / De acordo com o Decreto Estadual nº. 52469/07, a Região do Grande ABC (RGABC) encontra-se saturada por ozônio (O3) e apresenta peculiaridades em relação a outros locais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), porque além de uma frota veicular significativa, também possui um forte caráter industrial, com a presença do Polo Petroquímico de Capuava (PPCP) na divisa dos municípios de Mauá e Santo André, em uma área residencial densamente ocupada. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram simular a qualidade do ar para O3 na RGABC, através do uso do modelo fotoquímico de qualidade do ar CIT (Caltech Institute Technology), considerando três cenários para avaliar a contribuição individual das emissões das fontes móveis ou fixas e de ambas para a formação do O3 e avaliar os efeitos da circulação meteorológica de brisa marítima no transporte de O3 e precursores. O período de estudo foi de 28 de setembro a 01 de outubro de 2011 quando houve ultrapassagens do padrão de qualidade e/ou do nível de atenção na RGABC. Os resultados mostraram que durante o período da tarde quando a atividade fotoquímica é mais intensa, as direções preferenciais dos ventos foram de noroeste (NW) e sudoeste (SW) com velocidades dos ventos variando de condições de aragem a brisa forte (0,5 a 8,8 m/s). Neste período a região estava sob o efeito da produção local e de transporte de O3 e precursores provenientes das sub-regiões oeste, norte e sudoeste da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e também da cidade de São Paulo. Nos períodos da madrugada, manhã e noite a direção preferencial dos ventos foi de sudeste (SE), fazendo com que a RGABC se tornasse exportadora de poluentes. Em nível local a região mais afetada pelo efeito de transporte proveniente da área fonte (PPCP), quando sob efeito de brisa marítima, foi a cidade de São Caetano Sul. Considerando este período específico de simulação, a comparação entre os três cenários em geral mostrou concentrações mais altas na pluma de O3 para o cenário 3 (fontes móveis + fixas) seguido pelos cenários 1 (fontes móveis) e 2 (fontes fixas), mostrando que as emissões de hidrocarbonetos (HC) da fonte fixa foi mais significativa do que as de óxido de nitrogênio (NO) para a formação do O3. Assim, este trabalho mostrou que é de grande importância a avaliação da contribuição das emissões tanto das fontes móveis quanto fixas na RGABC, uma vez que os poluentes emitidos e gerados terão impactos não somente a nível local. / According to the State Decree nº. 52469/07, the Great ABC Region (GABCR) is satured with ozone once it presents peculiarities in relation to other locations in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), as a significantly high vehicle fleet, it also has a strong industrial character, with the presence of the Petrochemical Capuava Complex (PCPC) on the border between the cities of Mauá and Santo André, a densely occupied residential area. The objectives of this work were to simulate air quality for O3 in GABCR through the use of the CIT (Caltech Institute Technology) air quality model, considering three scenarios to evaluate the individual contribution of emissions from mobile and/or fixed sources for the formation of O3 and to evaluate the effects of the meteorological circulation of sea breeze on the transport of O3 and precursors. The study period was from September 28 to October 1, 2011 when there were exceedances of the quality standard and/or level of attention in the GABCR. The results showed that during the afternoon when the photochemical activity is more intense, the main wind directions were northwestern (NW) and southwestern (SW) with varying wind velocities from breezes to strong breezes (0.5 to 8.8 m/s). In this period the region was under the effect of local production and transport of O3 and precursors from the western, northern and southwestern suburbs of the MRSP and also from the city of São Paulo. In the early morning, morning and night the main direction of the winds was of southeast (SE), causing the GABCR to become exporter of pollutants. At the local level, the region most affected by the transport effect from the source area (PPCP), when under sea breeze, was the city of São Caetano Sul. Considering this specific simulation period, the comparison between the three scenarios in general showed higher concentrations in the O3 plume for scenario 3 (mobile + fixed sources) followed by scenarios 1 (mobile sources) and 2 (fixed sources), showing that HC emissions from the fixed source was more significant than those of NO for O3 formation. Thus, this work showed that it is of great importance to evaluate the contribution of emissions from both mobile and fixed sources in the GABCR, since the generated and emitted pollutants will have impacts not only at the local level.

L’un des objectifs de cette thèse est d’interpréter les observations des principaux hydrocarbures(C2H2 et C2H6) effectuées par Cassini (NASA/ESA) sur Jupiter et Saturne. Les modèles photochimiques à une dimension sont insuffisants pour interpréter ces observations spatialement résolues. J’ai développé le premier modèle photochimique saisonnier à deux dimensions (altitude-latitude) des planètes géantes qui calcule leur composition chimique.En l’absence de transport méridional, la composition chimique de Saturne suit les variations d’ensoleillement. Les abondances de C2H2 et C2H6 mesurées par Cassini (Guerletet al., 2009) sont reproduites jusqu’aux latitudes moyennes, à des pressions supérieures à0,1mbar. Les écarts notés dans l’hémisphère sud suggèrent la présence de dynamique ou d’une chimie entre les ions et les espèces neutres. J’ai couplé, pour la première fois, mon modèle photochimique avec le modèle radiatif de Greathouse et al. (2008). Nous prédisons un décalage du pic saisonnier de température, par rapport aux précédents modèles, d’une demi-saison à haute altitude et aux hautes latitudes.Jupiter présente de faibles variations saisonnières de composition chimique, uniquement contrôlées par son excentricité. Les distributions méridionales observées de C2H2 etC2H6 présentent des tendances opposées (Nixon et al., 2010). Mon modèle est en accord avec les observations de C2H6 lorsque j’invoque une combinaison de diffusion méridionale et de circulation stratosphérique, tout en provoquant un plus grand désaccord avec les observations de C2H2. La chimie ionique pourrait principalement affecter C2H2 et jouer un rôle important dans l’atmosphère de Jupiter. / One of the goals of this thesis is to interpret the observations of the main hydrocarbons(C2H2 and C2H6) from Cassini (NASA/ESA) on Jupiter and Saturn. The one-dimensional photochemical models are insufficient to explain these spatially resolved observations. I have developed the first two-dimensional (altitude-latitude) seasonal photochemical model for the giant planets, which predicts their chemical composition.Without meridional transport, Saturn’s chemical composition follows the insolation variations. The C2H2 and C2H6 abundances measured by Cassini (Guerlet et al., 2009)are reproduced from the equator up to mid-latitudes, at pressures higher than 0.1mbar.At higher latitudes, the disagreements suggest either a stratospheric circulation cell orthe signature of ion-neutral chemistry. For the first time, I have coupled our seasonal photochemical model with the seasonal radiative model of Greathouse et al. (2008). I predict that the seasonal temperature peak is shifted half a season earlier, with respect to previous models, at high latitudes in the higher stratosphere.Jupiter shows weak seasonal variations of chemical composition, only controlled by its orbital eccentricity. The observed meridional distributions of C2H2 and C2H6 show opposition trends (Nixon et al., 2010). C2H6 observed distribution is reproduced when Isuppose a combination of meridional diffusion and stratospheric circulation, while causingat the same time a stronger agreement with the C2H2 observations. Accounting for theion-neutral chemistry might preferentially affect C2H2 and potentially play a key role on hydrocarbon abundances in Jupiter’s stratosphere.