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Two separate aspects involving the thiophenes of the Tageteae (Asteraceae) were investigated. The first concerned the distribution of four thiophenes in Tagetes patula L. which were examined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The derivatives were found to be differentially distributed throughout hydroponically grown plants. The predominant thiophenes in roots were 5-(4-acetoxy-1-butenyl)-2,2'-bithienyl (BBT-OAc) and 5-(buten-3-ynyl)-2,2'-bithienyl (BBT). BBT-OAc was the main derivative in shoots, whereas 2,2':5',2''-terthienyl (alpha-T) was the major compound in flower petals. BBT and one unidentified compound were found to occur in leaf glands. The levels of BBT-OAc in shoots and BBT-OAc and BBT in roots increased over the life of the plant and reached a plateau following flowering. Alpha-T in roots and both alpha-T and BBT in shoots remained at low levels over the life of the plant while 5-(4-hydroxy-1-butenyl)-2,2'-bithienyl (BBT-OH) was found to be an minor component of roots or shoots. Fourteen species from four genera of the tribe Tageteae were also screened for the presence of thiophenes by HPLC. Representatives of Dyssodia, Porophyllum, and Tagetes all contained thiophenes, but none were detected in species of Pectis. The second part of this study concerned the photobiocidal effects of isolated thiophenes on Escherichia coli B which was used as a model biological system. Alpha-terthienyl (alpha-T), in the presence of UV-A irradiation (320nm-400nm), was found to be a Type II photosensitizer which required oxygen for the expression of biological activity. Scavenger studies with sodium azide and BHT suggested that both singlet oxygen and superoxide were generated by the photosensitized reaction. Cellular inactivation by alpha-T was sensitive to temperature and studies with recombination deficient mutants of E. coli K-12 did not indicate that damage to cellular DNA occurred. Proteins were found to be substantially affected by the photoactivated reaction. SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed that both cytoplasmic and membrane-associated proteins might be. crosslinked following treatment with alpha-T and UV-A. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo a síntese e o estudo do processo de cristalização dos sistemas vítreos B2O3-BaO-SiO2, e B2O3-BaO-SiO2-Al2O3, assim como do sistema B2O3-BaO-SiO2 dopado com cério e prata. Amostras do sistema B2O3-BaO-SiO2 contendo 8 e 15% de SiO2, amostras do sistema B2O3-BaO-SiO2-Al2O3 contendo 2, 4 e 8 mol% de Al2O3 e amostras do sistema B2O3-BaO-SiO2 contendo 15% de SiO2 dopada com cério e prata foram caracterizadas através da técnica de analise térmica diferencial (DTA), difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia óptica (MO), espectroscopia Raman, medidas de transmissão na região do ultra-violeta/visível e medidas de luminescência. O estudo do processo de cristalização revelou que em todas as amostras prevaleceu o mecanismo de cristalização superficial. O tratamento térmico em temperaturas acima de Tg e abaixo de Tc levou a formação de uma única fase cristalina, a fase beta -BaB2O4 (beta-BBO). A morfologia dos cristais da fase beta -BBO presentes na superfície das amostras vítreas depende da quantidade de SiO2 e Al2O3. A amostra dopada com cério e prata quando submetida a radiação proveniente de um laser de HeCd e a um posterior tratamento térmico a 400 ºC apresentou somente um efeito de fotosensibilidade superficial devido a alta absorção dos átomos de cério presentes na amostra. / The main purpose of this work was the synthesis and study of the crystallization process of B2O3-BaO-SiO2 and B2O3-BaO-SiO2-Al2O3 as well cerium and silver co-doped B2O3-BaO-SiO2 glassy systems. Samples of 8 and 15 mol% SiO2-containing B2O3-BaO-SiO2 system, 2, 4 and 8 mol% Al2O3-containing B2O3-BaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system and samples 15% mol % SiO2-containing B2O3-BaO-SiO2 system doped with cerium and silver were characterized by different techniques as differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and Raman spectroscopy. The study of the crystallization process showed that, in all the prepared samples, surface crystallization was the predominant mechanism. The heat treatment at temperatures above Tg and below Tc led to the formation of a single crystalline phase: beta-BaB2O4 (abbreviated as beta-BBO). The morphology of the crystals that appear at the glass surface depends on the amount of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the systems. When subjected to radiation from a HeCd laser and a subsequent heat treatment at 400 ºC, the glass system doped with cerium and silver, showed a photosensitivity effect on the surface due to high absorption of cerium atoms present on the glass sample.

Photosensitive behaviors and circadian rhythms are well documented in reef-building corals and their larvae, yet photoreceptive structures and opsins have not been described in these organisms. Here I provide evidence for red sensitivity in several species of coral larvae. Behavioral experiments with two Caribbean corals, Porites astreoides and Acropora palmata demonstrated that larvae settle and metamorphose at a greater frequency on red substrata than on similar substrata of other colors. Attachment to red substrata was not observed when larvae were maintained in the dark, suggesting that red sensitivity was responsible for the observed behavior. Extracellular recordings confirm photosensitivity and indicate that the peak sensitivity of coral photoreceptors are shifted towards the orange-red region of the visible light spectrum, similar to the spectra (fluorescence and reflectance) of preferred artificial (plastic) and natural (crustose coralline algae) settlement substrata. Using Blast analyses and a PCRbased approach, I have identified, sequenced and cloned two full-length opsin cDNAs from A. palmata larvae. One cDNA (Acropsin 1) encodes an opsin protein that is similar to a vertebrate melanopsin; the second (Acropsin 2) encodes a protein that is most similar to cephalopod rod opsin. I have successfully developed synthetic peptide antibodies against each Acropsin 1 and Acropsin 2. Western blots of adult A. palmata and A. cervicornis protein detect a 37kDa and 40kDa band, corresponding to the predicted molecular weights of Acropsins 1 and 2, respectively. Immunohistochemistry confirms expression of both opsins in A. palmata larvae. Staining of sectioned larvae demonstrates that Acropsin 1 is localized in the larval gastroderm while Acropsin 2 is localized in solitary epithelial cells, scattered throughout the larval ectoderm but with a polarized distribution and higher concentration in the aboral epidermis. This research provides several lines of evidence to support the existence, and demonstrate one potential ecological function, of opsin-based photosensitivity in corals.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12696.pdf: 380416 bytes, checksum: b41e65f3de160c24632b1af1ee4ac0ee (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12696.pdf: 380416 bytes, checksum: b41e65f3de160c24632b1af1ee4ac0ee (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo

Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo a síntese e o estudo do processo de cristalização dos sistemas vítreos B2O3-BaO-SiO2, e B2O3-BaO-SiO2-Al2O3, assim como do sistema B2O3-BaO-SiO2 dopado com cério e prata. Amostras do sistema B2O3-BaO-SiO2 contendo 8 e 15% de SiO2, amostras do sistema B2O3-BaO-SiO2-Al2O3 contendo 2, 4 e 8 mol% de Al2O3 e amostras do sistema B2O3-BaO-SiO2 contendo 15% de SiO2 dopada com cério e prata foram caracterizadas através da técnica de analise térmica diferencial (DTA), difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia óptica (MO), espectroscopia Raman, medidas de transmissão na região do ultra-violeta/visível e medidas de luminescência. O estudo do processo de cristalização revelou que em todas as amostras prevaleceu o mecanismo de cristalização superficial. O tratamento térmico em temperaturas acima de Tg e abaixo de Tc levou a formação de uma única fase cristalina, a fase beta -BaB2O4 (beta-BBO). A morfologia dos cristais da fase beta -BBO presentes na superfície das amostras vítreas depende da quantidade de SiO2 e Al2O3. A amostra dopada com cério e prata quando submetida a radiação proveniente de um laser de HeCd e a um posterior tratamento térmico a 400 ºC apresentou somente um efeito de fotosensibilidade superficial devido a alta absorção dos átomos de cério presentes na amostra. / The main purpose of this work was the synthesis and study of the crystallization process of B2O3-BaO-SiO2 and B2O3-BaO-SiO2-Al2O3 as well cerium and silver co-doped B2O3-BaO-SiO2 glassy systems. Samples of 8 and 15 mol% SiO2-containing B2O3-BaO-SiO2 system, 2, 4 and 8 mol% Al2O3-containing B2O3-BaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system and samples 15% mol % SiO2-containing B2O3-BaO-SiO2 system doped with cerium and silver were characterized by different techniques as differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and Raman spectroscopy. The study of the crystallization process showed that, in all the prepared samples, surface crystallization was the predominant mechanism. The heat treatment at temperatures above Tg and below Tc led to the formation of a single crystalline phase: beta-BaB2O4 (abbreviated as beta-BBO). The morphology of the crystals that appear at the glass surface depends on the amount of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the systems. When subjected to radiation from a HeCd laser and a subsequent heat treatment at 400 ºC, the glass system doped with cerium and silver, showed a photosensitivity effect on the surface due to high absorption of cerium atoms present on the glass sample.

No description available.