Quorum-sensing amongst Gram-negative bacteria is an important method of intercellular communication required for conveying information about population density. The extracellular accumulation of the signal molecule involved, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), leading to increases in internal physiological concentration, allows phenotypic switching to occur that is beneficial to the bacterial population. In our laboratory, analysis of the effect of AHL on phenotype currently involves creating null mutants unable to produce AHL, then reintroducing the signal molecule exogenously. With the increasing number of human, animal and plant pathogens utilising AHL quorum-sensing for regulating viirulence, AHLs have become prime targets for anti-infective therapy and crop-protection. The research described here has investigated methods of inhibition of quorum-sensing through the AHL signal molecule. These include the application of extremes of temperature and pH, and isolation and characterisation of the first recombinant human antibody fragment specific to AHLs from a naive phage display library, which could be used to examine cell-cell communication without the need for gene manipulation.

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The circadian system in mammals is arranged as a hierarchical network of oscillators, with the master pacemaker of circadian rhythms located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and peripheral oscillators in most other organ and tissue systems of the body. The molecular machinery responsible for generating circadian rhythms is composed of interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops with the gene Brain Muscle Arnt-like 1 (Bmal1) functioning as a core positive regulator. Using the mouse, Mus musculus as a model system, we studied the post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating Bmal1 expression in the SCN pacemaker and in peripheral oscillators. Target prediction algorithms were used to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) predicted to target Bmal1. We profiled the temporal expression of miR-142-3p in the mouse SCN in vivo and in an immortalized SCN cell line and observed robust circadian rhythms in its expression in the SCN. Following luciferase-reporter and site-directed mutagenesis analyses, we identified miR-142-3p as a bona-fide post-transcriptional repressor of Bmal1. The temporal expression of potential Bmal1-targeting miRNAs was also examined in the circulation in mouse serum. In mice housed in a light-dark cycle, diurnal oscillations were observed in serum levels of miR-152 and miR-494, but not miR-142-3p expression. Luciferase reporter studies indicated that miR-494, both independently and synergistically with miR-142-3p, repressed the Bmal1 3′ UTR. Overexpression of these miRNAs disrupted ensemble circadian rhythms of PER2::LUCIFERASE activity in cultured fibroblasts. Overexpression of the miRNAs also increased their extracellular levels and their intracellular accumulation in recipient cultures exposed to conditioned medium. Furthermore, inhibition of exocytosis and endocytosis affected ensemble circadian rhythms in cultured fibroblasts. The results thus implicate miR-142-3p and miR-494 in the regulation of Bmal1 expression in the SCN and peripheral oscillators and suggest that miRNAs may function as both, intracellular and extracellular (cis- and trans- acting) signals, modulating the core clock mechanism in the SCN and in fine-tuning the synchronization of circadian rhythmicity between cell-autonomous oscillators in the periphery.

Les plasmodesmes sont des nanopores membranaires qui traversent la paroi des cellules végétales. Ces nanostructures jouent un rôle central en communication intercellulaire et agissent comme des centres de signalisation capables de générer et de relayer le signal de cellule à cellule via l’activité de récepteurs. En tant qu’éléments clés de la communication intercellulaire, les plasmodesmes coordonnent les processus liés à la croissance et au développement des plantes ainsi que les réponses aux stress environnementaux. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié trois récepteurs de la famille des récepteurs riches en leucine (LRRRLK), capables de relocaliser de manière dynamique au niveau des plasmodesmes après un stress abiotique. L'association plasmodesmale est rapide et survient en moins de 2 minutes. Cette association dynamique n’est pas un comportement général des protéines associées à la membrane plasmique ou aux microdomaines membranaires. En focalisant notre étude sur SAK1 (Sucrose Activated Kinase) nous avons démontré que l'association dynamique aux plasmodesmes est indépendante de la composition en stérols ou en sphingolipides et est partiellement dépendante du statut de phosphorylation de cette protéine. Nous avons identifié un strech d'acide aminé polybasique dans le domaine Juxtamembrane (JMD) de SAK1, décrit chez l’homme comme interagissant avec les lipides anioniques, qui est indispensable à l'association conditionnelle aux plasmodesmes. Au total, nos données indiquent que les changements dans la membrane signature moléculaire des domaines spécialisés plasmodesmes accompagne les réponses aux stimuli externes. / Plasmodesmata pores sustain intercellular communication in plants. They act as specialized signalling hubs clustering receptor activities, and are capable of generating and relaying signalling from cell-to-cell. As key elements in intercellular communication, plasmodesmata coordinate processes related to plant growth, development and environmental stresses responses. In this study, we identified three PM-located Leucine Rich Repeat Receptor Like Kinases (LRR-RLKs) that are able to dynamically and conditionally relocate to plasmodesmata upon abiotic stress. Plasmodesmal association occurs within 2 minutes and is not a general behaviour of PM or microdomain-associated proteins. Focusing on SAK1 (SUCROSE ACTIVATED KINASE) we demonstrated that the plasmodesmal dynamic association is neither dependent of sterol or sphingolipid composition and nor driven by the protein phosphorylation status. Importantly, we identified a polybasic amino acid motif in the Juxtamembrane Domain (JMD) of SAK1 predicted to bind anionic lipids that is critical for conditional plasmodesmal association. Altogether our data indicate that changes in the membrane molecular signature of plasmodesmata specialized domains accompanies responses to external stimuli.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Glioblastoma is a lethal cancer that arises from support cells in the nervous system and kills around 20,000 people in the United States each year. While much is known about the highly malignant primary glioblastoma, the natural history of lower grade glioma (LGG) is less understood. While the majority of LGGs are initiated by a mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase, the events leading to their malignant progression into a grade IV tumor are not known. Analysis of primary tumor sample data has revealed that low transcript levels of Angiomotin-like-1 (AmotL1) strongly associate with poor outcomes of patients with these cancers. Follow-up RNA-sequencing of human embryonic astrocytes with AmotL1 silencing revealed the downregulation of many transcripts that encode proteins mediating gap junctions (GJ) between astrocytes, especially connexin-43 (Cx43). Cx43 protein oligomerizes to form functional channels comprising the astrocytic GJ. AmotL1 knockdown through RNA interference decreases Cx43 transcript and protein levels while increasing its distribution to GJs. This suggests increased GJ formation and intercellular communication, as similar localization patterns are observed in differentiated astrocytes. Astrocytes with AmotL1 knockdown also display a pronounced pancake-like morphology, suggesting that the actin cytoskeleton is affected. Imaging reveals that cells with reduced AmotL1 have characteristic losses in both stress fibers and focal actin under the cell body but notable increases in cortical F-actin. Consistent with previous studies, AmotL1 may promote increases in the number and thickness of F-actin fibers. Because actin binding to related angiomotins is inhibited by phosphorylation from the LATs kinases, I define the effects of expressing wildtype AmotL1 versus mutants that mimic or prevent phosphorylation by LATs1/2. Interestingly, expression of AmotL1 S262D in combination with NEDD4-1, a ubiquitin ligase, results in a profound loss of actin stress fibers. Dependence on NEDD4-1 suggests that this phenotype is due to the induced degradation of proteins that promote F-actin, e.g. RhoA. These results directly support a model in which phosphorylated AmotL1 specifically inhibits F-actin formation as opposed to unphosphorylated AmotL1 which is known to promote stress fiber formation. Thus, in addition to regulating polarity and YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators, AmotL1 plays major functions in dictating cellular F-actin dynamics. / 2021-01-01

Prostaglandins, released from Kupffer cells, have been shown to mediate the increase in hepatic glycogenolysis by various stimuli such as zymosan, endotoxin, immune complexes, and anaphylotoxin C3a involving prostaglandin (PG) receptors coupled to phospholipase C via a G(0) protein. PGs also decreased glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis in hepatocytes by a different signal chain involving PGE(2) receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase via a G(i) protein (EP(3) receptors). The source of the prostaglandins for this latter glucagon-antagonistic action is so far unknown. This study provides evidence that Kupffer cells may be one source: in Kupffer cells, maintained in primary culture for 72 hours, glucagon (0.1 to 10 nmol/ L) increased PGE(2), PGF(2 alpha), and PGD(2) synthesis rapidly and transiently. Maximal prostaglandin concentrations were reached after 5 minutes. Glucagon (1 nmol/L) elevated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and inositol triphosphate (InsP(3)) levels in Kupffer cells about fivefold and twofold, respectively. The increase in glyco gen phosphorylase activity elicited by 1 nmol/L glucagon was about twice as large in monocultures of hepatocytes than in cocultures of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells with the same hepatocyte density. Treatment of cocultures with 500 mu mol/L acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to irreversibly inhibit cyclooxygenase (PGH-synthase) 30 minutes before addition of glucagon abolished this difference. These data support the hypothesis that PGs produced by Kupffer cells in response to glucagon might participate in a feedback loop inhibiting glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis in hepatocytes.

The contractile state of microcirculatory vessels is a major determinant of the blood pressure of the whole systemic circulation. Continuous bi-directional communication exists between the endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that regulates calcium (Ca2+) dynamics in these cells. This study presents theoretical approaches to understand some of the important and currently unresolved microcirculatory phenomena. Agonist induced events at local sites have been shown to spread long distances in the microcirculation. We have developed a multicellular computational model by integrating detailed single EC and SMC models with gap junction and nitric oxide (NO) coupling to understand the mechanisms behind this effect. Simulations suggest that spreading vasodilation mainly occurs through Ca2+ independent passive conduction of hyperpolarization in RMAs. Model predicts a superior role for intercellular diffusion of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (IP3) than Ca2+ in modulating the spreading response. Endothelial derived signals are initiated even during vasoconstriction of stimulated SMCs by the movement of Ca2+ and/or IP3 into the EC which provide hyperpolarizing feedback to SMCs to counter the ongoing constriction. Myoendothelial projections (MPs) present in the ECs have been recently proposed to play a role in myoendothelial feedback. We have developed two models using compartmental and 2D finite element methods to examine the role of these MPs by adding a sub compartment in the EC to simulate MP with localization of intermediate conductance calcium activated potassium channels (IKCa) and IP3 receptors (IP3R). Both models predicted IP3 mediated high Ca2+ gradients in the MP after SMC stimulation with limited global spread. This Ca2+ transient generated a hyperpolarizing feedback of ~ 2-3mV. Endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) is the dominant form of endothelial control of SMC constriction in the microcirculation. A number of factors have been proposed for the role of EDHF but no single pathway is agreed upon. We have examined the potential of myoendothelial gap junctions (MEGJs) and potassium (K+) accumulation as EDHF using two models (compartmental and 2D finite element). An extra compartment is added in SMC to simulate micro domains (MD) which have NaKα2 isoform sodium potassium pumps. Simulations predict that MEGJ coupling is much stronger in producing EDHF than alone K+ accumulation. On the contrary, K+ accumulation can alter other important parameters (EC Vm, IKCa current) and inhibit its own release as well as EDHF conduction via MEGJs. The models developed in this study are essential building blocks for future models and provide important insights to the current understanding of myoendothelial feedback and EDHF.

Brain metastasis of breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in patients suffering from cancer. The unique structure and components of the brain microenvironment, including the brain-blood barrier and the immune-suppressive environment, present significant clinical challenges to treating brain metastatic breast cancers. This study has hypothesized that the thriving of metastatic breast cancer cells within the brain is driven by the complex interactions between cancer cells and the brain tumor microenvironment, which is reshaped into a tumor-permissive environment. Therefore, by utilizing mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, this study focused on analyzing the secretome and cell surfaceome of metastatic breast cancer and brain-residential cells to reveal the interactions between these cells and contribution to various cancer-developing biological processes, including cell growth and proliferation, cell death and apoptosis, immune modulation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The project was conducted in three tiers: (1) profiling the secreted and cell membrane proteins, (2) mapping ligand-receptor interactions using an in-house ligand-receptor database, and (3) determining the functional roles of the interacting ligands and receptors. The analysis revealed a complex network of intercellular communications demonstrating how the cancer cells could potentially influence the brain residential cells and, conversely, how the brain cells could influence the cancer cells and contribute to reshaping the tumor microenvironments to support cancer progression. 3D co-culture spheroid models further underlined the influence of cell-cell interactions on tumor growth. Altogether, this work provides an integrated approach to understanding the molecular cross-talk within the brain tumor microenvironment and in-depth insights into potential therapeutic targets to disrupt tumor-promoting changes in the brain metastatic niche. / Master of Science / Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among women in the US, and metastatic cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths. The spread of breast cancer to the brain is particularly challenging because of the special conditions within the brain, including the protective blood-brain barrier, specialized stromal cells, and immunosuppressive microenvironment. It is important to understand how the cells of primary breast cancer survive and grow in the brain with the aim of improving treatment. This study has hypothesized that the thriving of metastatic breast cancer cells within the brain is driven by the complex interactions between cancer cells and the brain tumor microenvironment, which is reshaped into a tumor-permissive environment. This study also explored the processes by which breast cancer cells interface with and restructure the brain microenvironment to support tumor growth and survival. We aimed to (1) profile secreted and cell surface proteins, (2) map ligand-receptor interactions based on a custom pairing database, and (3) investigate the functional roles of these interactions in the brain metastatic niche. Employing advanced mass spectrometry, we identified a complex network of pathways that could drive communication between cancer and brain cells, and mediate biological processes that include tumor growth, suppression of immune response, and blood vessel formation. Moreover, by co-culturing cancer and brain cells together in 3D spheroid models, we observed how the presence of brain cells would affect the cancer cell behavior. This study elucidates very important features that could enable breast cancer cells to thrive in the brain and also highlights possible ways to disrupt such deleterious interactions. Ultimately, this study contributes to opening the door to finding new treatment strategies that can improve the outlook for patients with brain metastatic cancer.