Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Glioblastoma is a lethal cancer that arises from support cells in the nervous system and kills around 20,000 people in the United States each year. While much is known about the highly malignant primary glioblastoma, the natural history of lower grade glioma (LGG) is less understood. While the majority of LGGs are initiated by a mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase, the events leading to their malignant progression into a grade IV tumor are not known. Analysis of primary tumor sample data has revealed that low transcript levels of Angiomotin-like-1 (AmotL1) strongly associate with poor outcomes of patients with these cancers. Follow-up RNA-sequencing of human embryonic astrocytes with AmotL1 silencing revealed the downregulation of many transcripts that encode proteins mediating gap junctions (GJ) between astrocytes, especially connexin-43 (Cx43). Cx43 protein oligomerizes to form functional channels comprising the astrocytic GJ. AmotL1 knockdown through RNA interference decreases Cx43 transcript and protein levels while increasing its distribution to GJs. This suggests increased GJ formation and intercellular communication, as similar localization patterns are observed in differentiated astrocytes. Astrocytes with AmotL1 knockdown also display a pronounced pancake-like morphology, suggesting that the actin cytoskeleton is affected. Imaging reveals that cells with reduced AmotL1 have characteristic losses in both stress fibers and focal actin under the cell body but notable increases in cortical F-actin. Consistent with previous studies, AmotL1 may promote increases in the number and thickness of F-actin fibers. Because actin binding to related angiomotins is inhibited by phosphorylation from the LATs kinases, I define the effects of expressing wildtype AmotL1 versus mutants that mimic or prevent phosphorylation by LATs1/2. Interestingly, expression of AmotL1 S262D in combination with NEDD4-1, a ubiquitin ligase, results in a profound loss of actin stress fibers. Dependence on NEDD4-1 suggests that this phenotype is due to the induced degradation of proteins that promote F-actin, e.g. RhoA. These results directly support a model in which phosphorylated AmotL1 specifically inhibits F-actin formation as opposed to unphosphorylated AmotL1 which is known to promote stress fiber formation. Thus, in addition to regulating polarity and YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators, AmotL1 plays major functions in dictating cellular F-actin dynamics. / 2021-01-01

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la communication intercellulaire par jonctions gap (CIJG) est connue pour être impliquée dans la cancérogenèse. Cette implication semble complexe par le fait que les connexines pourraient augmenter la capacité d’invasion des cellules cancéreuses tout en diminuant leur prolifération. Ceci était particulièrement observé pour la connexine 43 (Cx43) dans le cas de cellules de gliomes. Or, les propriétés d’invasion des gliomes de haut grade, les glioblastomes multiformes (GBM), les rendent difficiles à supprimer par résection chirurgicale et favorisent leur récidive.<br/> Afin de préciser le rôle de la Cx43 dans le contrôle des capacités invasives de cellules de GBM, nous avons utilisé une lignée de cellules de glioblastome humaine U251 exprimant par shRNA des niveaux, en ARNm et protéiques, de Cx43 réduits. Ces clones shRNA des cellules U251 montrent une corrélation entre le niveau d’expression de la Cx43 et le processus d’invasion. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons montré, pour la première fois, que la Cx43 est localisée dans les structures protéolytiques permettant l’invasion, les invadopodes. Nous avons démontré aussi que, par sa localisation, la Cx43 favorise la formation des invadopodes en agissant comme une protéine d’échafaudage qui permet l’interaction de Src de la Cortactine. De plus, l’activité hémicanal de la Cx43, probablement inhibée par le Bisphénol A, possède des effets négatifs sur la cinétique de développement des invadopodes. Une étude du protéome et du sécrétome des cellules U251 et des clones shRNA a permis l’identification des protéines impliquées dans l’invasion et la formation et fonction des invadopodes.<br/> En conclusion, la Cx43 participe au processus invasif des cellules de GBM en favorisant la formation et la fonction des invadopodes. Cette nouvelle fonction de la Cx43 semble être la conséquence de ses propriétés de protéines d’échafaudage et hémicanal, et non de son rôle principalement décrit dans la CIJG. / Since several decades, the gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is known to be involved in carcinogenesis. This involvement seems complicated by the fact that connexins could increase cancer cells invasion ability while decreasing their proliferation. This was especially observed for connexin 43 (Cx43) in the case of glioma cells. But high-grade gliomas, glioblastoma multiform (GBM) has invasion properties that make it difficult to remove surgically and promote their recurrence.<br/> To clarify the Cx43 role in the control of GBM cells invasive capacities, we used the GBM U251 cell line expressing Cx43 levels, mRNA and protein, reduced by shRNA strategy. Through this approach, we confirmed that Cx43 expression level is associated with the invasive capacity of GBM cells. Furthermore we have shown, for the first time, that Cx43 is localized in invasive proteolytic structures, the invadopodia. We also show that, by its location, Cx43 promotes invadopodia formation by acting as a scaffolding protein that allows Src and Cortactin interaction. Moreover, Cx43 hemichannel activity, probably inhibited by Bisphenol A, has negative effects on invadopodia kinetics development. A proteome and secretome study of U251 cells and shRNA clones allowed the identification of proteins involved in invasion and invadopodia formation and function.<br/>In conclusion, Cx43 participates in the invasive process of GBM cells by promoting invadopodia formation and function. This new function of Cx43 seems to be the result of its scaffold proteins and hemichannel properties, but not its role described mainly in CIJG.