Brazilian logistics is the aim of this thesis, which includes discussion concerning main problems and difficulties faced by the Brazilian corporations with respect to transportation infrastrucuture, handling, storage, production and delivery for internal and external marketing. Verifying how Brazil can improve its logistics industry in order to achieve innovative forms of sustainability is the purpose of this discussion. On pursuing this path, historical data was obtained with respect to Brazilian logistics industry, which can partly explain the inefficiency of priority road as a single modal mean and pollution effects. An extensive literature review about sustainability, logistics, Physical Internet and transportation systems is carried out. Concepts from Physical Internet are studied in order to verify how logistics could be improved, national and international commercial relationships and social welfare as well. Through this research, it was possible to obtain evidences that an important Southeast located sugar cane plant uses a small percentage of its own transportation and private hired to distribute its final product. Road transportation covers internal market while road and overseas transportation is directed to external markets. Applying Physical Internet concepts like hyperconnected distribution network using Simulator Logistics Analytics 8, was determinant on verifying that is possible to make use of systemic distribution network, which complies with diverse sorts of multimodality demand and, at the same time, providing sustainability indicators. In Brazil\'s Southeast it would be possible if governmental and private actors could be interested on investing, maybe on a partnership basis, in a viability project. / Esta tese compreende um estudo sobre logística brasileira. Os principais problemas e dificuldades que as empresas brasileiras enfrentam em relação à infraestrutura do transporte, manuseio, armazenagem, produção e entrega para comercializar interna e externamente. A proposta foi verificar como o Brasil pode melhorar o sistema logístico em termos de sustentabilidade e de uma forma inovadora. Para isso, a pesquisa levantou os dados históricos em relação à logística no Brasil, o que explicou em parte, os problemas de ineficiência da unimodalidade rodoviária prioritária, além dos efeitos poluidores. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre sustentabilidade, logística, Physical Internet e sistemas de transporte. Os conceitos da Physical Internet foram estudados para verificar como poderim melhorar sua logística, as relações comerciais nacionais e internacionais, bem como o melhor bem-estar social em uma delas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta pesquisa baseou-se em um estudo de caso utilizando um software de simulação logística, desenvolvido para esse fim. Por meio da pesquisa de campo, foi observado que uma importante usina de cana-de-açúcar na região Sudeste utiliza uma pequena porcentagem de seu próprio transporte para a distribuição do produto acabado e de empresas de transporte contratadas especificamente para distribuir seu produto na maioria das localidades. O transporte é feito por modo rodoviário, apenas para comercio exterior é que se utiliza rodoviário e marítimo. Aplicando os conceitos de Internet Física, a rede de distribuição hiperconectada, utilizando o Simulador Logístico Anylogic 8, foi possível verificar que é possível utilizar uma rede de distribuição sistêmica, atendendo a diversos tipos de demanda com multimodalidade e, ao mesmo tempo, ter indicadores de sustentabilidade. No Sudeste do Brasil, seria possível que atores governamentais e privados se interessassem e investissem, talvez em parceria, em um projeto de viabilidade.

Brazilian logistics is the aim of this thesis, which includes discussion concerning main problems and difficulties faced by the Brazilian corporations with respect to transportation infrastrucuture, handling, storage, production and delivery for internal and external marketing. Verifying how Brazil can improve its logistics industry in order to achieve innovative forms of sustainability is the purpose of this discussion. On pursuing this path, historical data was obtained with respect to Brazilian logistics industry, which can partly explain the inefficiency of priority road as a single modal mean and pollution effects. An extensive literature review about sustainability, logistics, Physical Internet and transportation systems is carried out. Concepts from Physical Internet are studied in order to verify how logistics could be improved, national and international commercial relationships and social welfare as well. Through this research, it was possible to obtain evidences that an important Southeast located sugar cane plant uses a small percentage of its own transportation and private hired to distribute its final product. Road transportation covers internal market while road and overseas transportation is directed to external markets. Applying Physical Internet concepts like hyperconnected distribution network using Simulator Logistics Analytics 8, was determinant on verifying that is possible to make use of systemic distribution network, which complies with diverse sorts of multimodality demand and, at the same time, providing sustainability indicators. In Brazil\'s Southeast it would be possible if governmental and private actors could be interested on investing, maybe on a partnership basis, in a viability project. / Esta tese compreende um estudo sobre logística brasileira. Os principais problemas e dificuldades que as empresas brasileiras enfrentam em relação à infraestrutura do transporte, manuseio, armazenagem, produção e entrega para comercializar interna e externamente. A proposta foi verificar como o Brasil pode melhorar o sistema logístico em termos de sustentabilidade e de uma forma inovadora. Para isso, a pesquisa levantou os dados históricos em relação à logística no Brasil, o que explicou em parte, os problemas de ineficiência da unimodalidade rodoviária prioritária, além dos efeitos poluidores. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre sustentabilidade, logística, Physical Internet e sistemas de transporte. Os conceitos da Physical Internet foram estudados para verificar como poderim melhorar sua logística, as relações comerciais nacionais e internacionais, bem como o melhor bem-estar social em uma delas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta pesquisa baseou-se em um estudo de caso utilizando um software de simulação logística, desenvolvido para esse fim. Por meio da pesquisa de campo, foi observado que uma importante usina de cana-de-açúcar na região Sudeste utiliza uma pequena porcentagem de seu próprio transporte para a distribuição do produto acabado e de empresas de transporte contratadas especificamente para distribuir seu produto na maioria das localidades. O transporte é feito por modo rodoviário, apenas para comercio exterior é que se utiliza rodoviário e marítimo. Aplicando os conceitos de Internet Física, a rede de distribuição hiperconectada, utilizando o Simulador Logístico Anylogic 8, foi possível verificar que é possível utilizar uma rede de distribuição sistêmica, atendendo a diversos tipos de demanda com multimodalidade e, ao mesmo tempo, ter indicadores de sustentabilidade. No Sudeste do Brasil, seria possível que atores governamentais e privados se interessassem e investissem, talvez em parceria, em um projeto de viabilidade.

Les villes sont de plus en plus au cœur d’enjeux contradictoires. D’un côté le e-commerce a considérablement augmenté les flux circulant en ville. D’un autre côté on aspire à créer des espaces de vie agréables et piétons, dans lesquels les véhicules de marchandises sont souvent proscrits. L’approvisionnement est pourtant indispensable pour conserver l’attractivité de la ville.Face à cela, la logistique urbaine est apparue, visant à organiser le dernier maillon de la chaine logistique en élaborant des solutions dont les aires de livraison, la réglementation ou encore les Centres de Distribution Urbaine (CDU). Il s’agit d’une plateforme de mutualisation logistique, localisée à proximité du centre-ville et des grands axes routiers. Sa mission est de consolider le fret à destination de la ville afin de réduire le nombre de camions et d’utiliser des modes de livraison doux tel le véhicule électrique ou le triporteur.Pourtant les CDU peinent à atteindre une zone d’équilibre économique. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier si un CDU peut être rentable dans une ville européenne de taille moyenne. Nous montrerons que oui mais sous certaines conditions que nous préciserons et testerons.Pour cela, nous avons développé deux modèles, l’un économique basé sur les coûts opérationnels du CDU, et l’autre physique basé sur les temps du processus de livraison. Ce dernier présente l’intérêt d’identifier des leviers pour améliorer la performance économique du CDU et de pouvoir tester leur impact. Nous avons illustré certains leviers dans une étude de cas au cours de laquelle l’impact de la morphologie, le type de véhicules ou encore le prix de vente, par ex., ont été testés. / The supply of freight inside cities is the last link of global logistics. Cities are actually in the middle of contradictory issues. On one hand the e-commerce revolution has significantly increased the ingoing flow inside the city. On the other hand people yearn to create pleasant pedestrian spaces of life in which vehicles are not welcome. Yet, freight supply is required to keep the attractiveness of city. It is necessary to provide solutions meeting all these needs.A lot of solutions have been studied to face city logistics issues. Among them, we focus our research on a flow pooling solution exploiting an Urban Consolidation Centre (UCC). It consists of a centralization platform for the distribution of freight intended for the city centre. The purpose is to pool freight from different carriers to limit the use of resources in urban areas. This kind of project is particularly designed to avoid semis from entering the city. Thus, the warehouse is located as close as possible to city centres as well as being as accessible as possible for carriers.Despite the enthusiasm for the UCC concept, this type of solution has not shown much success until now. That is why we choose to concentrate our approach on the observation and assessment of logistics costs to operate a UCC in real life with the aim to answer the question: Can an UCC be viable in a middle size European city? Particularly, we show this is the case but with some specific conditions that we present in details.To do so, we developed two models: the first one is an economical model based on operational costs and the second is a physical model based on the study of process ‘times. The combination between both models gave the opportunity to highlight some levers. Then we tested these levers on case studies and we suggest some improvement of the performance thanks to a new logistics organisation called « Physical Internet ».

Bien que le transport de marchandises joue un rôle essentiel dans le secteur économique et que la demande de transport de marchandises augmente, les transporteurs sur le marché du fret ont encore du mal à maintenir et à améliorer leurs revenus. Pour répondre aux défis, Revenue Management (RM) et l’Internet Physique (PI) sont adoptés comme solution dans cette thèse. RM est une méthode, issue de l’industrie du transport aérien, qui permet de maximiser les revenus. PI est un système logistique entièrement interconnecté, ouvert et dynamique visant à développer des réseaux logistiques mondiaux interconnectés ouverts afin d'accroître l'efficacité et la durabilité de la logistique. Cette thèse examine l’application de RM dans PI pour améliorer les revenus des transporteurs de chargement partiel. L’application de RM dans PI est étudiée à partir de quatre questions de recherche sur RM : la tarification, le contrôle de capacité, les prévisions et la tarification groupée. De plus, pour chaque question de recherche, une étude expérimentale est menée pour évaluer la faisabilité et les performances des modèles d'optimisation proposés correspondant à chaque question. Les résultats fournissent aux transporteurs des implications en termes de gestion et des conseils constructifs leur permettant d’optimiser leurs revenus à plusieurs niveaux, en tenant compte de situations et de scénarios différents. Dans l’ensemble, cette recherche examine Revenue Management du point des transporteurs de chargement partiel opérant dans un environnement très dynamique tel que l’Internet Physique. Les travaux de cette recherche donnent un aperçu général et systématique de l’application de Revenue Management dans un réseau dynamique de transport de marchandises par route. Les réalisations de cette thèse fournissent une base pour la future étude approfondie sur le problème des revenus dans un environnement dynamique. / Although the freight transport plays vital role in the economic sector and the freight transport demand is increasing, there are still challenges for the carriers in the freight market to keep and improve their revenue. To respond to the challenges, Revenue Management (RM) and Physical Internet (PI) are adopted as the solution in this thesis. RM is a method, which is originated from airline industry, to maximize the revenue. PI is a fully interconnected, open, dynamic logistics system aiming to develop an open global interconnected logistics networks to increase the logistics efficiency and sustainability. This thesis investigates the application of RM in PI to improve the revenue of less-than-truckload (LTL) carriers. The application of RM in PI is studied based on four research questions in RM, i.e. pricing, capacity control, forecasting, and bundle pricing. In addition, for each research question, an experimental study is conducted to evaluate the feasibility and performance of the proposed optimization models corresponded to each question. The results provide the carriers managerial implications and constructive guidance to make decisions to optimize their revenue at several levels, considering different situations and scenarios. Overall, this research investigates the Revenue Management from the point of view of LTL carriers operating in a highly dynamic environment like Physical Internet. The work in this research gives a general and systematical sight to the application of RM in a dynamic network of road freight transport. The achievements of this thesis give a basis for the future in-depth study on the revenue problem in a dynamic environment.

Independent de la performance remarquable accomplie par la logistique d’aujourd’hui, les réseaux actuels sont majoritairement dédiés à un acteur et donc très peu interconnectés. Cette fragmentation conduit une difficulté de mutualisation des flux et dès lors à une efficacité limitée. Ces organisations dédiées et hétérogènes sont de plus en plus challengées par les nouveaux défis d’aujourd’hui posés à l’efficacité, l’efficience et la résilience. Pour répondre à cet antagonisme, un innovant concept logistique - l’Internet Physique (PI) - a été proposé. Dans ce système, les infrastructures et les moyens de transport peuvent être organisés de façon dynamique et attribués à court ou à long terme en fonction des besoins. Par conséquent, les décisions des opérations logistiques peuvent être prises de façon dynamique, agile, et donc de manière plus optimale. Cette thèse concentre les perspectives de PI concernant la gestion de stocks et du transport par rapport aux défis de l’efficacité et de la résilience.Comme l’étude de l’efficacité de PI par rapport au transport a été déjà effectuée, le premier objectif de cette recherche est d’explorer les potentiels de l’interconnexion des réseaux dans la gestion de stocks, qui n’a par encore été adressé. À cette fin, nous examinons d'abord les trois nouvelles pratiques apportées par PI : 1) les stocks distribués à proximité des clients finaux; 2) le transbordement de stocks entre les hubs; 3) de multiples options dynamiques de sélection de la source pour chaque commande. Deux modèles de gestion de stocks correspondants sont proposés. Cette étude sert de guide pour des décisions de stockage pour les vendeurs dans un tel système logistique ouvert.Après l’analyse d’efficacité de PI, la deuxième partie de cette thèse concerne la résilience des modèles de stockage et de transport dans PI confrontés à des interruptions dans la chaîne logistique. On a étendu les modèles de stockage et de transport avec interruptions imprévisibles dans les infrastructures telles que l’usine ou les hubs. Des stratégies différentes sont développées pour atténuer les risques de perturbation des flux. Des études numériques sont effectuées pour évaluer la performance des modèles proposés.En résumé, cette recherche est la première qui étudie le potentiel de l’Internet Physique pour la gestion de stock et la résilience de ce système. D’après les résultats, il n’y a aucun doute que le PI change le design de chaîne logistique d’aujourd’hui et améliore la performance de gestion de logistique à la fois en efficience et en résilience. / Irrespective of significant performance achieved, today’s logistics networks are overwhelmingly dedicated to an actor and therefore poorly interconnected. This fragmentation exhibits inevitable inefficiency and needs to be changed in respond to today’s new arising challenges in efficiency and resilience. To solve this antagonism, an innovative concept - Physical Internet (PI) - has been proposed which is a fully interconnected, open, dynamic logistics system. In such a system, the facilities and means of transportation can be dynamically organized and allocated in the short-term or long-term according to the economic environment. As a result, decisions can be made dynamically, agilely, and thus optimally. This thesis studies the perspectives of the PI to inventory management and transportation regarding the challenges in efficiency and resilience.As the efficiency of the PI to transportation has been carried out in literature, the first objective of this thesis is to explore the potentials of the PI to inventory management. To this end, we firstly qualitatively examine the new practices brought by the PI and conclude three main characteristics: 1) Distributed stocks near end customers; 2) Transshipment of inventories; and 3) multiple dynamic source options. Corresponding inventory models and solutions are proposed and evaluated with numerical experiments in Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). This part of study gives a guideline for the vendors applying the PI to make inventory decisions in such an open logistic system.The second objective is to analyze the resilience of the proposed PI enabled inventory and transportation model confronted to disruptions. The proposed inventory and transportation model are extended with different disruptions at facilities including plants and hubs. Different disruption strategies are developed. Numerical studies in FMCG are carried out.In a word, this research investigates the inventory management in the PI and the resilience of PI enabled logistics models. It is the first time such a work is done and it should be upfront. From the results of studies, there is no doubt that the PI changes today’s supply chains design and improve the performance of supply chain management both in efficiency, effectiveness and resilience.

Le paradigme de l’Internet Physique a été introduit il y a quelques années pour transformer globalement la manière dont les objets physiques seront manipulés, entreposés et transportés dans le cadre d’une logistique durable. L’une des caractéristiques importante de l’Internet Physique est liée à l’encapsulation des marchandises dans des conteneurs modulaires standardisés. Le modèle de fonctionnement proposé de l’Internet Physique, s’il rationnalise les transports, engendre des manutentions plus nombreuses, en particulier au sein des PI-hubs, où les opérations de routage, de déchargement et (re)chargement des conteneurs nécessitent une organisation et une gestion rationnelle. La multiplicité et la diversité des opérations (automatisées ou non) à mettre en œuvre simultanément ne peut être conduite de manière efficiente qu’en cas de parfaite synchronisation entre la réalité du système physique et de celle du système informationnel. Les propositions de cette thèse adressent cette problématique applicative et constituent à ce titre une contribution au concept de l’Internet Physique. Elles visent à l’obtention, en temps réel, d’une image ou d’un modèle spatial des PI-conteneurs, qui disposent chacun d’un nœud WSN. L’assemblage de ces différents conteneurs au sein d’un conteneur de plus haut niveau (ou conteneur composite) permet de constituer alors un réseau de capteurs ad-hoc. Ces conteneurs deviennent ainsi des éléments actifs de l’automatisation de la chaine logistique. A partir des seules informations de proximité issues de cette instrumentation, nous montrons dans cette thèse qu’il est possible de construire le modèle spatial des PI-conteneurs / The Physical Internet paradigm was introduced few years ago to transform globally how physical objects will be handled, stored and transported as part of a sustainable logistics. One of the important characteristics of the Physical Internet is the encapsulation of goods in standardized modular containers. Although the Physical Internet rationalizes transport, it generates more frequent handling, particularly within PI-hubs, where the operations of routing, unloading and (re) loading containers require an efficient organization and management. The multiplicity and the diversity of operations (automated or not) to be implemented simultaneously can only be carried out efficiently in the case of perfect synchronization between the reality of the physical system and that of the information system. The proposals of this thesis address this problem and constitute a contribution to the concept of the Physical Internet. They aim to obtain in real time, the spatial distribution (or layout) of the PI-containers when they are stacked in a higher-level container, so called composite container. To do this, we propose to exploit the intelligence and the activeness concepts of each PI container which is equipped with wireless sensor node. Hence, the composition of a composite PI containers constitutes an adhoc network of sensor nodes. From neighborhood relationships between these nodes, we show in this thesis that it is possible to construct the spatial 3D layout of the PI-containers and control at any time and at any place the effective compliance between the real composition and the data stored in the information system