Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / There are both physical and emotional components which are associated with the chronic pain of TMD patients. One of the difficuhies in making an accurate assessment of each component, is the lack of objective criteria for quantitative measurement of the emotional component. This need, lead to the development of Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) by Dworkin and LeResche (1992). The aim of this study was to use RDC criteria to record the prevalence, and associations between Axis I (physical) and AXIS TI(emotional) factors in a sample of 100 patients attending a TMD Clinic. Patients were examined using the RDC guidelines and the diagnosis classified as either, myogenic, disc displacement or arthritis. Patients completed a self-administered personal history questiotmaire which analyzed emotional factors including, chronic graded pain, depression and nonspecific physical symptoms such as headaches, faintness and lower back pain.

Nursing care of patients with advanced cancer is challenging because it touches many dimensions of a patient’s life. The study of spiritual pain is relatively new although potentially very important in understanding how to help patients with advanced cancer achieve a sense of well-being. The purpose of this pilot study was to increase scientific knowledge from the participants‟ perspectives about experiences of spiritual pain and physical pain, and identify correlates of well-being from the participants‟ own perspectives in the context of advanced cancer. Four research questions were examined in this study: 1. What is the relationship between physical pain and spiritual pain, as perceived by participants who have advanced cancer? 2. What is the relationship between spiritual pain and existential well-being, as perceived by participants who have advanced cancer? 3. What is the relationship between spiritual pain and physical pain in the context of the demographic and health-related variables of age, gender, years of education, and months since diagnosis? 4. What factors do participants with advanced cancer identify as important to their existential well-being? A descriptive correlational design was used to study the research questions in a convenience sample of 30 adult participants from an outpatient oncology clinic in Southern Arizona. Quantitative data were obtained through interviews using the Providence Saint Vincent Medical Center Pastoral staff’s Spiritual Pain Assessment Tool and Paloutzian and Ellison’s (2009) Existential Well-Being Scale, and a Physical Pain Rating scale along with a demographic and health-related form. Qualitative data were also obtained from the participants. Descriptive, correlational, and content analyses generated results of a significant relationship between Spiritual Pain and Existential Well-Being, and a non-significant relationship between Physical Pain and Spiritual Pain. The following themes (with the first three being most frequently mentioned) were identified as important to the participants‟ well-being during their experience of advanced cancer: Meaningful activity, family and friends, and spiritual aspects, followed by health/nutrition, symptom management, and finances. Results warrant continued research into spiritual pain as it relates to existential well-being in persons with advanced cancer

Conversation analysis (CA) was used to examine descriptions of pain, the design of questions and answers, and patterns of elaboration. I analysed audio- and video-recorded consultations involving six physicians and one patient in a supportive/palliative care clinic. The physicians enquired about a diversity of aspects of pain (e.g., severity). The patient’s answers aligned with questions indicating that his pain was stable (i.e., no change, no new pain, managed pain), which was consistent with the Clinic’s optimal health outcomes. Questions designed for a ‘no-pain’ answer were relatively infrequent. Whether or not these questions were problematic for the patient depended on when they were asked. The physicians used both single- and multi-unit questioning turns and an assortment of question types (i.e., yes/no interrogatives, yes/no declaratives, alternative questions and WH-questions). The questions were analyzed using four dimensions of question design (agenda, presuppositions, preferences and epistemic stance). While the patient accepted the topic agenda of aspects of pain, he rejected the topic agenda of pain management evaluation. He also rejected presuppositions that implied disease progression. Analysis of the action agenda showed that the physicians relied heavily on yes/no-type polar questions. Some of these encouraged elaboration (e.g., were problem attentive); however, a number of them discouraged elaboration (e.g., were optimized or included a negative polarity item such as any). Some questions that discouraged elaboration allowed the physicians to progress efficiently through a checklist of standardized questions, thus aiding in the progressivity of the talk. Change-implicative talk was pervasive in the physicians’ and patient’s talk; the patient’s answers often rejected the implication that his pain was worse. The characterization of the consultations as “difficult” by some of the physicians is considered in relation to the design of questions that elicited minimal information about the patient’s pain. Study limitations (e.g., the data sample) and directions for future research (e.g., on what constitutes an optimal health outcome) are discussed, and my findings are considered in relation to palliative care practice and training. The study fills some gaps in current palliative care literature regarding the dynamics of physician-patient interactions and contributes to the CA literature on medical interactions.

The main focus of the multidisciplinary nature of design is to provide users a better life in terms of enabling the products to be safe, usable and pleasurable to use. Therefore, physical pain is always avoided. However, physical pain is involved in our daily lives, not only as an avoided concept, but also as a constructive concept. It is used for functional or hedonic purposes / whether consciously or not. The focus in this research is exploring these &lsquo / used&rsquo / pains, and their relations to product design / in other words, how products are (or how they may be) used or manipulated to use pain instead of avoiding it. Eventually, the aim is to map the pain experience as a constructive element of experience and to come up with a statement for the usage of physical pain in product design as a beneficial tool, instead of just being a tool for pleasure as it has been used in product design till now. In order to explore the pain experience with products, a contexmapping study and a focus group study have been done. The phenomena of &lsquo / good, transitional and bad pain&rsquo / were introduced. Following this, pain experience with products model was proposed utilizing the results of the studies and for the exploration of the implementation of the model in practicum, a generative session study to obtain initial design ideas was done.

Samhället idag blir alltmer mångkulturellt. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka uppfattningar om smärta och smärtuttryck hos kvinnor från olika kulturer, från såväl ett patient- som ett vårdpersonalperspektiv. Teoretisk referensram för litteraturstudien var Joyce Travelbees teori om mellanmänskliga aspekter i omvårdnaden. Litteraturstudien är baserad på Forsberg och Wengströms (2003) metod för att genomföra systematiska litteraturstudier. Resultatet mynnade ut i en rad skillnader och likheter som har bearbetats i olika kategorier där de viktigaste resultaten pekade på att det finns både skillnader och likheter i smärtupplevelse och smärtintensitet hos kvinnor från olika kulturgrupper. Även skillnader i vårdpersonalens uppfattningar om patienters smärtintensitet jämfört med patienters självrapporterade smärta kunde ses. / Today´s society is becoming increasingly multicultural. The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of pain and expressions of pain experienced by women from different cultures, in the perspective of the patient as well as the patient care system. Theoretical framework used in the study was Joyce Travelbee´s theory of "Interpersonal aspects of nursing". The literature review is based on Forsberg and Wengströms (2003) method for performing systematic literature reviews. The result shows a series of differences and similarities which have been worked on in different categories where the most important results pointed in the direction that there exists both differences and similarities in pain perception and intensity in women from different cultures. Additionally, differences in nursing staff´s perception of the patients pain intensity compared to patients´self reported pain intensity were observed.

Yes / Sport-related concussion (SRC) and physical pain are both associated with poor mental health, impaired cognition, and reduced quality of life. Despite SRC and physical pain often co-occurring, there is little research that investigates these two factors together, and therefore it is difficult to conclude which of these contributes to the negative outcomes asso ciated with them. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of SRC and physical pain on mental health, cognitive ability, and quality of life. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory while the SF-12 recorded health-related quality of life. A trail making task (TMT) assessed cognitive flexibility of participants. Analysis of 83 participants (43 concussed) revealed that SRC led to reduced accuracy on TMT(A) and (B), whereas physical pain was responsible for poorer mental health and reduced quality of life. This study highlights the influence that SRC has on cognitive ability and the impact that physical pain has on mental health and quality of life. With this information, we are better placed to predict the negative consequences of SRC and physical pain and therefore tailor support accordingly.

Die Forschungsarbeit „Textualisierung des Körpers in der Prosa von Diamela Eltit“ besteht darin, eine Analyse von sieben literarischen Werken der chilenischen Schriftstellerin Diamela Eltit (1949*, Santiago de Chile) vorzunehmen, wobei der Fokus auf der Darstellung von Körperlichkeit liegt. Ihr schriftstellerisches Projekt begann im Jahr 1983, und ihre Arbeiten sind bis heute eine der anerkanntesten Leistungen der gegenwärtigen lateinamerikanischen Literatur. Die sieben betrachteten Werke, die sich durch vorwiegend narrative und experimentelle Prosa auszeichnen, wurden zwischen den Jahren 1983 und 2007 veröffentlicht. Der Analyse liegt die Annahme einer durchgehenden Textualisierung des Körpers in den Romanen der Autorin zugrunde, aus der sich eine metapoetische Reflexion des Körpers und der körperlichen Schmerzen ableiten lässt.

Massage is often recommended to athletes to facilitate recovery and attenuate DOMS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of massage on perceived muscle soreness and pain, inflammatory and immune markers, ROM, and mood state. Fourteen, recreationally active, women participated in a randomized crossover design study, consisting of 1) 60 min. full body massage following unaccustomed exercise and 2) 60 min. of rest. following unaccustomed exercise. Perceived muscle soreness and pain, active range of motion (ROM), mood state, along with blood concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK), and neutrophil count (NC), was assessed at baseline, 4hrs, and 24hrs following both treatment and control conditions. The aims of this study were 1) to decrease the effects of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and increase time to recover, and 2) to investigate the effect of massage vs. passive rest on inflammatory and immune markers within the blood. We hypothesized 1) an increase in ROM, a decrease in perceived physical soreness and perceived physical pain, as a result of the massage, compared to control, and 2) a decrease in blood plasma inflammatory markers, CRP, NC, CK, and IL-6, as a result of the massage, compared to control. We found massage following exercise to 1) significantly decreased perceived pain (p=0.001), 2) significantly increased immune iv markers (WBC (p=0.012) and NC (p=0.012)), and 3) significantly decreased ROM (p=0.02), compared to control. Massage had no impact on inflammatory markers (IL-6, CRP, and CK), or mood.