The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of certain training programs upon the physical fitness of students enrolled in university required wrestling classes and varsity wrestlers. Tests were administered to twelve students in the required program at the University of British Columbia and to the ten man University of British Columbia varsity wrestling team. Physical fitness test items of muscular strength, muscular endurance, motor ability, cardiovascular endurance, fat component and cardiovascular condition considered to have important implications for wrestlers and wrestling were selected for use in this study. The two groups were tested at the beginning of their training programs (t1) and again at the end of these programs (t2). The required training program consisted of two one-hour periods per week for an eight week period. The varsity wrestlers were also retested after eight weeks although their training program continued beyond this period. These men trained ten hours per week, that is, for two hours a time, five times per week. The test results of the University of British Columbia varsity wrestlers were also compared with those of the varsity wrestlers of the University of Western Ontario taken one year earlier at the same stage of training. The required program training regimen was evidently either not long enough or frequent enough to bring about significant physical fitness changes other than in several muscular endurance items. Results indicated that the varsity wrestling program brought about significant positive changes in muscular endurance, cardiovascular condition and fat component but not in muscular strength. The University of British Columbia wrestlers were inferior to the University of Western Ontario varsity wrestlers on all test items except the Progressive Pulse Rate Recovery Test and the right and left grip strengths. It was concluded that under the conditions of the study significant changes in components of physical fitness can be brought about as a result of the varsity wrestling training program but there were few significant changes in fitness produced by the required program in wrestling. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of "steady pace" and "interval" training methods upon work output. Thirty-four male University of British Columbia first year students between the ages of nineteen and twenty-one, were selected from the required physical education activity program. Each student was tested on a fixed resistance type bicycle ergometer. The number of revolutions achieved in two minutes was recorded. Two groups were then formed by the "paired comparison" method and trained for six weeks. Both groups did the same amount of work in each training session but each group varied its method of work application, i.e. one group trained at a steady effort while the other group trained at a higher power, with regulated rest periods between bursts of power. Each group was subjected to a two minute test at the intervals of two, four and six weeks after the commencement of training. On the basis of statistical treatment, the following results were evident: 1. There was no statistically significant improvement of work output scores for either group after two weeks of training. 2. After four weeks of training, both groups exhibited marked improvement in work output scores which were statistically significant at the five percent level of confidence. 3. Tests after six weeks of training indicated statistically significant improvements in performance scores in both groups. These scores were statistically significant at the five percent level of confidence. 4. Both types of training, when compared, showed no difference in the results obtained at the end of two, four and six weeks of training. There was no statistically significant difference between the means of each group at the end of two, four and six weeks of regulated training. It was concluded that within the limitations of the study, there was no difference in work output obtained from the results of either "steady" or "interval" types of training provided the total work done by the members of either group was the same. In both groups, however, a statistically significant gain in work output was evident after four and six weeks of training. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

The effect of isometric muscle training on the strength and endurance of junior secondary school boys in tests of trunk flexion was investigated. A group of fifty-one boys was tested for trunk flexor strength by the cable-tensiometer, and for endurance by a sixty-second sit-up test and then matched on the basis of strength scores. The matched subjects were then randomly divided into two groups. One group performed a single, six-second, maximal, isometric trunk flexion exercise five days a week for five weeks, while the other group did not. At the end of the five week training period the two groups were retested for strength and endurance. From the statistical treatment of the data it was concluded (1) that there were significant mean increases in performance in the strength and endurance tests by the isometric muscle training group and the control group, and (2) that there was no significant difference between the gains in strength and endurance made by the training group and the gains in strength and endurance made by the control group. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

In reviewing the existing literature, not many researchers have examined children's physical activity (PA) from the parents' perspectives. No study has investigated parents' perceptions on children's PA in Hong Kong. Furthermore, information of parents' perceptions on children's PA was generated mainly in the USA or European countries. Similar studies should be conducted in China or in Hong Kong so to obtain more information on this subject by using Chinese as the research samples. Purpose of the study: This study aims to: a) examine the associations between parents' perceptions on children's competences, neighborhood safety, exercise benefits and exercise barriers, parental support, and children' s PA, and b) determine which socio­demographic variables significantly differ from the above studied constructs. Methods: Parents of 625 children aged 6 to 9 years old participated in the study. Parents were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing parental support for their children's PA, perceived children competence, neighborhood safety, and benefit and barriers of PA. Parents were also asked to report their children' PA outside school time over seven days using the modified Physical Activity Questionnaires for Children (MPAQ-C). Structural Equation Modeling and multiple ANOV A were used to examine the relationship between parents' perceptions and reported children's PA. Results: (1) Only parental support could predict children's PA; (2) Both parents' perceived competence oftheir children and perceived exercise benefits of their children could predict parental support and, in turn, increase children' s PA; (3) Parents' education and income levels were found different from their perceived exercise benefits and barriers, perceived neighborhood safety, and parent's perceived competence ofchildren; (4) Single parents tend to have lower perceived neighborhood safety; and (5) Parents of sons are likely to have higher perceived children exercise benefits, parental support, exercise competence as well as more active sons. PA interventions in Hong Kong children should focus on increasing parental support, enhancing parents' confidence and motivation to promote their children's PA by giving positive feedback, acting as active role model, and facilitating participation in PA.

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