Inland water has for a long time showed vast stress due to eutrophication, mainly caused by increased levels of phosphorus. Applying remote sensing as a tool for monitoring water parameters has long been used. In the past, inland watercourses measurements have proven to be challenging, often due to the limitations of satellite missions' spectral resolution or difficulties in implementing the appropriate methodology. This project investigates the potential to use a high-resolution satellite mission, Sentinel 2, to monitor phosphorus with the proxies total suspended matter (TSM) and turbidity in two smaller watercourses, Fyrisån and Sävjaån, in Uppsala, Sweden. From April to November, a period spanning three years (2018, 2019, and 2021), empirical modeling was employed to conduct investigations. The three years all represent different weather patterns and discharge velocities. The bands 2 to 8 were investigated individually and together to see if there was a potential using a single band correlation or multiple to correlate with turbidity or TSM. The two optically active water parameters are known to have a high correlation with the non-optically active phosphorus. There was no correlation found between the proxies and each band individually for any of the years investigated. Using a multi regression analysis both 2018 and 2019 showed high correlation for TSM, and 2019 for turbidity. While the results for 2021 were not significant for any of the proxies. The conclusion indicates that with right surrounding factors it’s possible to use TSM and turbidity as a proxy for phosphorus when using Sentinel 2 in these smaller watercourses. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to investigate how the proxy and the nutrient acts together with satellite data for peaks etc. before using Sentinel 2 results as a direct interpretation.

Geography as a subject has during its lifetime been a part of the Swedish school system. More implemented during some time periods than others. New approaches and different types of traditions have emerged and taken its place over time. During the early 1950´s the subject was divided into two different faculties at the universities all over Sweden: cultural geography and physical geography. Some time after the partition the subject lost its popularity, and geography in Swedish schools were now subjected to a lower status. Previous research also shows how other countries has experienced similar problems with a decreased status. The subject has also undergone many changes while new school curricula reforms have been implemented. Geography is a subject that in many ways can be connected to its contemporaries, what is happening in the world is in constant change and thus is the subject of geography as well.  Through interviews with several geography teachers who shared their own experiences of working with different curricula, an understanding of what teaching looks like in practice has been formed. This essay aims to examine how the subject of geography in Swedish schools has changed in steps with various curricula reforms and how it has affected teachers and their teaching. This essay also aims to examine how other changes, apart from curricula reforms, have affected the content of the geography subject and why. The results have shown that both curricula and other external factors has influenced the educational subject of geography. / Geografiämnet har under sin livstid haft mer eller mindre plats i den svenska skolan. Nya infallsvinklar har dykt upp och olika typer av traditioner har fått träda fram under olika tidsperioder. I mitten av 1900-talet delades ämnet upp i två fakulteter på universiteten i Sverige, kulturgeografi och naturgeografi. En tid efter uppdelningen tappade geografiämnet sin popularitet och skolämnet kom att präglas av en låg status. I samband med införandet av olika kursplaner och nya reformer har ämnet genomgått många förändringar. Geografi är ett ämne som på många sätt går att koppla till sin samtid, det som sker i världen är i ständig förändring och därmed är ämnet geografi likaså. Det har forskats mycket både i Sverige och runt om i världen på geografiämnets roll i skolan, där vissa länder har mer undervisning i ämnet och andra nästan ingen undervisning. En gemensam nämnare hos forskare är vikten av att geografi är nödvändigt i skolan och att ämnets status bör öka och tas på allvar. När en ny läroplan implementeras hör lärare till de som påverkas mest. Styrdokumenten är det som styr deras vardagliga arbete. Lärare är alla egna individer och på så sätt kommer en läroplan att tolkas på en mängd olika sätt. Genom intervjuer med verksamma geografilärare som delat med sig av egna erfarenheter kring arbetet med olika kursplaner bildas en förståelse för hur det ser ut i praktiken. Denna uppsats ämnar visa hur geografiämnet förändrats i takt med olika läroplansreformer och hur det påverkat lärares undervisning i ämnet. Resultatet enligt intervjustudien visar att den största förändringen som skett i undervisningen utifrån geografilärares perspektiv var implementeringen av Lgr11 och Gy11 och de förändringar som den innebar. Andra faktorer utanför kursplaner och läroplaner som också förändrat undervisningen i ämnet är bland annat den ökade digitaliseringen. Diskussionen visar på hur tidigare forskning i ämnet stärker de resultat som kommit fram genom studien. Slutsatsen betonar vikten av att elever erbjuds kunskaper i både natur- och kulturgeografi för att kunna utveckla ett geografiskt tänkande och främst förstå sambandet mellan människa och natur.

Floods are one of the most common types of natural disasters. They annually affect vast amounts of people and cause severe economic losses. While fluvial, coastal, and flash floods are well studied, pluvial floods (rain related) have received modest attention from researchers and decision-makers in comparison. There are several reasons for this, one is that it has been considered a fixed problem with infrastructure and other engineered solutions and another is that they are generally undramatic and small-scale. However, as cities expand, the environment’s ability to retain and dispose of excess water is inhibited and as the frequency of extreme weather events is expected to increase due to climate change, the risk associated with pluvial floods has become increasingly recognized. Commercial and open-source Urban pluvial flood models tend to require advanced modelling expertise, considerable computational power, large amounts of input data and are often expensive. Consequently, there is less knowledge of flood inundation caused by pluvial floods compared to other types. This thesis investigates the Bluespot model, which aims to provide an approachable tool to generate an overview of the effects of pluvial floods in urban areas. The model requires few input data and is relatively simple to perform. Results from the model are compared to the August 2021 flood event in Gävle, Sweden.The study finds that results ranged from accurate to over- and underestimated. Slope and incoming water were found to affect the outcome most. Blue spots without the influence of streams or other waterways, with a distinct slope were mapped with accuracy and showed consistency with coarser resolutions. Consequently, underpasses in the road network were mapped with especially good consistency. Further, blue spots within close distance to large flow accumulation were underestimated and the accuracy tended to decrease with a coarser resolution. The model cannot account for water outside blue spots, thus, when large volumes of water accumulate and spread beyond these boarders it generates poor results. These areas were found to be efficiently indicated by generating a heatmap from high-flow accumulation points. Thus, indicating low confidence and where a hydraulic flood model should be performed. Depending on the scope a 1-3m resolution is recommended for investigating effects on property etc and a 5-10m resolution is sufficient for investigating underpasses, however, a finer resolution will generate more accurate results.

Wetland ecosystems play an important role in the global hydrologic cycle, and their hydrologicregime is a major factor for their general functioning (carbon, biodiversity, biogeochemicalcycle etc.). However, the factors that govern the hydrologic regime of wetlands, such asmoisture imports into their catchments and moisture cycling in wetland areas, remain largelyunderstudied.Wetlands, seen as part of the terrestrial land, often rely on moisture imports from terrestrialevaporation and moisture recycling within their catchments. This could make them especiallysusceptible to changes in their hydrologic regime caused by land cover and hydroclimaticchanges in their catchments. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of atmosphericmoisture imports into iconic wetlands worldwide and investigates the precipitationsheds of 40globally distributed catchments of Ramsar wetlands.Here we show that some of the wetlands have already been affected by precipitation changescaused by land cover changes within and outside of their catchments, as well as hydroclimaticchanges. According to our analysis, most of the studied wetland catchments show decreases inannual terrestrial precipitation, which are caused by precedent land cover changes. Thestrongest effects are seen in (sub)tropical wetlands in South America, Africa and Asia, andcatchments whose precipitationsheds include large agricultural areas.This shows that land cover changes can cause wetlands to be less resilient under current andfuture hydroclimatic and land cover changes. An overlap of multiple stressors, like climatechange and precipitation changes through land cover conversions, make wetlands in someregions especially vulnerable.Based on our results, current wetland decline rates and predictions of future agricultural andurban expansion, we find that wetland sites in China, India, South America and Sub-Saharanare especially threatened. This study indicates further that we have to incorporate downwindeffects to land cover changes in sustainable ecosystem management approaches.

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