Thirty-three sedentary individuals (males, n=24; females, n=9) were studied to see the effects of 15-20 weeks of endurance training by walking and jogging on high-density lipoprotein, serum total cholesterol, and serum triglyceride. The training group (also called the moderately trained group) was then compared to a sedentary group and a highly trained group (25+ miles/week) to see what affect, if any, the endurance training had on their lipoprotein profile.Even though maximal oxygen uptake increased and percent fat decreased in the moderately trained group, no favorable differences mere seen in HDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol, serum total cholesterol, or serum triglyceride when comparing this group with the sedentary group.Significant changes did exist between the moderately trained and the highly trained groups when comparing HDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol, and serum triglyceride values.It appears that 15-20 weeks of endurance training does in fact increase one Is fitness level, but more training at a higher intensity and/or longer duration is needed to produce favorable changes in the lipoprotein profile.

Six men were studied to compare the effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance and muscle glycogen utilization during exhaustive exercise. Trials consisted of a cycling ride to exhaustion at 757. of the subjects' maximal oxygen uptake preceded by the ingestion of either fructose (FRU), glucose (GLU), or sweet placebo (CON). No differences were observed between trials for oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, or exercise time to exhaustion. Blood glucose was elevated (P<0.05) as a result of the glucose feeding, but fell rapidly with the onset of exercise, reaching a nadir of 4.02 + O.-'4 mmcl: i (mean + SE) at 15 min of exercise (P<0.05). Serum insulin also increased (P<0.05) following the glucose feeding: by 30 min of exercise, however, insulin had returned to pre-drink levels. No differences in blood glucose and insulin were observed between FRU and CON. Muscle glycogen utilization during the first 30 min of exercise (CON = 46.3 ± 82 mmol/kg w.w., FRU = 56.3 + 3, GLU = 50.0 + 4.9) and total glycogen use (CON = 93.4 + 11.1, FRU = 118.8 + 10.9, GLU = 99.5 + 4.3) was similar between trials (P>O.05). It was concluded that despite more stable blood glucose and insulin levels in FRU and CON, compared with GLU, this provided no advantage to endurance performance or muscle glycogen utilization.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship of exercise of self-care agency and serum cholesterol levels. The American Heart Association (1986) and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (1987) have identified the reduction of serum cholesterol as a major factor in decreasing the risk for coronary artery disease. Orem's theory of self-care identified diet and exercise management as activities well being (Orem, 1971). It was hypothesized that high levels of self-care are inversely related to serum cholesterol levels. A retrospective study was conducted. A convenience sample of 176 individuals who have obtained cholesterol screening at a Nursing Center for Family Health was obtained. Written consent was obtained to review individual files for serumcholesterol levels, information related to demographic variables, nutrition and exercise habits; and for the Exercise of Self-Care Agency. Each participant completed the "Exercise of Self-Care Agency" tool. Confidentiality was maintained and responses were coded for analysis only. Correlational statistics were utilized to analyze the data obtained. The hypothesis was tested using Pearson r analysis and demonstrated poor correlation and no significant relationship. Research questions related to diet, exercise, age and the exercise of self-care agency were tested by a 3x2x2 ANOVA and showed no significant difference. Recommendations for future study should include replication of the study with a larger sample and randomization of the sample. / School of Nursing

PowercranksTM are a device that enables the user to cycle with each leg acting independently of the other. This type of cycling forces the rider to actively pull up with the hip and knee flexors throughout the recovery phase of the pedaling cycle. While the metabolic benefits of training with PowercranksTM are known, no research has investigated what, if any, strength benefits result from training. The purpose of this study was to examine how strength, submaximal oxygen consumption, hear rate, gross efficiency, and muscle activation were affected by 6 weeks of PowercranksTM training, compared to a traditional cycling training. A total of 1 1 recreationally trained adult subjects (5 males, 6 females) were randomly placed into either the PowercranksTM group (PC) or regular cranks (RC) group. Subjects trained 3 days per week following a progressive interval protocol for 6 weeks. Prior to and following training, subjects were measured for peak isokinetic knee and hip flexion/extension strength, timing of muscular contractions, and submaximal VO2, heart rate, and gross efficiency. A MANOVA for strength values pre-post were not significant. However, large effect sizes implied that there were increases in knee and hip flexion for the PC group (d =1.00,1.63, respectively). Heart rate was found to be significant at all 4 time points (p = 0.001, 0.011, 0.001, 0.000 for time points 1-4, respectively). MANOVAs for VO2 and GE did not yield significant results. Muscular timing was also unchanged as a result of training. While the PowercranksTM did not have an effect on VO2 and GE in untrained subjects, HR decreased, suggesting an aerobic benefit. The possible strength benefits in untrained subjects resulting from PowercrankTM training could prove beneficial for individuals looking to recover from injury. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Sixty-nine female Wistar rats were studied to determine if the oxidative capacity and glycogen concentration of skeletal muscle was affected by either an increase or decrease in training duration following a 9 wk program of treadmill running. Initially, 30 rats were randomly assigned to one of three sedentary control groups. Subgroups (N=10) of sedentary animals were kept inactive and were sacrificed at week 0 (Cl), week 9 (C2) and week 11 (C3) of the study. Thirty-nine rats were initially trained 5 days/wk for 9 wks using a standard exercise protocol. At the end of 9 wks of treadmill running, endurance trained animals were separated into four groups: 1) Eleven rats (ET) were killed. 2) Ten rats (CT) continued to train for 2 additional weeks following the same protocol and were killed at the end of 11 wks of training. 3) Ten rats (DT) decreased the duration of daily running by 66% and after 14 days were killed. 4) Eight rats (IT) increased the duration of daily running by 500% in an attempt to simulate overtraining in humans, and after 6 days were killed. The respiratory capacity (Qo2) and citrate synthase activity (CSA) of the soleus (SOL) and plantaris (PLANT) muscles were significantly increased (p< 0.05) over all control groups by nine weeks of treadmill running (ET). The Qo2 and CSA of CT rats were significantly higher than all control groups, and the PLANT CSA was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than ET rats. The SOL and PLANT Qo2 and CSA remained significantly higher (p< 0.05) than all control groups with fourteen days of decreased training. Six days of increased training significantly increased (p< 0.05) SOL and PLANT Qo2 and CSA over all control groups. In addition IT rats had SOL and PLANT CSA that were significantly higher (p< 0.05) than ET rats. The SOL and WV glycogen concentrations were unaffected by all training protocols. Only the CT and IT PLANT and liver had significantly more (p< 0.05) glycogen than all sedentary control groups. The results of this study indicate that the rat is a very adaptable animal, and to thoroughly study it as a possible model for the study of overtraining in humans would require an examination of various exercise protocols. In addition, the exercise-induced increase in the oxidative capacity of trained skeletal muscle is not readily reversible during decreased training.

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of swimming distance and rest interval on the intensity of swimming (relative to VO2 max) and the contributions of the three energy systems (aerobic, anaerobic, and alactic) during these interval sets. Nine male college swimmers performed fourteen different interval training sets. Distances were 25, 50, 100, or 200 yards with rest intervals of 10 seconds, 1, and 3 minutes. During these sets only the distance to be swum and the rest interval for the set was given. No qualitative information from the coach was provided. These interval sets were performed by the swimmers with the influence from timers being kept minimal. Oxygen cost during the swim was determined from the velocity of the swim based on a linear regression for swimming velocity and oxygen uptake for each swimmer. The same interval sets were completed with pace controled where venous blood samples were obtained 1, 3, 5, and 7 minutes after the completion of each training set. 81ood samples were analyzed for lactate accumulation, blood pH, p0.,, pCO2, and hemoglobin. From these values bicarbonate, base excess, and blood oxygen saturation were calculated using equations developed by Siggard-Anderson. The results of this study do indicate that there is a predictable relationship between swimming distance and rest interval on swimming intensity (relative to VO., max). There was a curvilinear L relationship between swimming intensity (relative to VO max) and rest interval for 50, 100, and 200 yard interval sets. The correlation at these distances were r-0.96, 0.93, and 0.94 respectively. There was a linear relationship between intensity and the distance swum for the 10 second, 1, and 3 minute rest intervals. The correlation for these rest intervals were r= 0.99, 0.99, and 1.00 respectively. There was an increase in the relative contribution of aerobic energy as the distance of the swim increased for all three rest intervals. At a given swiming distance there was a greater contribution of non-aerobic energy as the rest interval increased. Contrary to continuous swimming, greater swimming velocity does not directly correspond to greater contributions of anaerobic energy during intermittent swimming. The distance and rest interval during intermittent training greatly effect the relative contributions of the three energy systems. The intensity of the swim and the relative contributions of each energy system should be considered when planning specific training regimens.

This study addressed the location of the breathing movement and its relationship to stress levels. Sixty-three Ball State students voluntarily participated by completing the A-State and A-Trait forms of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Under the pretense that they would be questioned about music later, each participant also listened to preselected music for about 4 minutes in both seated and reclining positions. The participants were unaware that their breathing was being observed. During the listening portion of the study from behind a one-way mirror, 3 trained observers rated each breath as either thoracic or non-thoracic. The percentage of total breaths that were thoracic was calculated for each subject in both positions. Interrater reliability was determined inadequate for data of participants in the reclining position. The scores on the STAI and the percentage of thoracic breaths were the variables analyzed. A Pearson R correlation was then used to test the hypotheses. Null hypothesis 1, that there is no relationship between percentage of total breaths that are thoracic in a seated position and scores for AState, was upheld. Also, no relationship was found between percentage of total breaths that are thoracic in a seated position and scores for A-Trait, therefore, null hypothesis 2 was also upheld. This study also found that 71% of the participants breathing style is primarily thoracic. These findings and procedural effects on the outcome as well as implications for further research were discussed. / Fisher Institute for Wellness

The objective of this project was to study tree effect of physical conditioning on platelet function. Twelve Ball State University undergraduate males were tested for platelet retention and platelet aggregation with collagen and adenosine diphosphate before, during and after a controlled six and one half week physical training program consisting of calisthenics and jogging. A significant increase was found in the tendency of platelets to aggregate with collagen while no change was found in aggregation with ADP or in platelet retention. It was concluded that: i) more work is necessary to verify this training effect, and ii) further work should be done considering other variables in the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways in order to gain a better overall understanding of the effect of exercise on hemostasis.

Chronotropic incompetence (CI) has typically been assessed using maximal heart rate (MHR) achieved during a graded exercise test (GXT). Wilkoff et al recommended using a chronotropic/metabolic index (WI) consisting of the ratio between predicted maximal heart rate reserve (PMHRR) and metabolic reserve (MR) during submaximal exercise. Using a WI of <0.80 as evidence of CI, Lauer at al reported a prevalence of 14% for men and 12% for women within the Framingham cohort and indicated that the WI was independent of age, resting heart rate and exercise capacity (peak METS at 85% predicted MI-IR). However, the predicted heart rate for a given stage within the WI is based on a predicted (PMHR [220-age]) rather than measured MHR. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the WI, when calculated using MMHR would affect the prevalence of WI <0.80, and to assess whether the WI, when calculated using MIVIHR, is influenced by gender, age, RHR or aerobic capacity as measured by maximal oxygen uptake (V02 max). The sample included 522 self-referred adults (294 women, mean age 43 ± 11 years; 228 men, mean age 46 + 11 years) who completed a GXT test to volitional fatigue using the BSU/Bruce Ramp protocol. Exclusion criteria were use of betablockers, history of myocardial infarction, peak respiratory exchange ratio <1.0, or GXT time <6.0 minutes. WI was assessed at the end of 6th minute of the GXT with a value <0.80 considered evidence of CI. The mean WI from both methods was (PMHR = 1.088 +-0.20 vs MMHR = 1.063 + 0.16 (<.0001), with a correlation of 0.807. The prevalence of WI <0.80 was 8.0% and 4.4% for the PMHR and MMHR methods, respectively, which are considerably lower than the 14% and 12% reported by Lauer et al. Multiple regression. analysis revealed that gender, age, resting heart rate and V02 max were significantly associated with WI when derived using either predicted or measured MHR, (<.0001), however these variables only accounted for 13.6% (PMHR) and 15.6% (MMHR) of the variance in the multiple regression models. In conclusion, these results suggest a rather low prevalence of CI (WI<0.80) in this self-referred, adult population and support the notion that the measure of WI is relatively independent of age, resting heart rate and gender but appears to be directly associated with V02 max. / School of Physical Education