To determine the influence of muscle mass and absolute work on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following exercise, glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were analyzed in twelve subjects at baseline and 16 to 18 hrs following three different exercise trials performed on a cycle ergometer: 1) two-legged exercise at 60% of two-leg maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 2) one-legged exercise at 60% of the oneleg VO2max, and 3) a second one-leg trial at 60% of one-leg VO2max with work matched to the work obtained during the two-leg trial. Each trial was preceeded by two days of inactivity and a three day diet replication. Analysis of serum glucose concentrations during the post-exercise OGTTs demonstrated that glucose tolerance was unaffected by either the amount of active tissue incorporated in the exercise and/or the amount of work completed by the active tissue. On the other hand, serum insulin concentrations following the two-leg trial decreased 23.5% from 347.62 ±37.98 to 266.05 :L41.62 gU/ml in comparison to the one-leg trial (p < 0.05). The incorporation of a smaller muscle mass which completed an equal amount of absolute work as the larger muscle mass (i.e. one-leg work matched trial) resulted in a large (19%), but nonsignificant reduction in the total insulin compared to the one-leg relative work trial. In addition, total insulin following the two-leg and the one-leg work matched trials were reduced by 19% and 14%, respectively, in comparison to baseline. However, they did not reach statistical significance. The results of this study indicate that the incorporation of a larger muscle mass during an acute bout of aerobic exercise results in a reduction in serum insulin in response to a post-exercise oral glucose challenge. In addition, increasing the absolute work of a muscle mass results in similar reductions in serum insulin regardless of the amount of muscle mass involved in the exercise. While glucose tolerance was unaltered by either the amount of active tissue and/or the amount of work completed by the active tissue. / School of Physical Education

Considerable research has been performed on the effects of exercise and glucose tolerance, however, most of this work has examined aerobic exercise designs. This study examines the immediate post-exercise glucose turnover in eight male subjects exposed to a single bout of running and PRE. Both exercise protocols were designed to be of similar duration and at an intensity representing a typical exercise session. This study was conducted in an effort to offer individuals with NIDDM an alternative to the established aerobic forms of exercise for improved glucose control. Each subject completed two preliminary procedures, which consisted of a maximal graded exercise test and a session where a 1 RM was established on six different Cybex variable resistance machines. Subjects then completed a baseline oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in which eight blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Two exercise protocols, separated by 3 to 10 days, consisting of a 40 minute treadmill run at 75% VO2max and a 40 minute, 3 set x 10 repetition based on 75% of the1 RM, were performed and followed 45 minutes later by another OGTT. The results demonstrated that there were no apparent differences in blood glucose or insulin levels post-exercise between the exercise modes. However, the form of exercise did seem to have a varied effect on insulin production. The results of the OGTT demonstrated an explicit difference in the insulin response between the lifting and running trials, with the lifting trial being significantly higher than the resting or running trials. The increased insulin levels observed in the lifting trial may be indicative of increased secretion from the pancreas or that the secreted insulin is simply not being used. The insulin resistance observed in the lifting trial may be due to the muscles inability to respond to insulin or some other metabolic factor(s) released during exercise. Additional studies should be performed on different populations to examine the effects of PRE and running in a effort to better understand the mechanisms responsible for glucose uptake. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to describe women collegiate swimmers' armstroke sequence at selected velocities. In addition, this study was designed to determine the timing angle during the course of a stroke cycle. Seven members of the Ball State University Women's Swim Team were asked to participate in this study. The test consisted of the subject swimming approximately fifteen meters freestyle (front crawl) at stroke rates of 24, 30, 40, 48, 60 strokes per minute. The subjects attempted three trials at each stroke rate, on a continuum from slow to fast. The following parameters were determined from video analysis: stroke length (SL), velocity (m/s), time of one complete stroke cycle (SCT), timing between the arm cycles (RAE), recovery arm entry as a percentage of SCT (RAE%) and the timing angle. A correlation between the timing angle and V of r = 0.48 was found to be significant at the 0.05 level. A correlation between the SCT and the timing angle of r = -0.62 was found to be significant at the 0.05 level. A correlation of r = -0.43 between SL and the timing angle of less than 90 degrees is believed to benefit theangle was found to be significant at the 0.05 level. This indicates that as the swimmers' SCT decreased, the timing angle increased. And, as the swimmers' SL decreased the timing angle increased. It appears that timing angles increase with increasing V. The mean timing angle for ninety trials was 66.03 degrees with a SD of 17.68. This study indicates that women collegiate swimmers use a timing angle of less than 90 degrees. A timing swimmers' body position, balance and SL. / School of Physical Education

Maintenance of adequate muscle glycogen stores has been shown to be essential for endurance performance. For athletes who train on successive days or twice in the same day it is especially important that feeding strategies result in optimal glycogen resynthesis between workouts. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if prior carbohydrate feedings and the form of the carbohydrate consumed affected subsequent endurance performance. Seven endurance trained male cyclists agreed to participate in this study. Each day of testing consisted of two exercise bouts. The first workout was an anaerobic workout consisting of five one minute efforts at 115% VO2max followed by a sprint ride to exhaustion. Each of the sprints was separated from the next by a four minute rest period. For the final ride, the subjects rode at 115% of VO2max. One hour following the completion of the first workout, the subjects began a feeding regimen in which one of four carbohydrate sources were ingested in an amount calculated to provide 1.5g carbohydrate/kg bodyweight/hr for the next four hours. The trials were grouped by carbohydrate forms, dense chewy solid (Powerbars) (DCS), liquid carbohydrate (Gatorlode) (LCHO), and semi-moist solid (Nabisco Snackwells and Fruit Newtons) (SMS). In addition, a water trial (W) was conducted to serve as a control The second workout occurred six hours after the completion of the anaerobic workout and consisted of a one-hour self-paced performance ride on a cycle ergometer. Performance was measured as work (U) performed during the ride. All carbohydrate forms (824.7±109.6 U) improved performance over water (782.0±121.7 U) (p<0.05). In addition, among the various carbohydrate forms, SMS (843.2±94.4 U) significantly improved performance over LCHO (807.3±141 U) and DCS (805.3±115 U) (p<0.05). Carbohydrate feedings between anaerobic and aerobic workouts in the same day improve performance. Also, the physical form of the carbohydrate influences performance. / School of Physical Education

The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of carbohydrate structure on muscle glycogen resynthesis. Eight college-aged male cyclists performed a depletion exercise protocol to decrease vastus lateralis glycogen concentration. This protocol consisted of 60 min of cycling at 75% V O2max, followed by 6 - one min sprints at 125 % V O2max, with a 1 min rest between each sprint. Following the depletion exercise, the subjects consumed - 3000 kcal over a 12 hour period, which was calculated to meet each subject's estimated daily energy expenditure. The carbohydrate (CHO), fat and protein content represented 65:20:15% of the calories consumed, respectively, and totaled 450 - 550 g of CHO. All of the CHO was derived from 1 of 4 solutions: 1) glucose, 2) maltodextrin (glucose polymer), 3) waxy starch (100% amylopectin), or 4) resistant starch (100% amylose). Muscle biopsies were taken after the depletion exercise protocol and 24 hours after the depletion protocol to determine glycogen concentrations. The postdepletion exercise glycogen concentration was similar in all 4 trials, and averaged 234.7 mmol/kg dry weight (d.w.) muscle. Twenty-four hours after exercise, the increase in muscle glycogen concentration was less in the resistant starch trial (90.8 f 12.8 mmol/kg d.w.) than in the glucose, maltodextrin and waxy starch trials, in which glycogen concentration increased 168.7 mmol/kg d.w. Following the 24 h post-depletion exercise biopsy, each subject performed a 30 min cycling time trial, so that the relationship between muscle glycogen concentration and performance could be examined. There were no differences in work output during the time trial or blood lactate concentration immediately following the time trial in any of the trials. In summary, glycogen resynthesis is attenuated following ingestion of carbohydrate with a high amylose content, relative to amylopectin or glucose; however, short duration performance at intensities < 75% VO2max is unaffected. / School of Physical Education

Breast fed infants appear to grow less rapidly after the first three months of age when compared with current standards from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The NCHS standards are a composite of two other studies both of which used formula fed infants or infants who were breast fed for a short period of time. Current literature suggests a breast fed infant's deviation from NCHS standards should be considered a normal pattern with no apparent deleterious consequences to a breast fed infant. This study was undertaken to determine whether differences do exist between the growth patterns of breast fed infants in Muncie, Indiana, and NCHS standards, and if so, at what age do the differences become apparent. For this study growth data were gathered for 66 infants. The subjects were women who attended the Obstetrical and Family Practice Clinics of Ball Memorial or were patients of private physicians in Muncie and Delaware County, Indiana and who volunteered to participate in the study. Women who were free of chronic conditions were elgible to participate in the study. A 24-hour data collection period was conducted one day each month for one calendar year or as long as the subjects remained in the study. Immediately before and after each nursing during the 24-hour time period weight measurements were taken and recorded for the infants. Lengths were measured once at this time. The analysis of data from this study is similar to previous studies, and showed that weight gain in particular, but also length gain, of the breast fed infant was slower after three months of age in comparison to NCHS standards and supports the recommendations of others that the weight gain of breast fed infants should not be compared to current NCHS standards and new growth charts based on breast fed infants are needed. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction equation for peak oxygen uptake using the Modified BSU Ramp protocol. Thirty-four subjects (14 men and 20 women, age 32-83 years) completed the standard Ball State University Adult Physical Fitness Program quiet and exercise testing sessions, with the maximal exercise test conducted with the Modified BSU Ramp protocol. The modified ramp protocol increases speed and grade every 20 seconds, and it increases by - 0.15 METs every increment for the first 6 minutes and --0.3 METs per increment thereafter. The Modified BSU ramp protocol was developed to allow for reasonable exercise test times from a standardized ramp protocol with individuals with low functional capacities < 10 METs. Pre-test procedures included height and weight measurements, resting blood pressure, resting heart rate, body fat measures, a blood lipid profile, and resting electrocardiogram (ECG). Exercise testing included ECG, heart rate, and blood pressure that were recorded prior to, during, and in the recovery phase of exercise. Subjects were instructed to continue exercise until fatigue, and respiratory gases were collected to determine V02 . Data was then analyzed using multiple regression techniques. Gender, age, body weight, and treadmill test time were the significant predictors, which were used in the regression equation (R2 = 0.586, SEE = 3.54 ml-kg-'.min'). An equation was developed from the lone predictor, treadmill test time with R2 = .37 and SEE = 4.1 ml•kg'•min'. The equation is as follows: VOA = 4.932 + 1.934 (test time (min)). Of the tests conducted on the Modified BSU ramp protocol, 82% were within an "ideal" test time window of 812 minutes, and 97% were within an "acceptable" test time window of 6-15 minutes. In conclusion, VOA can be estimated with acceptable accuracy (i.e. SEE - ± I MET) from the Modified BSU Ramp protocol, and for clinical purposes it is a suitable protocol to use when testing low fit individuals. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group nutrition and physical activity education classes in lowering cholesterol levels of worksite employees at 6-and 12-month intervals. A total of 32 participants were followed through the study. The group of participants included 24 female and 8 males, all over the age of 40. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOV A with repeated n1easures, post¬hoc analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and ANCOV A to test six null hypotheses. Statistically significant differences in HDL cholesterol levels were found between baseline and 12 months (p=O.OOO) and between 6 months and 12 months (p=O.OOO). Statistically significant differences were also found in TCIHDL cholesterol ratios between baseline and 12 months (p=0.02) and between 6 months and 12 months (p=0.021). / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between comfort food preferences of college faculty when under normal (non-stressful) and stressful conditions. Thirty-four percent (n=63) of the participants were males and 66 percent (n=121) were females. Sixty-seven percent (n=123) experienced a change in appetite when stressed, with 69 percent (n=85) experiencing an increase and 31 percent (n=38) experiencing a decrease in appetite. Participants chose a significantly wider variety of foods when under stressful conditions for both sweet (p=<.001) and salty/crunchy food categories (p=.004). High restrained eaters chose significantly more types of sweet foods (p=.031) and beverages (p=.020) than low restrained eaters when comparing stressful and normal conditions. These findings suggest the majority of adults may experience changes in appetite with stress, specifically an increased appetite, and may choose more types of sweet and salty/crunchy foods. An individual's restraint level, gender, and age may also play a role in comfort food choice. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

This study examined the effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance in adolescent males (n =11; 15.0 ± 0.9 yrs). On separate days, subjects consumed either a CHO or a placebo (PL) beverage followed by 2 Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT) separated with ten by 10-second sprints. Peak (PP), mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) were assessed. Venous blood samples were obtained and analyzed for glucose, lactate, insulin, and catecholamines. A trial by time ANOVA (P < 0.05) was used in the analysis. PP and MP tended to be higher (P < 0.09) in CHO versus PL, and MP tended to decline more in CHO (P < 0.06); Fl for the two WAnT were similar. Glucose concentration significantly increased after CHO consumption and then returned to baseline post-exercise, whereas glucose level remained unchanged over time during PL; similarly observed for insulin. Lactate and catecholamine levels significantly increased over time, but a trial difference was only observed in epinephrine. The tendency for PP and MP to be higher in CHO might suggest a potential ergogenic benefit of pre-exercise CHO although the change in MP over time in CHO and the similarity in Fl might suggest otherwise. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science