The present study was designed to address the issue of the potential harm of workaholism. It specifically examined the relationships between workaholism, self-acceptance, psychological well-being, and physical symptoms. Furthermore, participants completed a form to rate their perceptions of their parents work behaviors, and thus relationships between perceived parental workaholism, physical symptoms, psychological well-being, and self-acceptance, were also explored.Three hundred forty seven students from a Midwestern university completed a survey measuring the above constructs. Of these 347 surveys, 279 were utilized for analysis. It was hypothesized that students' workaholism would correlate negatively with the students' psychological well-being and self-acceptance, and positively with physical health complaints. It was expected that student workaholics would report less psychological well-being, more physical complaints, and less self-acceptance than nonworkaholic students. Furthermore it was hypothesized that there would be no relationship between perceived parental workaholism and students' workaholism. While it was hypothesized that students who perceive their parents as workaholic would report less psychological well-being and self-acceptance than students with perceived nonworkaholic parents, it was not expected that they would report more physical health complaints.Results supported the majority of the hypotheses. A negative relationship was found between students' workaholism and the students' psychological well-being and self-acceptance, while a positive relationship was found between students' workaholism and physical health complaints. Students in the medium to high risk workaholic group were found to have significantly more physical health complaints, and lower self-acceptance and psychological well-being than students scoring in the low risk workaholic group. Furthermore, students with perceptions of parental workaholism falling within the medium to high risk range, had significantly lower levels of psychological well-being and self-acceptance than parents falling within the low risk range. No differences were expected in these two groups in terms of physical health complaints, however students' with perceptions of parental workaholism in the medium to high risk range had significantly more physical symptoms than students' with lower perceptions of parental workaholism. Furthermore, while no correlation was expected between perceived parental workaholism and student workaholism, a significant positive correlation was found. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

This study was designed to determine if highly caffeine sensitive (HS) and less caffeine sensitive (LS) individuals differ in metabolic substrate use and endurance performance following caffeine ingestion. Twenty subjects were placed into HS and LS groups based on a series of 6 isokinetic cycle ergometer rides in which perceived exertion was held constant and work output was measured. Subjects who performed significantly more work following caffeine ingestion were classified as HS while those who did not were classified as LS. Seven subjects were selected from each of these groups to perform the experimental trials. These trials were conducted 60 min after ingestion of 6 mg-kg-1 caffeine or a placebo and consisted of a 30 min ride at70% VO2max followed by a 60 min isokinetic performance ride. The HS group achieved a higher accumulated workload over the last 30 min of the ride following caffeine ingestion compared to the placebo condition. No increase in work output was observed in the LS group following caffeine ingestion. There were no significant differences between treatments in either the HS or LS group in amount of muscle glycogen utilized during the first 30 min of the ride. During the caffeine trials serum glucose was elevated at 20, 30, and 50 min, free fatty acid concentration was elevated at the zero time point, and glycerol concentration was elevated at 60 and 90 min compared to the placebo trials. However, there were no differences between the HS and LS groups in these parameters. These data suggest that the ergogenic effects of caffeine in some individuals are not due to an alteration in substrate utilization, but may be related to an alteration in neural perception of effort. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to compare the growth response elicited by an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) conducted on a traditional weight stack device (WS) and a flywheel device (FW). Eight recreationally trained males (25 ± 9 y, 77 ± 27 kg) performed 4 sets of 7 repetitions of bilateral knee extension on each exercise device separated by 7 days. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at rest and 4 hrs post-exercise to examine the expression of selected myogenic and proteolytic genes. RE increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of Myogenin (3.6 vs. 3.6 fold), and MyoD (2.2 vs. 2.0 fold) and decreased (P < 0.05) expression of Myostatin (1.4 vs. 1.5 fold) to a similar degree on both exercise devices. There was no change in the expression of Atrogin-1, MuRF-1 or MRF4 following RE on either device. The only device mediated difference in the expression of the selected genes was observed in Atrogin-1 which was lower following RE on the FW versus the WS device. The current data shows that in the initial hrs following RE, use of the FW is as effective as the traditional resistance training devices (WS) in promoting the induction of genes involved with muscle remodeling and growth. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

During periods of intense exercise the adenine nucleotide pool in skeletal muscle becomes partially depleted. Ribose has been shown to increase rates of both purine salvage and adenine nucleotide de novo synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. However, to date no research has been conducted on the effects of ribose on adenine nucleotide levels in human skeletal muscle. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of ribose supplementation on adenine nucleotide levels in human skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise. To do this, an 11-day supplementation of either ribose (20 g.d-1) or placebo (glucose 20 g•d-1) was given to 16 healthy male subjects. After 72 hours of supplementation, the subjects performed five-days of high-intensity exercise designed to elicit significant reductions in adenine nucleotides. A 65 hour recovery period was completed following the exercise protocol. Muscle biopsies were performed at four different time points during the supplementation/exercise period.The exercise protocol elicited significant decreases in skeletal muscle adenine nucleotide levels of both the ribose and placebo groups (p<0.05). However, ribose supplementation was shown to partially attenuated the adenine nucleotide decrease. The placebo group demonstrated a 39% decrease, while the ribose group dropped 23% in TAN levels (p<0.05). The largest decreases were observed in ATP for both groups; however, the decreases were significantly greater in the placebo group (p<0.05). Both groups displayed a similar amount of replenishment in adenine nucleotides 65 hours following the 5-day exercise period. No differences were demonstrated in ADP or AMP for either the ribose and placebo groups throughout the investigation. Both groups displayed an increase in E MP post-exercise, but the increase was only significant in the ribose group (p<0.05). No differences in mean power, peak power, and fatigue were observed between the ribose and placebo group. However, the ribose group consistently displayed a non-significantly greater percent change (3.1 %) in mean power. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a 12-week progressive resistance training program (PRT) on single myofiber calcium sensitivity in older women. Five healthy older women between the ages of 67-82 with a mean age of 72.8±2.7 yr. participated in this study. The training regimen consisted of bilateral isotonic knee extensions. The subjects performed 3 sets, the first two sets consisted of 10 repetitions and the last set was performed to volitional exhaustion at 80% of their 1RM 3 days/week. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained and single muscle fibers were isolated. The fibers were mounted and fiber length and diameter were determined. The experimental sequence for each fiber was the determination of maximal isometric tension (PO) at pCa 4.5 (pCa = -log [Ca 2+]), and then subsequent activations of the fiber submaximally with free Ca 2+ concentrations of pCa 6.8, 6.5, 6.2, 6.0, 5.8, 5.5, 5.2, 5.0, and 4.7. Due to the small sample size of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) type II single fibers that were studied, only the MHC type I fibers were included for analysis. The MHC type I single fiber diameter increased significantly (p<0.05) from 90.47±3.90 µm to 102.47±2.27 gm pre-to-post PRT, respectively. The Po increased approximately 22% (p<0.05) in the MHC type I fibers pre- to-post PRT. The mean MHC type I fiber Ca 2+ activation threshold increased (p<0.05) from pCa 6.83±0.02 to pCa 6.91±0.01 preto-post PRT. In addition, the mean half-maximal activation of the type I fibers increased (p<0.05) with PRT (5.50±0.02 and 5.70±0.03, pre and post, respectively. The slope of the tension-pCa relationship below (n2) and above (ni) half-maximal activation were also examined to predict molecular cooperativity during cross-bridge interaction. The slope of the Hill plot for n1 did not change significantly with the PRT. However, the slope of the Hill plot for n2 demonstrated a significant increase (p<0.05) from 1.70±0.11 to 2.43±0.09 pre-to-post PRT. In conclusion, the results of this investigation indicate that myofibril Ca 2+ sensitivity and activation properties appear to exhibit a significant role in the mechanisms involved with skeletal muscle adaptability in older women following PRT. / School of Physical Education

This study compared the exercise responses of a waxy starch (WS), resistant starch (RS), glucose (GL) and an artificially-sweetened placebo (PL) ingested prior to exercise. Ten college-age, male competitive cyclists completed four experimental protocols consisting of a 30 min isokinetic, self-paced performance ride preceded by 90 min of constant load cycling at 66% VO2max. Thirty min prior to exercise, they ingested 1 g•kg-1 body weight of GL, WS, RS, or PL. A familiarization trial was first conducted to eliminate a potential order effect. An order effect was evidenced by lower (p<0.05) work rates during the performance ride of the first trial (390 ± 26.1 kJ) than the other four trials. No order effect was observed for the remainder of the experimental treatments which were performed in a single-blind, randomized fashion. At rest, GL elicited greater (P<0.05) serum glucose and insulin responses than all other trials. During exercise, however, serum glucose and insulin responses were similar among trials. Blood C-peptide and glucagon responses were also similar among trials. The mean total carbohydrate oxidation rates (CHOox) were higher (p<0.05) during the GL, WS, and RS trials (2.59 ± 0.13, 2.49 ± 0.10, and 2.71 ± 0.15 g•min-1, respectively) compared to PL (2.35 ± 0.12 g•min-1). Subjects were able to complete more work (p<0.05) during the performance ride when they ingested GL (434 ± 25.2 kJ) or WS (428 ± 22.5 kJ) compared to PL (403 ± 35.1 kJ). They also tended to produce more work with RS ingestion (418 ± 31.4 kJ), although this did not reach statistical significance (p<0.09). These results indicate that pre-exercise CHO ingestion in the form of starch or glucose maintained higher rates of total carbohydrate oxidation during exercise and provided an ergogenic benefit during self-paced cycling. / Human Performance Laboratory

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the contractile properties of individual slow and fast myofibers in response to various training periods throughout a collegiate cross-country season in male runners. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the gastrocnemius of five runners at three time points during the season; after a summer aerobic training phase (T1); after an 8 week period of intense training (T2) and after a 4 week taper period (T3). Absolute (4.6±0.3 L/min) and relative (71±0.7 mI/kg/min) maximal oxygen consumption were unchanged during the study duration. Run performance (8 km) improved 3% from T1 to T2 (27:26 to 26:38 min:sec) and 1% from T2 to T3 (26:21 min:sec). A total of 328 individual myofibers were isolated and studied at 15°C. MHC I diameter was 3% lower (P < 0.05) at T2 compared to T1 and 4% smaller at T3 compared to T2. MHC I and Ila fibers were 18 and 11 % stronger (P < 0.05) respectively, from T1 to T2. MHC I fibers produced 9% less force (P < 0.05) after the taper (T2-T3) while MHC Ila fibers were 9% stronger (P < 0.05). Specific tension (Po/CSA) increased (P < 0.05) 38 and 26% for MHC I and Ila fibers, respectively from T1 to T2 and was unchanged with the taper. Maximal shortening velocity (Vo) of the MHC I fibers decreased (P < 0.05) 23% from T1 to T2 and 17% from T2 to T3. MHC I peak power decreased (P < 0.05) 20% from T1 to T2 and 25% from T2 to T3. Power corrected for cell size decreased (P < 0.05) 15% from T2 to T3 and was 24% lower at T3 compared to T1 for the MHC I fibers only. MHC Ila diameter, Vo, peak and normalized power were unaltered during the study duration. These data suggest that myocellular function is sensitive to changes in run training and it appears that MHC I fibers are moreaffected than MHC IIa fibers. Furthermore, the increase in interval training with the taper may have offset the modest reduction in training volume and prevented any positive adaptations at the cellular level. / Human Performance Laboratory

In an attempt to investigate the role of the endogenous opioid peptides in substrate utilization and hormonal responses to exercise, eight trained cyclists completed two exercise trials at each of two distinct intensity/duration combinations. Briefly, cyclists completed two trials at 70% VO2max for 90 minutes and two trials at 90% VO2max until exhaustion. Trials were conducted following the administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone (NAL) (0.1 mg-kg-1 bolus + 0.1 mg-kg-1-·hr-1) or volume matched saline (SAL). Serum glucose was maintained at significantly higher levels at 60 and 90 minutes of exercise in 70% NAL vs 70% SAL. Serum glucose was significantly higher at all points during exercise and at 30 and 60 minutes of recovery in 90% NAL vs 90% SAL. Serum insulin was not altered by naloxone administration at either 70% or 90% trials. Serum Cpeptide was significantly higher at 60 and 90 minutes in 70%-NAL vs 70% SAL, and was significantly lower during exercise in 90%-NAL vs 90% SAL. Plasma glucagon was not different during exercise in the 70% trials, but was significantly higher during exercise in 90%-NAL vs 90%-SAL. The glucagon:insulin molar ration was not significantly altered by naloxone administration in any trial. Rating of peceived exertion was significantly higher during exercise in 70%-NAL, but was not different during exercise in the 90% trials. However, time to exhaustion was significantly (18%) reduced in 90%-NAL vs 90%-SAL. No systematic differences were observed in the cardiorespiratory responses to exercise at either intensity, although pulmonary ventilation was modestly (7%) elevated in 90%-NAL. Thus, opiate antagonism prevents the decline in serum glucose seen in prolonged exercise without altering substrate oxidation, and with minimal influence on the pancreatic hormone response. In contrast, opiate antagonism potentiates the hyperglycemic response to high intensity exercise at least in part by altering pancreatic hormone responses which may contribute to the hyperglycemia. / School of Physical Education

The validity of the Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS) for use with adolescents was investigated. Also, a path model of blood pressure based on the cognitive social learning theory was tested using sets of biological (i.e., family history of hypertension and age), psychological (i.e., public self-consciousness, private self-consciousness, suppressed anger and outwardly expressed anger), and lifestyle (i.e., relative weight and smoking) variables.Subjects were 169 female and 124 male adolescents from the southeastern United States. Parents provided information about the subjects' family history of hypertension and health. Subjects completed the SCS and Anger Expression Scale and a health questionnaire. Subjects' blood pressures, weights, and heights were assessed. Data from all subjects were used for the SCS analyses. Data from 36 subjects who reportedly had health problems or used drugs with cardiovascular effects were excluded from the path model analyses.The SCS data were factor analyzed. Based on the initial analysis, four items were excluded from the data. The subsequent factor analysis suggested that the SCS is a valid measure of the dimensions of self-consciousness in adolescents. Test-retest reliabilities and internal consistencies of the SCS showed reasonable reliability. Comparisons of the SCS scores between college students and adolescents and between female and male adolescents were made.The path model was tested separately for males and females on both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), using hierarchical multiple regression analyses of sets. Although the variables collectively explained a significant amount of variance in DBP and SBP for both sexes, few had significant direct and total effects on DBP and SBP, and none had indirect effects on DBP or SBP. Sex differences emerged in the variables' effects on DBP and SBP and the variables' effects on other variables. DBP and SBP increased as relative weight increased for both sexes. No other variables influenced SBP or DBP for males or SBP for females. Females with a positive family history of hypertension had higher DBPs. Females' DBPs decreased as private self-consciousness increased. The implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

The effect of heat acclimatization on aerobic exercise tolerance in the heat, and on subsequent anaerobic exercise performance was investigated. Ten male subjects were acclimatized by exercising 90 minutes per day for eight days in the heat (39.7 C db, 31.0% RH) on a bicycle ergometer at a workload corresponding to 54% of V02 max. Prior to, and following heat acclimatization, the subjects performed six hours of intermittent, submaximal (50% V02 max) exercise in the heat (HET). A 45 sec maximal bicycle ride was performed before (sprint 1) and after (sprint 2) each HET. Mean ( ± SE) resting plasma volume was higher (+9.2 + 1.7%) in acclimatized subjects (ACC) compared with unacclimatized (UN) subjects (P<0.001). Acclimatization resulted in reductions in the mean exercise heart rate (160 + 3 vs. 144 ± 3, P<0.001) and mean rectal temperature (38.13 + 0.08 vs 37.91 + 0.05, P<0.01). Muscle glycogen utilization during the HET was greater in the UN trial (57.4 + 5.1 mmol/kg) than the ACC trial (28.6 + 6.4 mmol/kg, P<0.05). No differences were noted between the UN and ACC trials with respect to blood glucose, lactate (LA), or respiratory exchange ratio during the HET. Total work output during sprint 2 was reduced compared with sprint 1 in the UN trial (24.01 ± 0.80 vs. 21.56 + 1.18 kJ, P<0.05). Post exercise muscle pH was significantly (P<0.05) higher following sprint 2 (6.86) than sprint 1 (6.67) in the UN trial. Associated with this reduction in anaerobic exercise performance, an attenuated accumulation of LA and fall in pH was noted in the blood. No differences between sprints 1 and 2 were observed for the ACC trial in total work, musce pH, or blood LA. As a result of sprint exercise in both UN and ACC trials, a decrease in muscle potassium (K+) was noted (P<0.05), which was accompanied by a 0.8 to 2.2 mmol/l increase in antecubital venous blood K+. Following sprint exercise, serum K+ was below pre sprint values for up to 15 minutes, suggesting a rapid and accelerated uptake of K+.These data indicate that eight days of heat acclimatization produced a shift in fuel selection during submaximal exercise in the heat through an enhanced delivery of blood borne substrate. The observed muscle glycogen sparing during submaximal exercise may be associated with the enhanced ability to maintain high levels of anaerobic energy release and performance of highly intense exercise following prolonged exertion in the heat.