A cercosporiose é a principal doença foliar do caquizeiro no Brasil. A doença está distribuída entre as principais regiões produtoras do país e é responsável pela queda precoce das folhas e maturação antecipada dos frutos. Informações referentes a este patossistema são escassas na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi (I) desenvolver e validar uma escala diagramática para avaliar a severidade da cercosporiose; (II) caracterizar isolados obtidos de folhas de caquizeiros com sintomas de cercosporiose de diferentes regiões do Brasil através de análises filogenéticas, morfologia e testes de patogenicidade; e (III) estudar os processos infecção e colonização de isolado patogênico causador de cercosporiose em folhas de caquizeiro. A escala diagramática desenvolvida compreende seis diagramas com severidade variando entre 0,5 e 17,3%. O uso da escala diagramática melhorou a acurácia, precisão, concordância e reprodutibilidade das estimativas conduzidas por 10 avaliadores, mostrando-se, portanto, eficiente para avaliação de cercosporiose de caquizeiros. Para a caracterização de 37 isolados obtidos em folhas de caquizeiros com cercosporiose, coletadas nos estados de São Paulo, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul, foram analisadas as sequências do espaçador interno transcrito (ITS), actina (ACT) e fator de elongação 1-α (TEF). Alta diversidade genética foi observada entre os isolados coletados. A rede de haplótipos gerada a partir da análise dos três genes de forma concatenada resultou na formação de 10 haplótipos. As colônias apresentaram coloração predominantemente esverdeada, topografia levantada com bordos inteiro, ausência de esporos e crescimento lento. Quanto ao processo de infecção, a penetração do patógeno ocorreu através dos estômatos, mas não foi observado tropismo positivo em direção aos estômatos. No processo de colonização dos tecidos foliares, compostos fenólicos foram acumulados no tecido infectado, porém não foram capazes de conter o processo de colonização. Os testes histoquímicos também revelaram o acúmulo de pectina nas células da extensão da bainha foliar e a presença de compostos lipofílicos nas áreas lesionadas. Foram observadas vesículas nos espaços intercelulares em regiões com a presença de hifas do patógeno, que possivelmente estão envolvidas na degradação da parede celular do hospedeiro. / Angular Leaf spot is the major foliar disease of persimmon in Brazil. The disease is widely spread among major producing areas in the country and is responsible for early defoliation and anticipated fruits ripening. Information about the pathosystem are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to (I) develop and validate a standard area diagram set (SADs) for assessing angular leaf spot severity; (II) characterize isolates obtained from persimmon leaves with angular leaf spot symptoms from different regions by means of phylogenetic analyses, morphological features and pathogenicity tests; and (III) study infection and colonization process of pathogen isolate that caused angular leaf spot in persimmon leaves. The SADs developed comprises six colour diagrams with severity ranging from 0.5 to 17.3%. The use of the SADs improved the accuracy, precision, agreement and inter-rater reliability of the estimates conducted by 10 raters, showed to be adequate for estimates of angular leaf spot in persimmon. To characterize 37 isolates obtained from persimmon leaves with angular leaf spot, collected from the states of São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, were analyzed internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT) and elongation factor 1-α (TEF) sequences. High genetic variability was observed among collected isolates. The haplotype network generated from combined analyzed of ITS, ACT and TEF, showed 10 distinct haplotypes. Colonies showed predominantly greenish color, raised elevation with circular form, absence of spores and slow growth. In the infection process, the germ tubes entered the leaf tissue through the stomata, but was not observed positive tropism to stomata. In the colonization process of foliar tissues, phenolic compounds were accumulated in the infected tissue; however, they did not prevent the colonization progress. Histochemical studies showed accumulation of pectin in the bundle sheath extension cells and the presence of lipophilic compounds in the injured areas. Vesicles were observed in the intercellular spaces in regions with the presence of hyphae of the pathogen, that are possibly involved in the degradation of the host cell wall.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-22T16:19:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Otacilio Monteiro da Rocha Junior.pdf: 493982 bytes, checksum: 6eac9d2040ce61a3f47221fcd1d41acc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T16:19:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Otacilio Monteiro da Rocha Junior.pdf: 493982 bytes, checksum: 6eac9d2040ce61a3f47221fcd1d41acc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Yellow Sigatoka disease or leaf spot Banana caused by fungus Mycosphaerella musicola (anamorph Pseudocercospora musae), it is an important disease of banana disseminated throughout in Brazilian territory. This work aimed to determine the spatial pattern of the Sigatoka disease in the field and appropriate sample’s size for quantification of the disease in different planting areas and severity levels. The spatial pattern of the disease was investigated in three areas of banana’s planting, being delimited in each planting a portion of thirty contiguous lines, with 30 covas/line. Yellow Sigatoka disease was evaluated in each plant-mother and, considering the respective location, the analysis of space spatial’s autocorrelation was made. The three areas presented aggregate pattern of diseased plants, with predominance of the three areas presented pattern of diseased plants, with predominance of the aggregation inside of the lines aggregation inside of the lines. To determinate the appropriate sizes of the samples, it was made pilot’s sampling in 30 plantings, being established in each planting a sub-area of 2 ha, where 50 plants were selected by systematic sampling and evaluated by disease’severity. The severity of the Sigatoka yellow in the 30 plantingareas submitted to pilot’s sampling varied from 5,3% to 46,7%, not being verified significant correlations between the severity levels and the plantings’ age, as well as of these last ones with the sizes of the samples. The samples’ size for quantification of Sigatoka yellow banana’s severity were determinated considering the aggregate pattern of diseased plants. Obtained data were analyzed by method that specifies the acceptable mistake, with a aggregate pattern of diseased plants. The sample’s size were correlated negatively with the levels of disease’ severity (r = -0,60). Considering the planting area’ average, in futures studies of the severity of the Sigatoka yellow, at which excellent precision’ level is demanded (error = 5%), the sampling of 66 plants is recommended for each 2 ha cultivated, with the evaluation of the nine leaves more young/plant. The results obtained in this study serve as base for futures epidemic studies of the Sigatoka yellow banana, as data were originated from fields under different conditions and estimated considering growing needs of precision.Yellow Sigatoka disease or leaf spot Banana caused by fungus Mycosphaerella musicola (anamorph Pseudocercospora musae), it is an important disease of banana disseminated throughout in Brazilian territory. This work aimed to determine the spatial pattern of the Sigatoka disease in the field and appropriate sample’s size for quantification of the disease in different planting areas and severity levels. The spatial pattern of the disease was investigated in three areas of banana’s planting, being delimited in each planting a portion of thirty contiguous lines, with 30 covas/line. Yellow Sigatoka disease was evaluated in each plant-mother and, considering the respective location, the analysis of space spatial’s autocorrelation was made. The three areas presented aggregate pattern of diseased plants, with predominance of the three areas presented pattern of diseased plants, with predominance of the aggregation inside of the lines aggregation inside of the lines. To determinate the appropriate sizes of the samples, it was made pilot’s sampling in 30 plantings, being established in each planting a sub-area of 2 ha, where 50 plants were selected by systematic sampling and evaluated by disease’severity. The severity of the Sigatoka yellow in the 30 plantingareas submitted to pilot’s sampling varied from 5,3% to 46,7%, not being verified significant correlations between the severity levels and the plantings’ age, as well as of these last ones with the sizes of the samples. The samples’ size for quantification of Sigatoka yellow banana’s severity were determinated considering the aggregate pattern of diseased plants. Obtained data were analyzed by method that specifies the acceptable mistake, with a aggregate pattern of diseased plants. The sample’s size were correlated negatively with the levels of disease’ severity (r = -0,60). Considering the planting area’ average, in futures studies of the severity of the Sigatoka yellow, at which excellent precision’ level is demanded (error = 5%), the sampling of 66 plants is recommended for each 2 ha cultivated, with the evaluation of the nine leaves more young/plant. The results obtained in this study serve as base for futures epidemic studies of the Sigatoka yellow banana, as data were originated from fields under different conditions and estimated considering growing needs of precision. / A Sigatoka-amarela, causada pelo fungo Mycosphaerella musicola (anamorfo Pseudocercospora musae, é uma importante doença da bananeira e encontra-se disseminada em todo o território brasileiro. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o padrão espacial da Sigatoka-amarela no campo e os tamanhos ideais das amostras para quantificação da doença em diferentes áreas de plantio e níveis de severidade. O padrão espacial da doença foi investigado em três áreas de plantio de bananeira, sendo em cada plantio delimitada uma parcela de 30 linhas contíguas, com 30 covas/linha. A severidade da Sigatoka-amarela foi avaliada em cada planta-mãe e, considerando a respectiva localização, foi efetuada a análise de autocorrelação espacial. As três áreas apresentaram padrão agregado de plantas doentes, com predominância da agregação dentro das linhas. Na determinação dos tamanhos ideais das amostras, foram efetuadas amostragens-piloto em 30 plantios, sendo em cada plantio estabelecida uma sub-área de 2 ha, onde 50 plantas foram selecionadas por amostragem sistemática e avaliadas quanto à severidade da doença. A severidade da Sigatoka-amarela nas 30áreas de plantio submetidas às amostragens-piloto variou de 5,3% a 46,7%, não sendo constatadas correlações significativas entre os níveis de severidade e as idades dos plantios, bem como destas últimas com os tamanhos das amostras. Os tamanhos das amostras para quantificação da severidade da Sigatoka-amarela da bananeira foram determinados considerando o padrão agregado de plantas doentes. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo método que especifica o erro aceitável, com um padrão agregado de plantas doentes. Os tamanhos das amostras correlacionaram-se negativamente com os níveis de severidade da doença (r = -0,60). Considerando a média das áreas de plantio, em futuros levantamentos da severidade da Sigatoka-amarela, nos quais seja exigido excelente nível de precisão (erro = 5%), recomenda-se a amostragem de 66 plantas para cada 2 ha cultivados, com a avaliação das nove folhas mais jovens/planta. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo servem como base para futuros levantamentos epidemiológicos da Sigatoka-amarela da bananeira, uma vez que os dados foram originados de campos sob diferentes condições e estimados considerando necessidades crescentes de precisão.

<p>  </p> <p>Protecting crops from disease requires continuous research because plant pathogen incidence, geographical range, and pathogenicity, are constantly shifting variables as agronomic practices and climate continue to evolve. The objectives of this research are to i.) evaluate field-scale fungicide timing programs for corn (<em>Zea mays L.</em>) diseases at multiple locations in Indiana; ii.) evaluate field-scale fungicide timing programs for soybean (<em>Glycine Max</em> (L.) Merr.) diseases at multiple locations in Indiana; iii.) continue to identify, document, and confirm the distribution of populations of the soybean frogeye leaf spot pathogen (<em>Cercospora sojina)</em> that contain the G143A mutation conferring resistance to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides in Indiana; and iv.) assess the incidence, severity, and prevalence of tar spot (<em>Phyllachora maydis</em>) in Indiana. For the first and second objectives, field scale trials were established at three locations in Indiana from 2019 to 2022. No application timings at any location provided significant yield protection for corn or soybeans. To achieve the third objective, 165 isolates of <em>C. Sojina </em>were tested. In total, 24 out of the 32 counties sampled in 2021 and 2022 were documented with QoI-resistance. The fourth objective was accomplished by surveying Indiana counties for incidence and severity of tar spot. As of 2022, 86 out of 92 Indiana counties have been confirmed for the presence of tar spot.</p>