O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos de diferentes doses de dióxido de carbono (CO2), aplicadas via água de irrigação por gotejamento na produção da cultura da pimenta Tabasco (Capsicum frutescens L.). O experimento foi conduzido em duas estufas agrícolas de 122,5 m2 equipadas com sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, fertirrigação e injeção de CO2. As estufas foram instaladas na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da ESALQ USP, em Piracicaba. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos aplicados foram 4 doses de CO2: antes da poda as doses foram de 0 (T1), 206,6 (T2); 309,9 (T3) e 413,2 (T4) kg ha-1 e após a poda foram 0 (T1), 245,35 (T2); 368,03 (T3) e 490,72 (T4) kg ha-1. O CO2 foi aplicado via água de irrigação com freqüência de quatro dias e a irrigação foi realiza com turno de rega de dois dias, sendo monitorada por tensiômetro digital. A Lâmina total de água aplicada durante o ciclo (432 dias) foi de 1032,47 mm. As variáveis analisadas foram: estado nutricional das plantas, parâmetros de crescimento, aspectos produtivos, eficiência do uso da água, concentração de capsaicina e dihidrocapsaicina nos frutos e na planta. Os resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: (a) a aplicação de 207 kg CO2 ha-1 antes da poda proporcionou aumento de 21% na produção de frutos da pimenta. Durante os dois ciclos de cultivo, a aplicação de 452 kg CO2 ha-1 proporcionou aumento de 16% na produção, em relação ao tratamento sem CO2; (b) o número de frutos produzidos por planta durante os dois ciclos aumentou segundo uma relação quadrática com o aumento da dose de CO2 aplicada via água de irrigação, decrescendo a partir da dose de 409 kg CO2 ha-1. A resposta ao CO2 foi maior no primeiro ciclo (antes da poda) atingindo um máximo de 696 frutos por planta com a aplicação de 220 kg CO2 ha-1; (c) a aplicação de CO2 via água de irrigação não alterou a massa verde, massa seca, comprimento e diâmetro de frutos; (d) as concentrações de capsaicina e dihidrocapsaicina nos frutos reduziram com a aplicação de CO2, mas o rendimento desses capsaicinóides por planta aumentou em decorrência do aumento do número de frutos e da produção com a aplicação de CO2; (e) a eficiência do uso da água aumentou com o aumento da aplicação de CO2, atingindo um máximo para a aplicação de 207 kg CO2 ha-1 no primeiro ciclo e de 452 kg CO2 ha-1 para os dois ciclos; (f) a aplicação de CO2 não proporcionou efeito consistente para as variáveis de crescimento; (g) na última colheita (484 dias após o transplantio) a concentração de cálcio nas folhas reduziu linearmente com o aumento das doses de CO2 aplicadas; (h) ao final do primeiro ciclo de colheita (187 dias após o transplantio) os teores de Zn, Fe e Mn na folhas apresentaram redução quadrática em função do aumento das doses de CO2 e o teor de nitrogênio apresentou aumento quadrático. / The objective of the present work was to verify the effect of different doses of carbon dioxide (CO2) supplied via drip irrigation on the production of Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). The experiment was carried out in two 122.5 m2 greenhouses equipped with drip irrigation, fertirrigation and CO2 injection. The greenhouses were installed in the experimental área of the Department of Rural Engineering at ESALQ USP in Piracicaba. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four treatments and eight repetitions. The treatments comprised 4 doses of CO2 before trimming as follow: 0 (T1), 206.6 (T2), 309.9 (T3) and 413.2 (T4) kg ha-1; after the trimming the treatments applied were 0 (T1), 245.35 (T2); 368.03 (T3) and 490.72 (T4) kg ha-1. CO2 was supplied via drip irrigation with four days frequency and the irrigation was scheduled on a two-day basis and monitored by a digital tensiometer. During the cycle (432 days), the total water supplied was 1032.47 mm. The variables analysed were: nutritional condition of plants, growing parameters, productive aspects, efficiency of water use, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentration in the fruits and plant. The results allowed the following conclusions: (a) the application of 207 kg CO2 ha-1 before trimming promoted an increase of 21% in the yeld of fruits. During the two cycle of cultivation, the application of 452 kg CO2 ha-1 increased the production by 16% in relation to the treatment without CO2; (b) the number of fruits per plant during the two cycles increased in a quadratic relation with the increase of CO2 dose supplied via drip irrigation, decreasing from the dose of de 409 kg CO2 ha-1. The response to CO2 was greater in the first cycle (before trimming), achieving the maximum of 696 fruits per plant with the application of 220 kg CO2 ha-1; (c) CO2 injection via drip irrigation did not altered green matter, dry matter, lenght or diameter of fruits; (d) capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentration in the fruits diminished with application of CO2, but the yeld of these capsains per plant increased as a result of the greater number of fruits and the production with the application of CO2; (e) the efficiency of water usage increased with the increase of CO2 application, achieving a maximum in the application of 207 kg CO2 ha-1 in the first cycle, and 452 kg CO2 ha-1 in both cycles; (f) CO2 injection did not propitiated a consistent effect on the growing variables; (g) in the last harvest (484 days before transplantation), the concentration of calcium in the leaves was linearly reduced with the increase in the doses of CO2; (h) at the end of the first cycle of harvest (187 days after transplantation), the tenor of Zn, Fe and Mn in the leaves presented quadratic reduction due to the increase in CO2 doses while nitrogen tenor presented quadratic increase.

Submitted by Juan Carlos Rosales Sepulveda (juan.sepulveda2015@fgvmail.br) on 2015-01-27T17:53:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis 2014 - Juan Carlos Rosales V4.pdf: 1871035 bytes, checksum: 3a715609b0417e8ac2c63ed8c3a89089 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2015-02-04T19:22:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis 2014 - Juan Carlos Rosales V4.pdf: 1871035 bytes, checksum: 3a715609b0417e8ac2c63ed8c3a89089 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-02-12T11:41:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis 2014 - Juan Carlos Rosales V4.pdf: 1871035 bytes, checksum: 3a715609b0417e8ac2c63ed8c3a89089 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-12T11:41:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis 2014 - Juan Carlos Rosales V4.pdf: 1871035 bytes, checksum: 3a715609b0417e8ac2c63ed8c3a89089 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-28 / Peru agricultural exports have increased in recent years due to (i) free trade agreements with many countries (United States, Canada, European Union, China, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Chile, among others), (ii) an increasing international demand for healthy products, (iii) country´s economic development and (iv) more private investments in this sector (Velazco 2012). Also, if we can compare among Peru three main regions (Coast, Andean highlands and the Jungle), It is the Coast (western region) that has a developed agricultural production due to unique weather conditions, private investments, public infrastructure, transport costs and quality of land (Gomez, 2008). This country development is also related to the production of non-traditional products for export like asparagus, artichokes, capsicums, bananas, grapes, among others; produced by agro industrial companies and small farmers and that are mainly labor intensive (Gomez, 2008 and Velazco, 2012). This very successful export diversification and self-discovery process was the result of a combination of strong natural comparative advantages (mainly excellent agro climatic conditions) and a significant innovation effort. It meant the introduction and expansion of new products and markets, the entry of new firms, and experimental research and the adoption of new techniques and process technologies developed abroad (in irrigation, crop management, post-harvesting, sanitary control, storage and packing) to produce high-quality, niche (gourmet) and higher value-added products, in line with consumer trends in sophisticated food markets. In products such as asparagus, mango, organic coffee and capsicums, Peru has become a leading world exporter (OECD). For this reason one of the government main tasks for the next years is to meet urgent agriculture producer’s needs in the areas of technological Innovation and business management (MINAG). In this context, this thesis analyzes the applicability of a new technology – the mechatronic arms – specifically to capsicums production sector in Peru. We chose Capsicums production sector (paprika, chilli pepper) because is mainly labor intensive and is the sector where my family company (DIROSE SAC) operates. This innovation consists in a 40 arms mechatronic combine, and it was first created in order to improve the efficiency on the labor intensive phase of harvest for this kind of agriculture products. It is estimated that a laborer with brief training operating the machine would be equivalent to 40 people that not only would work during daytime, but also on the night shift as well. Also, using this new technology can allow a company to make additional crops that would increase their yields and annual revenues. This thesis was developed as a business plan to make this new product available for other agriculture companies that operates in the capsicums production sector in Peru; however, this new technology has the potential to be modified in order to be available to other kind of agriculture products, in Peru and other countries.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos de diferentes doses de dióxido de carbono (CO2), aplicadas via água de irrigação por gotejamento na produção da cultura da pimenta Tabasco (Capsicum frutescens L.). O experimento foi conduzido em duas estufas agrícolas de 122,5 m2 equipadas com sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, fertirrigação e injeção de CO2. As estufas foram instaladas na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da ESALQ USP, em Piracicaba. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos aplicados foram 4 doses de CO2: antes da poda as doses foram de 0 (T1), 206,6 (T2); 309,9 (T3) e 413,2 (T4) kg ha-1 e após a poda foram 0 (T1), 245,35 (T2); 368,03 (T3) e 490,72 (T4) kg ha-1. O CO2 foi aplicado via água de irrigação com freqüência de quatro dias e a irrigação foi realiza com turno de rega de dois dias, sendo monitorada por tensiômetro digital. A Lâmina total de água aplicada durante o ciclo (432 dias) foi de 1032,47 mm. As variáveis analisadas foram: estado nutricional das plantas, parâmetros de crescimento, aspectos produtivos, eficiência do uso da água, concentração de capsaicina e dihidrocapsaicina nos frutos e na planta. Os resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: (a) a aplicação de 207 kg CO2 ha-1 antes da poda proporcionou aumento de 21% na produção de frutos da pimenta. Durante os dois ciclos de cultivo, a aplicação de 452 kg CO2 ha-1 proporcionou aumento de 16% na produção, em relação ao tratamento sem CO2; (b) o número de frutos produzidos por planta durante os dois ciclos aumentou segundo uma relação quadrática com o aumento da dose de CO2 aplicada via água de irrigação, decrescendo a partir da dose de 409 kg CO2 ha-1. A resposta ao CO2 foi maior no primeiro ciclo (antes da poda) atingindo um máximo de 696 frutos por planta com a aplicação de 220 kg CO2 ha-1; (c) a aplicação de CO2 via água de irrigação não alterou a massa verde, massa seca, comprimento e diâmetro de frutos; (d) as concentrações de capsaicina e dihidrocapsaicina nos frutos reduziram com a aplicação de CO2, mas o rendimento desses capsaicinóides por planta aumentou em decorrência do aumento do número de frutos e da produção com a aplicação de CO2; (e) a eficiência do uso da água aumentou com o aumento da aplicação de CO2, atingindo um máximo para a aplicação de 207 kg CO2 ha-1 no primeiro ciclo e de 452 kg CO2 ha-1 para os dois ciclos; (f) a aplicação de CO2 não proporcionou efeito consistente para as variáveis de crescimento; (g) na última colheita (484 dias após o transplantio) a concentração de cálcio nas folhas reduziu linearmente com o aumento das doses de CO2 aplicadas; (h) ao final do primeiro ciclo de colheita (187 dias após o transplantio) os teores de Zn, Fe e Mn na folhas apresentaram redução quadrática em função do aumento das doses de CO2 e o teor de nitrogênio apresentou aumento quadrático. / The objective of the present work was to verify the effect of different doses of carbon dioxide (CO2) supplied via drip irrigation on the production of Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). The experiment was carried out in two 122.5 m2 greenhouses equipped with drip irrigation, fertirrigation and CO2 injection. The greenhouses were installed in the experimental área of the Department of Rural Engineering at ESALQ USP in Piracicaba. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four treatments and eight repetitions. The treatments comprised 4 doses of CO2 before trimming as follow: 0 (T1), 206.6 (T2), 309.9 (T3) and 413.2 (T4) kg ha-1; after the trimming the treatments applied were 0 (T1), 245.35 (T2); 368.03 (T3) and 490.72 (T4) kg ha-1. CO2 was supplied via drip irrigation with four days frequency and the irrigation was scheduled on a two-day basis and monitored by a digital tensiometer. During the cycle (432 days), the total water supplied was 1032.47 mm. The variables analysed were: nutritional condition of plants, growing parameters, productive aspects, efficiency of water use, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentration in the fruits and plant. The results allowed the following conclusions: (a) the application of 207 kg CO2 ha-1 before trimming promoted an increase of 21% in the yeld of fruits. During the two cycle of cultivation, the application of 452 kg CO2 ha-1 increased the production by 16% in relation to the treatment without CO2; (b) the number of fruits per plant during the two cycles increased in a quadratic relation with the increase of CO2 dose supplied via drip irrigation, decreasing from the dose of de 409 kg CO2 ha-1. The response to CO2 was greater in the first cycle (before trimming), achieving the maximum of 696 fruits per plant with the application of 220 kg CO2 ha-1; (c) CO2 injection via drip irrigation did not altered green matter, dry matter, lenght or diameter of fruits; (d) capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentration in the fruits diminished with application of CO2, but the yeld of these capsains per plant increased as a result of the greater number of fruits and the production with the application of CO2; (e) the efficiency of water usage increased with the increase of CO2 application, achieving a maximum in the application of 207 kg CO2 ha-1 in the first cycle, and 452 kg CO2 ha-1 in both cycles; (f) CO2 injection did not propitiated a consistent effect on the growing variables; (g) in the last harvest (484 days before transplantation), the concentration of calcium in the leaves was linearly reduced with the increase in the doses of CO2; (h) at the end of the first cycle of harvest (187 days after transplantation), the tenor of Zn, Fe and Mn in the leaves presented quadratic reduction due to the increase in CO2 doses while nitrogen tenor presented quadratic increase.