Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALVARO ITAUNA SCHALCHER PEREIRA.pdf: 1919061 bytes, checksum: b573938dd4b8e1b868b6c8080c436851 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-08 / Plants are an important source of biologically active products, many of which are on models for the synthesis of new drugs. With the increase of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, bacteria resistant to conventional antimicrobial therapy have emerged and the essential oils are mentioned as an alternative to the problem. This work is promoted the extraction of essential oils of Pimenta dioica Lindl species (fruit) and duckei Aniba Kostermans (branches), the method of hydrodistillation using a Clevenger and their mixture in equal parts. The species Aniba duckei Kostermans, last classification of pau rosa Amazon, is a native species in the Amazon region, the family of Lauráceas. You can reach 30m in height. The type of vegetation occurring is tropical moist forest and land. Its essential oil is used in perfumery because of its high content of linalool. The plant species Pimenta dioica Lindl, popularly known as allspice, is a tree 6 to 15 m in height and belongs to the family of Mirtaceae and is home to Central America and western India. In Brazil, the plant is found in large scale in the State of Bahia and Recife. Its fruit contains an essential oil of great economic value in the international market due to high content of eugenol which is widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. After extraction, the mixture of oils were characterized by the following physical parameters: density (25 ° C), solubility in 70% ethanol, a refractive index (ND 25), color, appearance and odor. Furthermore, it was possible, the techniques of UV-Vis spectrophotometry, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify with certainty the linalool and eugenol as major constituents of the mixture of essential oils. In applying the mixture of essential oils and standards of eugenol and linalool as antimicrobial agents using the Kirby-Bauer method for the bacteria Bacillus cereus, Chromobacterium violaceum, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Thyphi, Serratia marcescens and antibiotics ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, erythromycin, gentamicin, novobiocin, penicillin, tetracycline and vancomycin, for comparison. You can see that the study of antimicrobial activity showed that the mixture of essential oils showed excellent activity against all bacteria tested, with the eugenol and linalool are the main responsible for this effectiveness. In this research we observed that the blend of essential oils is more efficient than the standards of eugenol and linalool and the antibiotics tested for the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Chromobacterium violaceum. For Bacillus cereus, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella Thyphi the mixture was not more effective than the antibiotics Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ampicillin and penicillin. / As plantas são uma fonte importante de produtos biologicamente ativos, muitos dos quais se constituem em modelos para a síntese de novos fármacos. Com o aumento indiscriminado do uso de antibióticos, bactérias resistentes à terapia antimicrobiana convencional têm surgido e os óleos essenciais são apontados como alternativa para o problema. Neste trabalho promoveu-se a extração dos óleos essenciais das espécies Pimenta dioica Lindl (frutos) e da Aniba duckei Kostermans (galhos), pelo método de hidrodestilação, utilizando um sistema Clevenger e sua mistura em partes iguais. A espécie vegetal Aniba duckei Kostermans, última classificação do pau rosa amazônica, é uma espécie nativa da região amazônica, da família das Lauráceas. E pode atingir até 30m de altura. O tipo de vegetação onde ocorre é de floresta tropical úmida e terra firme. Seu óleo essencial é utilizado em perfumaria, devido ao seu alto teor de linalol. A espécie vegetal Pimenta dioica Lindl, conhecida popularmente como pimenta da jamaica, é uma árvore de 6 a 15 m de altura, e pertence à família das Mirtaceae e tem como origem a América Central e oeste da Índia. No Brasil, a planta é encontrada em grande escala no Estado da Bahia e Recife. Seu fruto contém um óleo essencial de grande valor econômico no mercado internacional, devido ao elevado teor de eugenol o qual é largamente usado nas indústrias químicas e farmacêuticas. Após a extração, a mistura dos óleos foram caracterizados pelos seguintes parâmetros físicos: densidade (25 ºC), solubilidade em etanol a 70%, índice de refração (ND 25º), cor, aparência e odor. Além disso, foi possível, pelas técnicas de espectrofotometria de UV-Vis, cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas, identificar, com segurança o linalol e o eugenol como constituintes majoritários da mistura de óleos essenciais. Na aplicação da mistura de óleos essenciais e dos padrões de eugenol e linalol como agentes antimicrobianos, utilizou-se o Método de Bauer-Kirby para as bactérias Bacillus cereus, Chromobacterium violaceum, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Thyphi, Serratia marcescens e os antibióticos Ampicilina, Cefotaxima, Cefoxitina, Eritromicina, Gentamicina, Novobiocina, Penicilina, Tetraciclina e Vancomicina, para comparação. Pode-se perceber que o estudo da atividade antimicrobiana revelou que a mistura de óleos essenciais apresentou excelente atividade contra todas as bactérias testadas, sendo que o eugenol e o linalol são os principais responsáveis por esta eficácia. Nessa pesquisa observou-se que a mistura de óleos essenciais é mais eficiente que os padrões de Eugenol e Linalol e os antibióticos testados para os microrganismo Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Chromobacterium violaceum. Para o Bacillus cereus, Serratia marcescens e Salmonella Thyphi a mistura só não foi mais eficiente que os antibióticos Tetraciclina, Eritromicina, Cefoxitina, Cefotaxima, Ampicilina e Penicilina.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Reivilandio.pdf: 1587328 bytes, checksum: 64f5702f7917c2248cddce09472cef03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-10 / Jamaican pepper, Pimenta dioica Lindl, is a species belonging to the family of Myrtacea, measuring 6m to 15m high, very aromatic in all its parts. It is originally from Central America and West India and with great economic importance in the market of essential oils. The extraction of the essential oil of Pimenta dioica L seeds was carried out by using the method of hydrodistillation known as Cleverger system. It was extracted from a maximum volume of oil in the period of four hours with a yield of 2.8% m/m. The UV spectrophotometric techniques, mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, as well as the physical constants, density, color and appearance were used to identify the compound eugenol and other constituents of the essential oil of P. dioica L. Through the technique of external standard and standard addition it was quantified with a eugenol percentage of 76.98%, forming the major component. The essential oil of Pimenta dioica L was applied to the phyto pathogenic fungi species Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp ananas., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense resulting in a total inhibition of mycelial growth of all species tested for a period of ten days of evaluation. / A pimenta da Jamaica, Pimenta dioica Lindl, é uma espécie vegetal pertencente à família Mirtacea, medindo de 6 a 15 m de altura, muito aromática em todas as suas partes. É originaria da América Central e Oeste da Índia e com grande importância econômica no mercado de óleos essenciais. A extração do óleo essencial das sementes da P. dioica foi realizada pelo método da hidrodestilação utilizando o sistema Cleverger. Foi extraído um volume máximo de óleo no tempo de quatro horas com um rendimento de 2,8 %m/m. As técnicas espectrofotométricas de UV, espectrometria de massa e cromatografia gasosa, assim como as constantes físicas, densidade, cor e aparência foram utilizadas para identificar o composto eugenol e os demais constituintes do óleo essencial da P. dioica. Através da técnica de padrão externo e adição de padrão quantificou-se o eugenol com um percentual de 76,98 %, constituindo-se o componente majoritário. O óleo essencial da P. dioica foi aplicado em fungos fitopatogênicos das espécies Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. ananas, Fusarium f. sp. vasinfectum e Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, obtendo-se uma inibição total do crescimento micelial de todas as espécies testadas por um período de dez dias de avaliação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALDEMIR DA GUIA SCHALCHER PEREIRA.pdf: 1311452 bytes, checksum: 0fd0611a7b0994a9b9fdde98431599f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-15 / In the search for alternative chemical control against Aedes aegypti L., various studies are developed and encouraged in order to find new substances insecticidal plant and in this context essential oils have been shown to be very promising. Extracted from the essential oils of species Lindl Pimenta dioica (leaves) and Aniba duckei Kostermans (stems) by means of hydrodistillation using a Clevenger system and promoted its mixture of equal parts. In this study, the larvicidal effect of the mixture of essential oils extracted from leaves of Pimenta dioica species Lindl and branches of Aniba duckei Kostermans were evaluated against the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1792). The blend of essential oils obtained were carried out analysis of constant physical and chemical density (0.904 g mL-1), refractive index (ND 25 = 1.379), solubility in 70% ethanol (1:2), color (yellow) and appearance (clear). Its components were identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). We identified and quantified by the method of standard components, myrcene (2.36%), limonene (1.00%), linalool (63.04%), myrcenol (1.13%), alilfenol (1, 40%) and eugenol (31.07%). The blend of essential oils and patterns of eugenol and linalool were tested in five concentrations: 20, 50, 70, 90 and 100 μg mL-1. The LC50 of the mixture of essential oils and the limits of confidence at 95% probability were calculated by the methods of Reed-Muench and Pizzi, respectively. The larvicidal activity was observed based on the percentage of dead larvae, the action was assessed 24h after treatment. The blend of essential oils had larvicidal activity with LC50 of 113,95 (±2.11) μg mL-1 and the patterns of eugenol 90,86 (±0,03) μg mL-1 and linalool 305,42 (±0,03) μg mL-1. The results indicate that the mixture of essential oils evaluated, is composed of substances that together with the major components eugenol and linalool provided greater larvicidal effect against the mosquito Aedes aegypti L. / Na procura pelo controle químico alternativo contra Aedes aegypti L., diversas pesquisas são desenvolvidas e estimuladas no intuito de se descobrirem novas substâncias inseticidas de origem vegetal e neste contexto os óleos essenciais têm se mostrado bastantes promissores. Extraiu-se os óleos essenciais das espécies Pimenta dioica Lindl (folhas) e da Aniba duckei Kostermans (galhos), pelo método de hidrodestilação, utilizando um sistema Clevenger e promoveu-se sua mistura em partes iguais. Neste trabalho, o efeito larvicida da mistura dos óleos essenciais extraídos das folhas da espécie Pimenta dioica Lindl e dos galhos de Aniba duckei Kostermans foram avaliados frente ao mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1792). Da mistura de óleos essenciais obtida foram realizadas análises das constantes físico-químicas de densidade (0,904 g mL-1), índice de refração (ND 25º = 1,379), solubilidade em etanol a 70% (1:2), cor (amarela) e aparência (límpido). Os seus componentes foram identificados por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massa (CG-EM). Identificou-se e quantificou-se pelo método da normalização os componentes, mirceno (2,36%), limoneno (1,00%), linalol (63,04%), mircenol (1,13%), alilfenol (1,40%) e eugenol (31,07%). A mistura dos óleos essenciais e os padrões de eugenol e linalol foram testados em cinco concentrações: 50, 70, 100, 130 e 150 μg mL-1. A CL50 da mistura de óleos essenciais e os limites de confiança a 95% de probabilidade foram calculados pelos métodos de Reed-Muench e Pizzi, respectivamente. A atividade larvicida foi verificada baseada na percentagem de larvas mortas; a ação foi avaliada 24h após o tratamento. A mistura de óleos essenciais tiveram atividade larvicida, com CL50 de 113,95 (±2,11) μg mL-1 e os padrões de eugenol 90,86 (±0,03) μg mL-1 e linalol 305,42 (±0,03) μg mL-1. Os resultados indicam que a mistura dos óleos essenciais avaliada é composta por substâncias que juntamente com os componentes majoritários eugenol e linalol propiciaram maior efeito larvicida frente ao mosquito Aedes aegypti L.

A study was undertaken of plants used for treatment of diabetic symptoms by traditional healers of the Eeyou Istchee Cree (Canada), Lukomir Highlanders (Bosnia & Herzegovina), and Q’eqchi’ Maya (Belize). All antidiabetic plants were ranked by syndromic importance value (SIV) based on 15 symptoms, all of which were recognized by the Cree and Maya and 8 by the Highlanders. The Cree used only 18 species, the Highlanders 41, and the Maya 150, numbers which reflect the diversity of flora in their region. Vaccinium (Ericaceae) was one of the few genera in all three regions and the only consensus genus between the Cree and Highlander study sites. The Q’eqchi’ Maya ethnobotany did not present any cross-cultural consensus genera with Cree or Highlander medicinal plants, perhaps due to major biogeographic differences. In ethnopharmacological studies, Vaccinium species and Q’eqchi’ antidiabetic plants were tested in an assay relevant to diabetes, the advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) inhibition assay. Boreal and tropical Vaccinium species were potent inhibitors of AGEs and demonstrated concentration dependent inhibition, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) range of 5.93–100 µg/mL. Phenolic content ranged from 80.3 to 201 µg/mL in boreal samples and from 1470 to 2170 µg/mL in tropical samples. Tropical species have a greater phenolic content and AGE inhibition. Seven Q’eqchi’ antidiabetic plant species were tested and all plant extracts showed AGE-inhibition. The IC50s ranged from 40.8 to 733 µg/mL, and the most active was Tynanthus guatemalensis Donn.. Tynanthus guatemalensis IC50 was about fives times greater (less active) than the mean ± SE IC50 reported for six tropical Vaccinium species of Vaccinium (8.77 ± 0.79 μg/mL). The highest consensus and most active Maya antidiabetic plant, Tynanthus guatemalensis Donn. Sm. was discovered to be an important plant recorded in archeological artifacts from the Late Classic Maya period (~750 CE). Ancient Maya used a cross shaped sign (k’an glyph) as a decorative element on Late Classic polychrome vessels and murals. The sign was believed to be the xylem template for a plant used as a flavouring in cacao drinks. However, the plant was incorrectly identified in the literature as Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (common name: Allspice) based on a common name and aromatic plant quality – not from a botanical voucher specimen. Pimenta dioica wood does not have a cross shape visible in the xylem but a unique character visible after a cross section of T. guatemalensis, is the xylem's cross shape organization. Wood of T. guatemalensis' also has an "allspice" aroma. Tynanthus guatemalensis is most likely the true botanical template behind the ancient Maya k’an glyph and this finding would show the continuity of use of this medicinal plant from ancient to modern times. Vaccinium was selected for an in depth phytochemical analysis using modern metabolomic methods. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) was used to evaluate leaf extract spectra to provide information on (1) the taxonomic identity and (2) quantities of bioactive metabolites across multiple sites. Spectra clearly differentiated leaf samples of V. angustifolium, V. boreale, V. corymbosum, V. macrocarpon, V. myrtilloides, V. myrtillus, V. ovalifolium, and V. uliginosum according to generic, subgeneric, specific, phenotypic circumscriptions. Quantification of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside were replicated with a method that is highly reproducible across multiple sites with different NMR equipment. This methodology provides an important new approach to taxonomy and quality control for plants and natural health products.

A study was undertaken of plants used for treatment of diabetic symptoms by traditional healers of the Eeyou Istchee Cree (Canada), Lukomir Highlanders (Bosnia & Herzegovina), and Q’eqchi’ Maya (Belize). All antidiabetic plants were ranked by syndromic importance value (SIV) based on 15 symptoms, all of which were recognized by the Cree and Maya and 8 by the Highlanders. The Cree used only 18 species, the Highlanders 41, and the Maya 150, numbers which reflect the diversity of flora in their region. Vaccinium (Ericaceae) was one of the few genera in all three regions and the only consensus genus between the Cree and Highlander study sites. The Q’eqchi’ Maya ethnobotany did not present any cross-cultural consensus genera with Cree or Highlander medicinal plants, perhaps due to major biogeographic differences. In ethnopharmacological studies, Vaccinium species and Q’eqchi’ antidiabetic plants were tested in an assay relevant to diabetes, the advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) inhibition assay. Boreal and tropical Vaccinium species were potent inhibitors of AGEs and demonstrated concentration dependent inhibition, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) range of 5.93–100 µg/mL. Phenolic content ranged from 80.3 to 201 µg/mL in boreal samples and from 1470 to 2170 µg/mL in tropical samples. Tropical species have a greater phenolic content and AGE inhibition. Seven Q’eqchi’ antidiabetic plant species were tested and all plant extracts showed AGE-inhibition. The IC50s ranged from 40.8 to 733 µg/mL, and the most active was Tynanthus guatemalensis Donn.. Tynanthus guatemalensis IC50 was about fives times greater (less active) than the mean ± SE IC50 reported for six tropical Vaccinium species of Vaccinium (8.77 ± 0.79 μg/mL). The highest consensus and most active Maya antidiabetic plant, Tynanthus guatemalensis Donn. Sm. was discovered to be an important plant recorded in archeological artifacts from the Late Classic Maya period (~750 CE). Ancient Maya used a cross shaped sign (k’an glyph) as a decorative element on Late Classic polychrome vessels and murals. The sign was believed to be the xylem template for a plant used as a flavouring in cacao drinks. However, the plant was incorrectly identified in the literature as Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (common name: Allspice) based on a common name and aromatic plant quality – not from a botanical voucher specimen. Pimenta dioica wood does not have a cross shape visible in the xylem but a unique character visible after a cross section of T. guatemalensis, is the xylem's cross shape organization. Wood of T. guatemalensis' also has an "allspice" aroma. Tynanthus guatemalensis is most likely the true botanical template behind the ancient Maya k’an glyph and this finding would show the continuity of use of this medicinal plant from ancient to modern times. Vaccinium was selected for an in depth phytochemical analysis using modern metabolomic methods. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) was used to evaluate leaf extract spectra to provide information on (1) the taxonomic identity and (2) quantities of bioactive metabolites across multiple sites. Spectra clearly differentiated leaf samples of V. angustifolium, V. boreale, V. corymbosum, V. macrocarpon, V. myrtilloides, V. myrtillus, V. ovalifolium, and V. uliginosum according to generic, subgeneric, specific, phenotypic circumscriptions. Quantification of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside were replicated with a method that is highly reproducible across multiple sites with different NMR equipment. This methodology provides an important new approach to taxonomy and quality control for plants and natural health products.