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Critical theory has historically situated the beginning of the “modern” era of subjectivity near the end of the seventeenth century. Michel Foucault himself once said in an interview that modernity began with the writings of the late seventeenth-century philosopher Benedict Spinoza. But an examination of early modern English utopian literature demonstrates that a modern notion of subjectivity can be found in texts that pre-date Spinoza. In this dissertation, I examine four utopian texts—Thomas More’s Utopia, Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis, Margaret Cavendish’s Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World, and Henry Neville’s Isle of Pines—through the paradigm of Jacques Lacan’s tripartite model of subjectivity—the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real. To mediate between Lacan’s psychoanalytic model and the historical aspects of these texts, such as their relationship with print culture and their engagement with political developments in seventeenth-century England, I employ the theories of the Marxist-Lacanian philosopher, Slavoj Žižek, to show that “early modern” subjectivity is in in fact no different from critical theory’s “modern” subject, despite pre-dating the supposed inception of such subjectivity. In addition, I engage with other prominent theorists, including Fredric Jameson, Jacques Derrida, and Donna Haraway, to come to an understanding about the ways in which critical theory can be useful to understand not only early modern literature, but also the contemporary, “real” world and the subjectivity we all seek to attain.

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,O estudo sobre a qualidade da madeira de híbridos do gênero Pinus no Brasil é recente. Por outro lado, alguns dados disponíveis indicam que o material apresenta rápido crescimento e pode ser considerado promissor sob o ponto de vista silvicultural. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o potencial de utilização da madeira do híbrido Pinus elliottii var. elliottii x Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis para a produção de painéis de partículas orientadas (Oriented Strand Board OSB). Para a realização do estudo foram utilizadas 10 toras (2,5 m de comprimento), sendo 05 delas provenientes de árvores de Pinus elliottii var. elliottii x Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (PECH) e as outras 05 de árvores de Pinus taeda L. (PT). O delineamento experimental adotado na fase de manufatura dos painéis OSB constituiu-se de 08 tratamentos, arranjados em esquema fatorial, por meio dos quais foram analisados os efeitos de 02 ciclos de prensagem e 04 proporções de mistura de partículas de madeira de PECH e de PT. A partir dos painéis produzidos foram confeccionados corpos-de-prova para a realização de ensaios físicos (teor de umidade, densidade aparente, absorção de água e inchamento em espessura) e mecânicos (flexão estática e ligação interna), conduzidos conforme as normas ASTM D 1037 (2006) e DIN 52362 (1982). Mediante a análise dos resultados dos ensaios concluiu-se que: O aumento da proporção de partículas da madeira de PECH na manufatura experimental do OSB resultou em tendência de redução dos valores da massa específica e da maioria das propriedades mecânicas (MOR paralelo e MOE paralelo e perpendicular) dos painéis. A estabilidade dimensional foi influenciada negativamente com a alteração do ciclo de prensagem e a utilização de PECH em diferentes proporções, resultando em tendência de aumento dos valores de absorção de água e inchamento em espessura. Apesar das tendências observadas, os painéis OSB manufaturados com as partículas de madeira de PECH nas proporções 50% e 75% de mistura com as partículas de madeira de PT (tratamentos T4 e T3, ciclo de prensagem convencional), foram os que apresentaram o maior potencial de uso da madeira do híbrido, uma vez que atenderam aos requisitos mínimos indicados pela norma CSA (1993) para todas as propriedades mecânicas avaliadas. / The study about the quality of the wood of Pinus hybrids in Brazil is still recent. On the other hand, some data indicate that the material can be considered promising from the point of view silvicultural. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of wood hybrid Pinus elliottii var. elliottii x Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis for the production of oriented strand boards (OSB). To conduct the study, 10 logs (2.5 m long) were used, from 05 trees of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii x Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (PECH) and 05 trees of Pinus taeda L. (PT). The experiment consisted of eight treatments arranged in a factorial way, where the effects of 02 pressing cycles and 04 mixing ratios of wood particles of PECH and PT were analyzed. From the panels produced, samples were obtained to conduct physical tests (moisture content, bulk density, water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding), tests according to ASTM D 1037 (2006) and DIN 52362 (1982) standards. Through the analysis of test results it was possible to conclude: Increasing the proportion of particles of PECH wood in the OSB manufacture experimental result in reduced trend in the values of density and most of the mechanical properties (MOR parallel and MOE parallel and perpendicular) of the panels. The dimensional stability was negatively affected by changing the pressing cycle and use of PECH in different proportions, resulting in increase trend of the values of water absorption and thickness swelling. Despite the trends, the OSB manufactured with particles of PECH wood in the proportions 50% and 75% mixed with particles of PT (treatments T4 and T3, conventional cycle), were the ones with the greatest potential for the use of hybrid wood, as they meet the minimum requirements specified by the standard CSA (1993) for all mechanical properties.

Appropriate management of mid-rotation pine plantations can improve habitat for early successional and pine-grassland adapted avian species. I tested effects of Imazapyr selective herbicide and prescribed fire on plant and avian communities in thinned, mid-rotation pine stands contracted under the Conservation Reserve Program. Within 12 replicate sites, 2 8.1-ha plots were assigned either herbicide and prescribed fire treatment or control. I described components of vegetation structure and composition in 2006. I tested effects of herbicide and prescribed fire treatment on avian relative abundance, species richness, total avian conservation value, and density of select species during 2003 - 2006. Hardwood midstory decreased and abundances of grasses and forbs increased following treatment. A shift occurred in the bird community from closed-canopy forest species to early successional and pine-grassland species. Treatment stands benefited many avian species exhibiting negative population trends.

No description available.

Araucaria angustifolia (B.) Ktz é de grande importância sócio-ambiental e econômica, sendo que ecossistemas que abrigam esta espécie foram muito degradados pela atividade antrópica, colocando-a em risco de extinção. O ciclo do nitrogênio é de vital importância para a vida, tendo especial importância no desenvolvimento e manutenção de florestas. A entrada de nitrogênio nestes sistemas é dependente de organismos diazotróficos, em especial dos rizóbios, bactérias do solo que podem formar simbiose com leguminosas e fixar nitrogênio atmosférico. O estudo da diversidade de rizóbios pode favorecer o manejo mais adequado de florestas e muitas técnicas são usadas com este fim, nas quais se destacam o uso de plantas iscas, coleta de nódulos de leguminosas a campo, isolamento das bactérias em meios de cultivo, avaliação fenotípica dos isolados e o seqüenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, todas utilizadas neste trabalho. A partir do levantamento de leguminosas no Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão foram coletadas onze espécies de leguminosas, nove apresentaram nódulos, sendo cinco espécies descritas como nodulantes pela primeira vez. Foram isoladas 212 estirpes de bactérias, havendo variação no formato de nódulos e alta riqueza fenotípica das cepas. Houve variabilidade na diversidade fenotípica de bactérias para cada planta, Galactia crassifolia apresentou o maior valor, enquanto que Mimosa dolens apresentou o menor. Dos 212 isolados, 55 cepas foram capazes de nodular o feijoeiro e 56 de nodular a bracatinga. Foi seqüenciado parcialmente o gene 16S rRNA de 196 estirpes que foram classificadas em oito grupos genotípicos, Pantoea sp. (2%), Pseudomonas sp. (2%), Bradyrhizobium sp1 (10%), Bradyrhizobium sp2 (7%), Rhizobium sp. (1%), Burkholderia sp1 (14%), Burkholderia sp2 (26%) e Burkholderia sp3 (38%). A análise filogenética mostrou que a maioria dos grupos pertence a gêneros taxonomicamente relacionados a rizóbios. Houve variação na diversidade genotípica das bactérias em relação às plantas das quais foram isoladas, G. crassifolia apresentou o maior valor, sendo considerada a mais promíscua, enquanto que Acacia dealbata e M. dolens apresentaram os menores valores, sendo consideradas as mais especificas. Mostrou-se que o uso de avaliação fenotípica de rizóbios pode ser inadequado, já que os resultados fenotípicos foram muitas vezes divergentes dos genotípicos. Foram comparadas Florestas de Araucária com diferentes níveis de interferência antrópica (Floresta Preservada, Floresta Plantada e Floresta em Regeneração), usando as plantas-iscas caupi, amendoim, soja, bracatinga, maricá e angico. Maricá foi o mais eficiente na captura de rizóbios, enquanto que bracatinga e caupi apresentaram menor eficiência e as demais plantas falharam. Foram isoladas 78 cepas, sendo classificados como pertencentes a seis grupos genotípicos, Pseudomonas sp. (3%), Xanthomonas sp. (1%), Ralstonia sp. (6%), Herbaspirillum sp. (4%), Burkholderia sp1 (29%) e Burkholderia sp3 (57%), sendo três grupos iguais aos caracterizados anteriormente. A maioria destes grupos está relacionada a rizóbios ou bactérias endofíticas conhecidas. A Floresta em Regeneração apresentou maior diversidade de bactérias isoladas, enquanto que as Florestas Plantada e Preservada apresentaram índices semelhantes. β-rizóbios foram predominantes nas Florestas de Araucária estudadas. / Araucaria angustifolia (B.) Ktz has a great social, environmental and economic importance to south and southeastern Brazil, although ecosystems supporting this species have been degraded by human activity, making it an endangered species. The nitrogen cycle has vital importance for life and has a special role in the development and upkeep of forests. The nitrogen input in these systems is dependent on diazotrophic organisms, especially rhizobia, soil bacteria that may nodulate legumes and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with them. The study of rhizobia diversity may support better forest management practices and many techniques are used in these studies, especially the use of trap-plants, field legume nodule collection, bacteria isolation in culture media, phenotypic analysis of the strains and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, all of which were used in this work. From a survey in Campos do Jordão State Park, nine of eleven legume species collected presented nodules, of which five were reported as nodulating for the first time. A total of 212 bacterial strains were isolated from the nodules. There was great variation of nodule shape and great phenotypic richness among isolates. There was variability in the phenotypical diversity of bacteria in each plant, where Galactia crassifolia showed the highest value, while Mimosa dolens showed the lowest one. Of the 212 strains, 55 were able to nodulate common bean and 56 nodulated bracatinga (M. scabrella). The 16S rRNA gene of 196 strains were partially sequenced and classified into eight genotypic groups: Pantoea sp. (2%), Pseudomonas sp. (2%), Bradyrhizobium sp1 (10%), Bradyrhizobium sp2 (7%), Rhizobium sp. (1%), Burkholderia sp1 (14%), Burkholderia sp2 (26%) and Burkholderia sp3 (38%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the groups belong to bacteria genera related to rhizobia. There was variability in the bacterial diversity related to the isolated plants, where G. crassifolia showed the highest value, being considered the most promiscuous, while Acacia dealbata and M. dolens presented the lowest values, and were considered the most specific ones. The phenotypic analysis of rhizobia was shown to be inappropriate for taxonomy, since the phenotypic results were different from the genotypic ones. Araucaria Forests with different levels of human interference (Preserved Forest, Planted Forest and Recovering Forest) were compared using cowpea, peanut, soybean, bracatinga, maricá (M. bimucronata) and angico (Parapiptadenia rigida) as trap-plants. Maricá was the most efficient in rhizobia capture, while bracatinga and cowpea showed less efficiency and the others failed. A total of 78 strains were isolated and classified into six genotypic groups: Pseudomonas sp. (3%), Xanthomonas sp. (1%), Ralstonia sp. (6%), Herbaspirillum sp. (4%), Burkholderia sp1 (29%) and Burkholderia sp3 (57%), of which three are the same as previously classified. Most of these groups are related to known rhizobia or other endophytic bacteria. The Recovering Forest showed the highest diversity of isolated bacteria, while Planted Forests and Preserved Forest showed similar indeces. β-rhizobia were predominant in the studied areas.

Araucaria angustifolia (B.) Ktz é de grande importância sócio-ambiental e econômica, sendo que ecossistemas que abrigam esta espécie foram muito degradados pela atividade antrópica, colocando-a em risco de extinção. O ciclo do nitrogênio é de vital importância para a vida, tendo especial importância no desenvolvimento e manutenção de florestas. A entrada de nitrogênio nestes sistemas é dependente de organismos diazotróficos, em especial dos rizóbios, bactérias do solo que podem formar simbiose com leguminosas e fixar nitrogênio atmosférico. O estudo da diversidade de rizóbios pode favorecer o manejo mais adequado de florestas e muitas técnicas são usadas com este fim, nas quais se destacam o uso de plantas iscas, coleta de nódulos de leguminosas a campo, isolamento das bactérias em meios de cultivo, avaliação fenotípica dos isolados e o seqüenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, todas utilizadas neste trabalho. A partir do levantamento de leguminosas no Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão foram coletadas onze espécies de leguminosas, nove apresentaram nódulos, sendo cinco espécies descritas como nodulantes pela primeira vez. Foram isoladas 212 estirpes de bactérias, havendo variação no formato de nódulos e alta riqueza fenotípica das cepas. Houve variabilidade na diversidade fenotípica de bactérias para cada planta, Galactia crassifolia apresentou o maior valor, enquanto que Mimosa dolens apresentou o menor. Dos 212 isolados, 55 cepas foram capazes de nodular o feijoeiro e 56 de nodular a bracatinga. Foi seqüenciado parcialmente o gene 16S rRNA de 196 estirpes que foram classificadas em oito grupos genotípicos, Pantoea sp. (2%), Pseudomonas sp. (2%), Bradyrhizobium sp1 (10%), Bradyrhizobium sp2 (7%), Rhizobium sp. (1%), Burkholderia sp1 (14%), Burkholderia sp2 (26%) e Burkholderia sp3 (38%). A análise filogenética mostrou que a maioria dos grupos pertence a gêneros taxonomicamente relacionados a rizóbios. Houve variação na diversidade genotípica das bactérias em relação às plantas das quais foram isoladas, G. crassifolia apresentou o maior valor, sendo considerada a mais promíscua, enquanto que Acacia dealbata e M. dolens apresentaram os menores valores, sendo consideradas as mais especificas. Mostrou-se que o uso de avaliação fenotípica de rizóbios pode ser inadequado, já que os resultados fenotípicos foram muitas vezes divergentes dos genotípicos. Foram comparadas Florestas de Araucária com diferentes níveis de interferência antrópica (Floresta Preservada, Floresta Plantada e Floresta em Regeneração), usando as plantas-iscas caupi, amendoim, soja, bracatinga, maricá e angico. Maricá foi o mais eficiente na captura de rizóbios, enquanto que bracatinga e caupi apresentaram menor eficiência e as demais plantas falharam. Foram isoladas 78 cepas, sendo classificados como pertencentes a seis grupos genotípicos, Pseudomonas sp. (3%), Xanthomonas sp. (1%), Ralstonia sp. (6%), Herbaspirillum sp. (4%), Burkholderia sp1 (29%) e Burkholderia sp3 (57%), sendo três grupos iguais aos caracterizados anteriormente. A maioria destes grupos está relacionada a rizóbios ou bactérias endofíticas conhecidas. A Floresta em Regeneração apresentou maior diversidade de bactérias isoladas, enquanto que as Florestas Plantada e Preservada apresentaram índices semelhantes. β-rizóbios foram predominantes nas Florestas de Araucária estudadas. / Araucaria angustifolia (B.) Ktz has a great social, environmental and economic importance to south and southeastern Brazil, although ecosystems supporting this species have been degraded by human activity, making it an endangered species. The nitrogen cycle has vital importance for life and has a special role in the development and upkeep of forests. The nitrogen input in these systems is dependent on diazotrophic organisms, especially rhizobia, soil bacteria that may nodulate legumes and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with them. The study of rhizobia diversity may support better forest management practices and many techniques are used in these studies, especially the use of trap-plants, field legume nodule collection, bacteria isolation in culture media, phenotypic analysis of the strains and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, all of which were used in this work. From a survey in Campos do Jordão State Park, nine of eleven legume species collected presented nodules, of which five were reported as nodulating for the first time. A total of 212 bacterial strains were isolated from the nodules. There was great variation of nodule shape and great phenotypic richness among isolates. There was variability in the phenotypical diversity of bacteria in each plant, where Galactia crassifolia showed the highest value, while Mimosa dolens showed the lowest one. Of the 212 strains, 55 were able to nodulate common bean and 56 nodulated bracatinga (M. scabrella). The 16S rRNA gene of 196 strains were partially sequenced and classified into eight genotypic groups: Pantoea sp. (2%), Pseudomonas sp. (2%), Bradyrhizobium sp1 (10%), Bradyrhizobium sp2 (7%), Rhizobium sp. (1%), Burkholderia sp1 (14%), Burkholderia sp2 (26%) and Burkholderia sp3 (38%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the groups belong to bacteria genera related to rhizobia. There was variability in the bacterial diversity related to the isolated plants, where G. crassifolia showed the highest value, being considered the most promiscuous, while Acacia dealbata and M. dolens presented the lowest values, and were considered the most specific ones. The phenotypic analysis of rhizobia was shown to be inappropriate for taxonomy, since the phenotypic results were different from the genotypic ones. Araucaria Forests with different levels of human interference (Preserved Forest, Planted Forest and Recovering Forest) were compared using cowpea, peanut, soybean, bracatinga, maricá (M. bimucronata) and angico (Parapiptadenia rigida) as trap-plants. Maricá was the most efficient in rhizobia capture, while bracatinga and cowpea showed less efficiency and the others failed. A total of 78 strains were isolated and classified into six genotypic groups: Pseudomonas sp. (3%), Xanthomonas sp. (1%), Ralstonia sp. (6%), Herbaspirillum sp. (4%), Burkholderia sp1 (29%) and Burkholderia sp3 (57%), of which three are the same as previously classified. Most of these groups are related to known rhizobia or other endophytic bacteria. The Recovering Forest showed the highest diversity of isolated bacteria, while Planted Forests and Preserved Forest showed similar indeces. β-rhizobia were predominant in the studied areas.

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of a military style counseling and vocational program in reducing recidivism.