Research on Fiscal Thought and Practice of Deng,Siao-Ping Cai,Ding-Nan Abstract To utilize the Document Analysis Method and the Historical Study Method, I research and detect the sources of Deng, Siao-Ping¡¦s fiscal thought to conclude as follows. 1. Derive from the Dialectical Materialism and the Historical Materialism. 2. Derive from one¡¦s own specific times background. 3. Derive from the Productive Forces Theory of Marxism. 4. Derive from the Communist Manifesto and the Communism ABC. I conclude the major principles of Deng, Siao-Ping¡¦s fiscal thought as follows. 1. The principle of avoiding polarization. 2. The principle of freedom. 3. The principle of developing productive forces. 4. The principle of reform and open policy. 5. The principle of advocating industry and opposing waste. Deng, Siao-Ping was the most major policy-maker during 1979¡ã1997, and he controlled the fate of China. The study object of this essay is Chinese fiscal revenue and expenditure during 1979¡ã1997. The coefficient of elasticity of Chinese fiscal revenue was 0.46 during 1979¡ã1988. Comparing that with modern fiscal system of other countries, and we can conclude that Chinese Finance Contract System was a defective fiscal system. Since practicing the Tax Distribution System, the coefficient of elasticity of Chinese fiscal revenue was rising from 1996. The Chinese fiscal revenue ability was 1.2 in 1996 and 2.0 in 2002. The average of coefficient of Chinese fiscal revenue was 0.66 during1979¡ã1997. This value was low, and that said that the Chinese fiscal revenue ability during this period was low. The proportion of Chinese fiscal expenditure to GDP was 31.7¢M in 1979 and 11.6¢M in 1997. It said that the fiscal expenditure reform fell behind. In fiscal expenditure management¡A the budget was not rigorous and the supervision of expenditure was not serious. Three reforms (the department budget, the national treasury centralism and the government purchase system) could not produce a marked effect of fiscal expenditure. It is the core problem of fiscal expenditure how to pursue the maximum of society benefit of fiscal expenditure. The average of coefficient of elasticity of Chinese fiscal expenditure was 0.76 during 1979¡ã1997. The value was low, and that said that the Chinese fiscal expenditure ability was low. The key of government life and development is the fiscal ability. If the fiscal revenue ability decreases, the economic control ability will decrease. This will occur economic crisis and social turbulence. Finally, the national total ability will decrease. Therefore, the government economic ability depends on the ability of the government to centralize and dominate the social treasury. Taiwan has potential crisis. Chinese economy and Taiwan economy have an influence on each other. If Chinese economy develops quickly, Taiwan will be the maximum beneficiary. But, Chinese economy has a lot of invisible crises under the quick development. For example, Chinese national enterprises do not achieve much and the gap between the rich and the poor enlarges, etc. If Chinese economic crisis breaks out, Taiwan will be a fish out of water. Therefore, it is due to pay attention to and to work on the change of Chinese finance.

none

The purposes of this study are to understand distributions and historical pollution records of heavy metals in sediments from the Kaoping coastal areas. Surface sediments were collected from coastal areas of the Kaohsiung 1st Harbor, the Kaohsiung 2nd Harbor and the Kaoping River. Three gravity cores were also collected from the Kaohsiung Harbor near the Chien-chen River mouth, coastal areas adjacent to the Kaohsiung 2nd Harbor and the Kaoping Estuary. Distributions of heavy metals( Al¡BCd¡BCr¡BCu¡BFe¡BMn¡BNi¡BPb¡BZn), total organic carbon(TOC), total nitrogen(TN) and grain size in sediments were investigated. 210Pb chronology and stable lead isotope ratios( 206Pb/207Pb¡B208Pb/206Pb¡B208Pb/207Pb) were applied for revealing the historical records of metal pollution. Experimental results show that sediments in the Kaoping coastal areas were polluted substantially with Cr, Pb and Zn. The metal pollution were relatively significant at the Kaohsiung 1st Harbor, the Kaohsiung 2nd Harbor, three outfall fields, nearshore areas (Da-lin-pu, Kaoping River, Tungkang River, Linpan River and Tapong Bay) and inner of the Kaoping Submarine Canyon. Distributions of heavy metals in sediments from the Kaohsiung Harbor coastal areas were apparently influenced by the distributions of grain size and organic matter. The metal pollution is heavier within the Kaohsiung Harbor than in coastal areas adjacent to the Harbor. The Chien-chen River is one of major sources of metal pollution in the Kaohsiung Harbor. According to 210Pb dating, the sedimentation rate near the Chien-chen River mouth is about 0.78 cm/y. The onset of rapid increase of metal pollution was in 1958, the time coincident with the re-construction of the Kaohsiung Harbor. The Kaoping Submarine Canyon played a major role on the transport and deposition of heavy metals discharged from the Kaoping River. The variation of topography and current results in enrichment of fine sediments in the Kaoping Submarine Canyon, where heavy metals were likely accumulated and enriched in fine sediments. Significant metal pollution beginning around 1972 was revealed from a sediment cone near the Kaoping Estuary. Anthropogenic metals may be released from the industrial parks along the Kaoping River.

(M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

(M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Table tennis playing involves complex spatial movement of the racket and human body. It takes much effort for the novice players to better mimic expert players. The evaluation of motion patterns during table tennis training, which is usually achieved by coaches, is important for novice trainees to improve faster. However, traditional coaching relies heavily on coaches qualitative observation and subjective evaluation. While past literature shows considerable potential in applying biomechanical analysis and classification for motion pattern assessment to improve novice table tennis players, little published work was found on table tennis biomechanics. To attempt to overcome the problems and fill the gaps, this research aims to quantify the movement of table tennis strokes, to identify the motion pattern differences between experts and novices, and to develop a model for automatic evaluation of the motion quality for an individual. Firstly, a novel method for comprehensive quantification and measurement of the kinematic motion of racket and human body is proposed. In addition, a novel method based on racket centre velocity profile is proposed to segment and normalize the motion data. Secondly, a controlled experiment was conducted to collect motion data of expert and novice players during forehand strokes. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the motion differences between the expert and the novice groups. The experts exhibited significantly different motion patterns with faster racket centre velocity and smaller racket plane angle, different standing posture and joint angular velocity, etc. Lastly, a support vector machine (SVM) classification technique was employed to build a model for motion pattern evaluation. The model development was based on experimental data with different feature selection methods and SVM kernels to achieve the best performance (F1 score) through cross-validated and Nelder-Mead method. Results showed that the SVM classification model exhibited good performance with an average model performance above 90% in distinguishing the stroke motion between expert and novice players. This research helps to better understand the biomechanical mechanisms of table tennis strokes, which will ultimately aid the improvement of novice players. The phase segmentation and normalization methods for table tennis strokes are novel, unambiguous and straightforward to apply. The quantitative comparison identified the comprehensive differences in motion between experts and novice players for racket and human body in continuous phase time, which is a novel contribution. The proposed classification model shows potential in the application of SVM to table tennis biomechanics and can be exploited for automatic coaching.

In the patriarchal milieu of sixteenth-century China, women demonstrated agency in their families and communities through their religious practices. Male family members typically performed Confucian rites related to ancestor veneration; yet there were many opportunities for women to participate in practices associated with other religious traditions. In this study, I will elucidate the religious roles of women during the late Ming dynasty (1368—1644 CE). Using the cultural-historical method, I will demonstrate the ways in which women gained agency and freedom from social conventions through their religious practices. By comparing literary sources with historical documents, I will validate the use of my major literary source, Jin ping mei, to study the religious practices in sixteenth-century China. This study will provide scholars with a nuanced understanding of gender roles within upper-class families in early modern China. Women were not simply passive, submissive members of a Confucian society; rather, they often gained authority and autonomy within their families and communities. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Desde o final da década de 90, com a disseminação das tecnologias e principalmente da Internet, os Estados passaram a oferecer informações e serviços governamentais por meio de diversos canais de comunicação. Essa ação estratégica no uso de ferramentas digitais para soluções governamentais é conhecida como governo eletrônico e atualmente é parte fundamental para a promoção da transparência e para a comunicação entre órgãos governamentais e seu público-alvo composto por cidadãos, empresas e outros governos. Um requisito inerente ao uso de sistemas de governo eletrônico é a interoperabilidade, que trata da capacidade de duas ou mais organizações estabelecerem parceria para o intercâmbio de dados, informações e até processos institucionais. Historicamente o Brasil iniciou ações de governo eletrônico nos anos 2000 e já em 2004 criou o Padrão de Interoperabilidade em Governo Eletrônico (e-PING) para especificar diretrizes mínimas para a interoperabilidade. Atualmente este padrão é de uso obrigatório para órgãos do governo federal e de uso facultado para outras esferas governamentais e pode ser utilizado até mesmo por instituições privadas. A interoperabilidade é um problema complexo e quando suas diretrizes não são aplicadas surgem problemas como duplicidade de informações e perda da integridade de serviços digitais. Devido às características próprias e restrições de recursos, estes problemas se agravam ainda mais nos países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Desta forma, o objetivo geral desta dissertação é propor um método para aplicação de diretrizes de interoperabilidade do padrão e-PING em portais do governo eletrônico brasileiro. Para tal, essa pesquisa investigou o cenário desta temática nas universidades federais, órgãos da Administração Pública Federal e que devem seguir as legislações e padrões que envolvem o governo eletrônico brasileiro. Por meio de um estudo de caso e da aplicação de um questionário nas 63 universidades públicas federais foram identificadas as características comuns destas instituições e seus principais problemas e desafios para prover a interoperabilidade em sistemas de governo eletrônico. O cenário encontrado é preocupante e envolve fatores organizacionais, políticos, técnicos e econômicos que culminam na não utilização das diretrizes do e-PING e na dificuldade em promover a interoperabilidade em ambientes governamentais. Com base neste levantamento foi proposto o método Increment Interop, que recebeu este nome devido às suas características principais: modularidade e transversalidade. O método foi aplicado e avaliado em caráter experimental na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) e os resultados mostram que ele pode ser utilizado como um guia para alcançar a interoperabilidade de maneira incremental e iterativa durante todas as fases que compõem um projeto de desenvolvimento de portais de governo eletrônico. Por fim, este trabalho contribui com o mapeamento do cenário do governo eletrônico e da interoperabilidade de sistemas no Brasil e apresenta uma metodologia que pode apoiar a sua melhoria / Since the end of the 90s, with the spread of technologies and especially the Internet, States have begun to offer government information and services through digital channels of communication. This strategic action in the usage of digital tools for government solutions is known as e-government and is now a key factor to promote transparency and communication among government agencies and their target public of citizens, businesses and other governments. An inherent requirement for the usage of e-government systems is interoperability, which addresses the ability of two or more organizations to partner for the exchange of data, information and even institutional processes. Historically Brazil initiated e-government actions in 2000 and in 2004 created the Electronic Government Interoperability Standard (e-PING, in Portuguese) to specify minimum guidelines for interoperability. Currently, this standard is mandatory for federal government agencies and optional for use in other government spheres and even by private institutions. Interoperability is a complex issue and when its guidelines are not applied, problems arise such as duplicity of information and digital services integrity loss. Due to their own characteristics and resource constraints, those problems worsen even more in developing countries such as Brazil. Thus, the general objective of this dissertation is to propose a method for applying e-PING interoperability guidelines in Brazilian e-government portals. To reach these goal, this research investigated the scenario of e-government and interoperability in federal universities, organs of the Federal Public Administration which must follow the laws and standards that involve the Brazilian electronic government. Through a case study and a survey applied in the 63 federal public universities, the common characteristics of these institutions and their main problems and challenges to provide interoperability in e-government systems were identified. The scenario found is worrying and involves organizational, political, technical and economic factors that lead to the failure in using the e-PING guidelines and the difficulty of promoting interoperability in government environments. Based on this research, the Increment Interop method was proposed, due to its main characteristics: modularity and transversality. The method was applied and evaluated on an experimental basis at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) and the results shows that it can be used as a guide to achieve interoperability incrementally and gradually during all the phases that involve an e-government portal development project. Finally, this work contributes to the mapping of the e-government scenario and system interoperability in Brazil and presents a methodology that can support its improvement

Desde o final da década de 90, com a disseminação das tecnologias e principalmente da Internet, os Estados passaram a oferecer informações e serviços governamentais por meio de diversos canais de comunicação. Essa ação estratégica no uso de ferramentas digitais para soluções governamentais é conhecida como governo eletrônico e atualmente é parte fundamental para a promoção da transparência e para a comunicação entre órgãos governamentais e seu público-alvo composto por cidadãos, empresas e outros governos. Um requisito inerente ao uso de sistemas de governo eletrônico é a interoperabilidade, que trata da capacidade de duas ou mais organizações estabelecerem parceria para o intercâmbio de dados, informações e até processos institucionais. Historicamente o Brasil iniciou ações de governo eletrônico nos anos 2000 e já em 2004 criou o Padrão de Interoperabilidade em Governo Eletrônico (e-PING) para especificar diretrizes mínimas para a interoperabilidade. Atualmente este padrão é de uso obrigatório para órgãos do governo federal e de uso facultado para outras esferas governamentais e pode ser utilizado até mesmo por instituições privadas. A interoperabilidade é um problema complexo e quando suas diretrizes não são aplicadas surgem problemas como duplicidade de informações e perda da integridade de serviços digitais. Devido às características próprias e restrições de recursos, estes problemas se agravam ainda mais nos países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Desta forma, o objetivo geral desta dissertação é propor um método para aplicação de diretrizes de interoperabilidade do padrão e-PING em portais do governo eletrônico brasileiro. Para tal, essa pesquisa investigou o cenário desta temática nas universidades federais, órgãos da Administração Pública Federal e que devem seguir as legislações e padrões que envolvem o governo eletrônico brasileiro. Por meio de um estudo de caso e da aplicação de um questionário nas 63 universidades públicas federais foram identificadas as características comuns destas instituições e seus principais problemas e desafios para prover a interoperabilidade em sistemas de governo eletrônico. O cenário encontrado é preocupante e envolve fatores organizacionais, políticos, técnicos e econômicos que culminam na não utilização das diretrizes do e-PING e na dificuldade em promover a interoperabilidade em ambientes governamentais. Com base neste levantamento foi proposto o método Increment Interop, que recebeu este nome devido às suas características principais: modularidade e transversalidade. O método foi aplicado e avaliado em caráter experimental na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) e os resultados mostram que ele pode ser utilizado como um guia para alcançar a interoperabilidade de maneira incremental e iterativa durante todas as fases que compõem um projeto de desenvolvimento de portais de governo eletrônico. Por fim, este trabalho contribui com o mapeamento do cenário do governo eletrônico e da interoperabilidade de sistemas no Brasil e apresenta uma metodologia que pode apoiar a sua melhoria / Since the end of the 90s, with the spread of technologies and especially the Internet, States have begun to offer government information and services through digital channels of communication. This strategic action in the usage of digital tools for government solutions is known as e-government and is now a key factor to promote transparency and communication among government agencies and their target public of citizens, businesses and other governments. An inherent requirement for the usage of e-government systems is interoperability, which addresses the ability of two or more organizations to partner for the exchange of data, information and even institutional processes. Historically Brazil initiated e-government actions in 2000 and in 2004 created the Electronic Government Interoperability Standard (e-PING, in Portuguese) to specify minimum guidelines for interoperability. Currently, this standard is mandatory for federal government agencies and optional for use in other government spheres and even by private institutions. Interoperability is a complex issue and when its guidelines are not applied, problems arise such as duplicity of information and digital services integrity loss. Due to their own characteristics and resource constraints, those problems worsen even more in developing countries such as Brazil. Thus, the general objective of this dissertation is to propose a method for applying e-PING interoperability guidelines in Brazilian e-government portals. To reach these goal, this research investigated the scenario of e-government and interoperability in federal universities, organs of the Federal Public Administration which must follow the laws and standards that involve the Brazilian electronic government. Through a case study and a survey applied in the 63 federal public universities, the common characteristics of these institutions and their main problems and challenges to provide interoperability in e-government systems were identified. The scenario found is worrying and involves organizational, political, technical and economic factors that lead to the failure in using the e-PING guidelines and the difficulty of promoting interoperability in government environments. Based on this research, the Increment Interop method was proposed, due to its main characteristics: modularity and transversality. The method was applied and evaluated on an experimental basis at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) and the results shows that it can be used as a guide to achieve interoperability incrementally and gradually during all the phases that involve an e-government portal development project. Finally, this work contributes to the mapping of the e-government scenario and system interoperability in Brazil and presents a methodology that can support its improvement

This research investigated the accumulation of metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd and Fe) in sediment of Gao-ping River and Gao-ping submarine canyon. Both Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Soil Quality Guidelines by Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were used to assess the extent of risk of these metals to the local ecological system. The results found no significant correlation between concentration of metals and volatile solid as well as particle size. It is noted that significant contaminations in zinc and lead were observed in sediments from both Gao-ping River and the starting point of Gao-ping submarine canyon, which concentrations exceeded the guidelines of Effect Range-Medium (ERM) by NOAA. Very likely, this is resulted from the metal and electroplating factories in the catchment area of Gao-ping River. It also provides evidence of the role of Gao-ping submarine canyon in accumulation of terrestrial and anthropogenic pollutants.