Cette étude porte sur la caractérisation des matériaux constituant le revêtement isolant de pipeline offshore ainsi que la soudure réalisée entre les deux polymères semi-cristallins du revêtement au niveau de la jonction entre deux tubes successifs.L’épaisseur très importante du revêtement induit, au cours du procédé de soudage, des vitesses hétérogènes de chauffe et de refroidissement des matériaux. Ces dernières ont été caractérisées grâce à une instrumentation du procédé en site industriel. Une modélisation numérique intégrant les phases successives du procédé est en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Cette modélisation permet de dresser une cartographie complète des champs de température dans l’ensemble du pipeline et plus précisément dans la zone de soudage.Cette étude nous a amené à réaliser une caractérisation des deux matériaux soudés au cours de leurs fusions et cristallisations qui représentent deux étapes cruciales lors du soudage. Une attention particulière a été portée au comportement rhéologique dans la zone de transition entre l’état fondu et l’état solide et inversement. Les données en refroidissement à différentes vitesses ont été corrélées avec le taux de transformation des matériaux.Les propriétés mécaniques des isolants ont été testées ainsi que celles des soudures en prélevant des éprouvettes sur les essais effectués en site industriel. Le peu de flexibilité du procédé industriel rend difficile une investigation de l’influence des paramètres de soudage. Une expérience « image », représentative des grandeurs industrielles, a donc été développée à l’échelle du laboratoire permettant de faire varier les paramètres de soudage. Il a été montré que le point de faiblesse de l’assemblage ne se situe pas au niveau de la soudure mais dans l’un des matériaux du revêtement. / This PhD focuses on the characterization of the materials of the insulating coating of offshore pipelines as well as the welding made between the two semi-crystalline polymers of the coating at the junction of two consecutives pipes.The important thickness of the coating induces heterogeneous heating and cooling rates during the welding process. Those rates have been characterized through the implementation of thermal sensors during the industrial process. A simulation model of the different steps of the welding process is consistent with the experimental results. This simulation gives access to the thermal fields in the entire pipe and especially in the welding zone.This study allows us to characterize the two welded materials during their melting and crystallization which represent the two crucial steps during the welding. A particular attention has been drawn to their rheological behavior in the transition zone from the molten to the solid state and vice versa. The cooling data at different rates have been correlated with the transformation fraction of the materials.The mechanical properties of the insulating materials have been tested especially in the welding zone via the industrial process. However, the imposing infrastructure of the industrial process does not allow the study of the influence of welding parameters. To do so, a “mirror” experiment, representative of the industrial one, has been developed at a laboratory scale. Both the welding made via the industrial process and the “mirror” experiment have shown that the weak point of the structure is not the welding itself but one of the materials of the coating.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As reservas brasileiras de petróleo e gás natural apresentarão um significativo crescimento a partir do desenvolvimento das reservas da camada do pré-sal. Segundo estimativas elaboradas pela EPE e pela EIA, nos próximos vinte anos, haverá um quadro de grande oferta de gás natural no país, com a oferta excedendo a demanda. Como o segmento de transporte do gás natural tem grande importância na formação do custo desse energético, uma tecnologia de transporte menos onerosa irá proporcionar um cenário mais vantajoso para a entrada do gás no mercado. A presente dissertação analisa duas tecnologias disponíveis para escoamento do gás natural da camada pré-sal gasoduto submarino e gás natural liquefeito embarcado e as possibilidades de utilização no mercado interno ou para ser exportado. De acordo com dados da Petrobras, foram utilizadas três rotas para escoar o gás do pré-sal. A metodologia Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) foi utilizada para analisar qual dos investimentos em transporte é mais viável economicamente. Os resultados mostraram que de acordo com as perspectivas de produção do gás natural no horizonte de tempo analisado as duas tecnologias serão viáveis, com o transporte por gasodutos a alternativa mais viável economicamente. / The Brazilian reserves of oil and natural gas will present a significant growth from the development of the reserves of the pre-salt layer. According to estimates prepared by the EPE and the EIA, the next twenty years, the supply of natural gas will exceed demand. As the transportation sector natural gas has great importance in the formation of the cost of energy, a less costly transport technology will provide a more advantageous to enter the gas market. This dissertation examines two technologies available to transport the gas from the pre-salt layer - offshore pipeline and liquefied natural gas shipped - and the possibilities of using the domestic market or for export. According to data from Petrobras, three routes were used to drain the gas from the pre-salt. The methodology Net Present Value (NPV) was used to analyze which of the investments in transport is more economically viable. The results showed that according to the outlook for natural gas production in the time horizon analyzed the two technologies will be feasible to transport by pipeline economically the most viable alternative.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As reservas brasileiras de petróleo e gás natural apresentarão um significativo crescimento a partir do desenvolvimento das reservas da camada do pré-sal. Segundo estimativas elaboradas pela EPE e pela EIA, nos próximos vinte anos, haverá um quadro de grande oferta de gás natural no país, com a oferta excedendo a demanda. Como o segmento de transporte do gás natural tem grande importância na formação do custo desse energético, uma tecnologia de transporte menos onerosa irá proporcionar um cenário mais vantajoso para a entrada do gás no mercado. A presente dissertação analisa duas tecnologias disponíveis para escoamento do gás natural da camada pré-sal gasoduto submarino e gás natural liquefeito embarcado e as possibilidades de utilização no mercado interno ou para ser exportado. De acordo com dados da Petrobras, foram utilizadas três rotas para escoar o gás do pré-sal. A metodologia Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) foi utilizada para analisar qual dos investimentos em transporte é mais viável economicamente. Os resultados mostraram que de acordo com as perspectivas de produção do gás natural no horizonte de tempo analisado as duas tecnologias serão viáveis, com o transporte por gasodutos a alternativa mais viável economicamente. / The Brazilian reserves of oil and natural gas will present a significant growth from the development of the reserves of the pre-salt layer. According to estimates prepared by the EPE and the EIA, the next twenty years, the supply of natural gas will exceed demand. As the transportation sector natural gas has great importance in the formation of the cost of energy, a less costly transport technology will provide a more advantageous to enter the gas market. This dissertation examines two technologies available to transport the gas from the pre-salt layer - offshore pipeline and liquefied natural gas shipped - and the possibilities of using the domestic market or for export. According to data from Petrobras, three routes were used to drain the gas from the pre-salt. The methodology Net Present Value (NPV) was used to analyze which of the investments in transport is more economically viable. The results showed that according to the outlook for natural gas production in the time horizon analyzed the two technologies will be feasible to transport by pipeline economically the most viable alternative.