Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:48:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HerbertMD.pdf: 1096047 bytes, checksum: 6cf0c7d90914e2c3fd03f494b71cfa3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-16 / This work consists on the study of two important problems arising from the operations of petroleum and natural gas industries. The first problem the pipe dimensioning problem on constrained gas distribution networks consists in finding the least cost combination of diameters from a discrete set of commercially available ones for the pipes of a given gas network, such that it respects minimum pressure requirements at each demand node and upstream pipe conditions. On its turn, the second problem the piston pump unit routing problem comes from the need of defining the piston pump unit routes for visiting a number of non-emergent wells in on-shore fields, i.e., wells which don t have enough pressure to make the oil emerge to surface. The periodic version of this problem takes into account the wells re-filling equation to provide a more accurate planning in the long term. Besides the mathematical formulation of both problems, an exact algorithm and a taboo search were developed for the solution of the first problem and a theoretical limit and a ProtoGene transgenetic algorithm were developed for the solution of the second problem. The main concepts of the metaheuristics are presented along with the details of their application to the cited problems. The obtained results for both applications are promising when compared to theoretical limits and alternate solutions, either relative to the quality of the solutions or to associated running time / Este trabalho consiste do estudo de dois importantes problemas oriundos das opera??es das ind?strias de petr?leo e g?s natural. O primeiro problema do dimensionamento de dutos em uma rede urbana de distribui??o de g?s natural consiste em encontrar a combina??o de di?metros de menor custo, a partir de um conjunto de op??es comercialmente dispon?veis, para os dutos de uma dada rede de distribui??o de g?s, de forma a respeitar requisitos de press?o m?nima em cada n? de demanda e condi??es de upstream. Por sua vez, o segundo problema do roteamento da unidade m?vel do pistoneio decorre da necessidade de se definir as rotas de visita??o da dita unidade m?vel do pistoneio aos diversos po?os n?o surgentes do campo de explora??o, ou seja, po?os que n?o possuem press?o suficiente para fazer o ?leo emergir ? superf?cie. A vers?o peri?dica do problema leva em considera??o a equa??o de re-enchimento dos po?os, de forma a possibilitar um planejamento mais acurado num horizonte de tempo maior. Al?m da formula??o matem?tica dos dois problemas, para a solu??o do primeiro foram desenvolvidos um algoritmo exato e uma busca tabu e para o segundo, um limite superior e um algoritmo transgen?tico ProtoGene. Os principais conceitos das metaheur?sticas s?o apresentados, juntamente com os detalhes da aplica??o destas aos problemas citados. Os resultados obtidos para ambas as aplica??es s?o promissores quando comparados com limites te?ricos e solu??es alternativas, tanto relativamente ? qualidade das solu??es como ao tempo computacional envolvido

The Master`s Thesis deals with design and construction of a valve block for a hydrostatic recuperative module of a vehicle with a direct application on pneu tyred roller AP 240H produced by the AMMANN company. The thesis aims to analyze recovery functions of the valve block in several operating modes of the roller, followed by a selection of the right hydraulic components from the perspective of predefined parameters and pressure differences. Design specifications are based on measurements and mathematical simulations on the experimental stand. The experimental stand for this application has been developed at 1:4 scale as compared to a real vehicle. The thesis includes also design of the supporting console for the module on the frame of the vehicle. The Master`s Thesis is a part of project EUREKA with cooperation Bosch Rexroth.

Different special brass (e.g. CuZn37Mn3Al2PbSi) and bronze alloys (e.g. CuPb15Sn) are well known for use in oil-hydraulics having in common to be alloyed with lead. The lead content of special brass alloys in this use ranges from 0.1 to 2.0 mass-%. Some bronze alloys provide even much higher contents of lead of 10 to 15 mass-%. Typically, lead is considered for improvement of machinability or castability. Beyond this purpose lead in brass and bronze alloys affects many more properties of manufacturing and application. During the shaping of the parts by means of hot or cold forming often the materials are strained close to their limits. Thanks to lead cracking is prevented during this process. Lead is also of great importance for the improvement of tribological systems. The surfaces of these systems are exposed to friction and wear. Lead is incorporated in the surface layers and supports the tribological system in their running-in process to achieve a steady state of friction and wear. Above all lead is unique because it forms no solid solution with copper or brass and forms no compounds with other typical copper alloying elements. The feasibility assessment of elements in order to substitute lead in brass or bronze alloys has to be done for each alloy and application individually. In oil-hydraulic applications as bushings, slippers or distributor plates, lead-free alloys must fulfil different profiles of requirements, depending on the conditions of manufacturing and application. The requirements do not only include mechanical strength, formability and thermal strength, but also fatigue strength, low friction and high wear resistance and lubricant compatibility. Consequently, the substitution of lead in brass and bronze alloys for application in oil-hydraulics is a challenging task. This does not only apply for the requirements for machining and forming, but particularly for the need of the new alloys to function under wear, friction and corrosion. Examples are given for how these challenges of new lead-free special brass alloys can be met in bushings (machining, friction properties), slippers (forming, strength) and distributor plates (fatigue strength) for axial piston pumps. Further on, new lead-free special brass alloys for contact with environmentally compatible lubricants are presented. All these examples show that there is not the one and only lead-free alloy for applications in oil-hydraulics. In fact, every application requires a different alloy which is composed and processed individually to meet the specific demands.

In hydraulic pumps, typically in axial piston pumps, reduction of pressure and flow ripples was attempted by providing relief grooves and pre-compression for noise reduction. Pre-compression is normally achieved by using the dead space between pump ports in the valve plate. Also valve plate profile modification is required, if system operating conditions such as pump output pressure and flowrate change, to maintain optimum operating conditions for reduced pressure/flow ripple. An earlier simulation study confirmed effectiveness of varying dead centre position to reduce pressure and flow ripples. A specifically designed mechanism, outlined in the earlier work, achieves this goal by varying the dead centre position of the pump swash plate. This study reports on the findings of the effect of varying dead centre position and groove configurations on forces and moments acting on the swash plate for various operating conditions. The simulation model cited in the earlier work was used in this study. This information is vital for the design of an actuating mechanism to vary dead centre position of a pump valve plate. These simulations were run using MATLAB/Simulink and S-functions. Results of this study are promising.

Future more electric aircraft (MEA) architectures require a new generation of power-by-wire actuators, e.g. Electro Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA). These units have to be capable of frontline operation of safety critical flight control surfaces over the entire aircraft life. Prove of robustness becomes a challenging objective. This paper illustrates the Liebherr-Aerospace EHA technology as well as methods for validation of robustness. It gives an insight regarding the design of a robust piston pump.

<p>  </p> <p>Cavitation is one of the most common causes of failures in axial piston machines. Due to the detrimental effects that cavitation has on unit performance, it is of important consideration both in the design of new units and in defining the operational limits of existing market products. The work in this thesis aimed to contribute to the current knowledge in both areas, with a focus on design considerations with respect to cavitation scalability, and on operating conditions by measuring cavitation severity under separate and combined inciting parameters. Though the application of unit scaling is common in industry for the design of pump families, there have been no comprehensive attempts to quantify whether cavitation in fluid power units may be adequately accounted for in published scaling laws. In this thesis, the scalability of cavitation phenomena was examined through a CFD scaling study performed using a modified version of the Full Cavitation Model.  Results indicate that linear scaling is consistent in maintaining volumetric efficiency performance within 1% across scaled units up to eight times larger or smaller than the baseline. However, the gas and vapor volume distributions vary significantly between scaled units, due largely to the linear non-scalability of fluid inertia and turbulent factors. Physical exchange between phases within a working fluid was shown to be time-dependent, such that the scaled-down unit exhibits bubble collapse rates up to 30% and 150% greater than the baseline and scaled-up units, respectfully. Considering these effects, the presented work demonstrates a potential for increased cavitation damage area when downscaling a unit and reduced risk in upscaling, despite the scaling law being a reliable indicator for volumetric efficiency. </p> <p>To define a more complete study of cavitation under a variety of operating conditions and inciting parameters, this a new experimental procedure and testing circuit was proposed with focus on repeatability by controlled pressure drops and preliminary quantification of inlet fluid quality. By measuring cavitation conditions under pressure starvation, incomplete filling, and combinations thereof, the direct effect of different inception methods on unit performance was shown to be readily identifiable. Through visualization of the inlet flow, reduction in inlet pressure levels was correlated to fluid cloudiness levels and bubble size, with transparency loss at 0.0 bar_g and transition from bubbly to plug flow at -0.4 bar_g. Incomplete filling-induced cavitation was also shown to be detectable by inlet flow conditions, with a distinct change in bubble coalescence rate when operating under shaft speeds greater than or equal to fill speed for a given inlet pressure. </p>

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