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Dissolved and Colloidal substances (DisCo) and metals are released from wood during thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production. The mechanical treatment causes that these components have a tendency to accumulate in process waters, as the water circulation systems in integrated paper mills are being closed. Disturbances such as pitch depositions on the paper machine (pitch problems), specks in the paper, decreased wet and dry strength, interference with cationic process chemicals, and impaired sheet brightness and friction properties appear in the presence of DisCo substances. The presence of transition metal ions such as manganese results in higher consumption of bleaching chemicals (hydrogen peroxide) and lowers the optical quality of the final product, and addition of complexing agents, such as EDTA or DTPA, to prevent this is needed. The never ending trends to decrease water consumption and increase process efficiency in pulp and paper production stress that it is very important both to know the effects of wood substances on pulping and papermaking and to be able to remove them in an efficient way. Carried out investigations presented in this thesis show that the lipophilic extractives can be removed from TMP press water to high extent. A 90% decrease in turbidity and a 91% removal of lipophilic extractives from TMP press water can be obtained by addition of a cationic surfactant as foaming agent during flotation. Additionally, fibres located in TMP press water are not removed with the foam fraction but purified. A retained concentration of hydrophilic extractives in the process water indicates that the flotation is selective. Moreover, by introduction of a new recoverable surface active complexing agent, a chelating surfactant, manganese ions in the form of chelates can be successfully removed from the pulp fibres and separated from the process water in the same flotation process. iii The findings presented above indicate new possibilities for internal water cleaning and decreased emissions to water if flotation technology is applied in an integrated mechanical pulp mill. / ReGain/FORE

Cette thèse vise à étudier les effets de la transition laminaire - turbulent et du contrôle actif de l’angle de calage des pales sur les performances de l’hydrolienne à axe transverse SHIVA (Système Hydrolien Intelligent à Variation d’Angle) développée à l’institut de Recherche de l’Ecole-Navale (IRENav). L’écoulement transitionnel autour d’un hydrofoil est, d’abord étudié en comparant des résultats expérimentaux et numériques. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été obtenus dans le tunnel hydrodynamique de l’IRENav. La transition s’effectue par un mécanisme de bulbe de séparation laminaire. Les comparaisons sont fondées sur l’analyse locale des pressions, des profils de vitesse dans la zone du bulbe de séparation laminaire et sur l’analyse des portances, traînées et moments mesurés sur un profil fixe et en mouvement de tangage forcé. Des calculs RANS 2D, avec et sans modèle de transition (ɣ— Reo), RANS 3D et LES 2.5D ont été menés afin de comparer les approches et évaluer la précision des simulations. L’étude montre que le modèle de transition ɣ — Reo améliore nettement les résultats obtenus par rapport à un modèle tout turbulent (k — w SST) dans le cas d’un écoulement transitionnel. L’influence de la transition laminaire - turbulent sur les performances de la turbine SHIVA est ensuite étudiée en comparant les résultats de calculs effectués avec et sans modèle de transition. L’approche est bidimensionnelle. L’utilisation du modèle de transition est intéressante au paramètre d’avance ʎ = 2 pour lequel les pales subissent un décrochage dynamique important. Le développement du tourbillon de bord d’attaque, favorisé par le modèle de transition, permet en effet une meilleure prédiction du décrochage. Les valeurs de ʎ supérieures sont moins concluantes du fait de la prédiction d’une tramée trop faible par le modèle de transition. Enfin, l’influence du contrôle actif du calage des pales sur les performances de la turbine est étudiée au point de fonctionnement optimal de la turbine ʎ = 3. Des lois de calage avancées sont développées, permettant d’agir indépendamment sur la moitié amont ou aval de la turbine. La meilleure loi testée permet une augmentation du coefficient de puissance de 34% tout en lissant la répartition du couple. / This work studies the laminar-turbulent transition and the pitch control effects on the performances of a vertical axis tidal turbine (SHIVA) developed at the French naval academy research institute. Firstly, experimental and numerical results are compared to study the transitional flow around a hydrofoil. The experiments were carried out in the hydrodynamic tunnel of the French naval academy research institute and the laminar-turbulent transition was triggered by a laminar separation bubble mechanism. Comparisons are based on the local analysis of pressure data and velocity profiles in the vicinity of the laminar separation bubble. Lift, drag and moment coefficients measured on a fixed hydrofoil and on a hydrofoil undergoing a pitching movement are also used for comparison. 2D RANS calculations carried out with or without a transition modal (ɣ — Reo), 3D RANS calculations and 2.5D LES calculations were run so as to assess the accuracy of each type of simulation. This study shows that the ‘y Reo transition modal clearly improves the accuracy of the results compared to a fully turbulent turbulence model (k— w SST) when considering a transitional flow. The influence of the laminar-turbulent transition on the performance of the SHIVA turbine is then studied. Results of 2D calculations run with and without transition model are compared. The use of the transition modal is relevant at the tip speed ratio value ʎ = 2 for which the blades undergo dynamic stall. The transition modal leads to a better prediction of the leading edge vortex development and then allows a better prediction of the dynamic stall. The use of the transition model at higher ʎ values is less relevant since the transition modal appears to predict a drag too low. Finally, the effect of the pitch control on the SHIVA turbine performance is .studied at ʎ = 3, for which the power coefficient is the highest. Advanced pitching laws are developed to modify the blades’ angle of attack independently on the upstream and downstream halves of the turbine. The best pitching law tested in this study leads to an improvement of the power coefficient by 34% and smooths the torque distribution.

Les études, menées en collaboration entre la société VALEOL et le laboratoire IMS, proposent des solutions pour optimiser la production et le fonctionnement d'une éolienne. Il s’agit de travailler sur les lois de commande du système ou des sous-systèmes en utilisant la commande CRONE, répondant à un besoin de robustesse. Chaque étude met en avant des aspects de modélisation, d’identification et de synthèse de lois de commande avant mises en application au travers de simulations ou d’essais sur modèles réduits et taille réelle.Le chapitre 1 donne une vision d’ensemble des problématiques traitées dans ce manuscrit, à l’aide d’états de l’art et de remise dans le contexte économique et industriel de 2013.Le chapitre 2 introduit la commande CRONE pour la synthèse de régulateurs robustes. Cette méthodologie est utilisée pour réaliser l’asservissement de la vitesse de rotation d’une éolienne à vitesse variable, présentant une architecture innovante avec un variateur de vitesse mécanique et génératrice synchrone.Le chapitre 3 établit la comparaison de trois nouveaux critères d’optimisation pour la méthodologie CRONE. Le but est de réduire sa complexité et de faciliter sa manipulation par tout utilisateur. Les résultats sur les différents critères sont obtenus par simulations sur un exemple académique, puis sur un modèle d’éolienne de type MADA.Le chapitre 4 porte sur la réduction des charges structurelles transmises par le vent à l’éolienne. Il est question d’une amélioration du contrôle de l’angle de pitch par action indépendante sur chaque pale en fonction de la position du rotor ou encore des perturbations liées au ventLe chapitre 5 est consacré à la conception d’un système d’antigivrage et dégivrage d’une pale dans le cadre d’un projet Aquitain. Après modélisation et identification du procédé, la commande CRONE est utilisée pour réguler la température d’une peinture polymère chauffante sous alimentation électrique disposée sur les pales. L’étude est complétée par la mise en place d’un observateur pour la détection de présence de givre. / The research studies, in collaboration with VALEOL and IMS laboratory, propose several solutions to optimize the production and the efficiency of a wind turbine. The general theme of the work is based on control laws of the system or subsystems using the CRONE robust design. Each part highlights aspects of modeling, system identification and design before simulations or tests of scale and full size models. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the issues discussed in this manuscript, using states of the art and precisions on the industrial and economic context of 2013.Chapter 2 introduces the CRONE command for robust design. It is used to achieve the control of the rotation speed of a variable speed wind turbine, with an innovative architecture - mechanical variable speed solution and synchronous generator.Chapter 3 makes a comparison of three new optimization criteria for CRONE design. The aim is to reduce the methodology complexity and to facilitate handling by any user. The results are obtained through simulations on an academic example, then with a DFIG wind turbine model. Chapter 4 focuses on the reduction of structural loads transmitted by the wind on the turbine. It is about better control of the pitch angle by individual pitch control, depending on the rotor position or wind disturbances.Chapter 5 deals with the design of an anti-icing/de-icing system for blades. After the modeling and identification steps, the CRONE design is used to control the temperature of a heating coating disposed on the blades. An observer is finally designed to detect the presence of ice.

Η διαρκώς αυξανόμενη ζήτηση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, στους καιρούς μας, σε συνδυασμό με τη ραγδαία κλιματική αλλαγή, οδηγούν στην ανάγκη αναζήτησης οικονομικών, άφθονων και καθαρών πηγών για την παραγωγή της. Συνεπώς η αιολική ενέργεια κερδίζει έδαφος στις επιλογές των κρατών ανά τον κόσμο. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική θα αναλυθεί μια διάταξη ανεμογεννήτριας, η οποία αποτελείται από μια σύγχρονη μηχανή μόνιμου μαγνήτη (PMSG), έναν μετατροπέα συχνότητας (back-to-back converter) και ένα φίλτρο RL από την πλευρά του δικτύου. Με την επιλογή μας να χρησιμοποιήσουμε σύγχρονη μηχανή μόνιμου μαγνήτη κερδίζουμε σε αποδοτικότητα και αξιοπιστία. Σκοπός την εργασίας αυτής είναι αφενός η μελέτη και η ανάλυση του πλήρους συστήματος στο d-q στρεφόμενο σύστημα καθέτων αξόνων μέσω του μετασχηματισμού Park και αφετέρου η εφαρμογή του κατάλληλου σχεδιασμού ελέγχου, ώστε να επιτευχθεί η μέγιστη απομάστευευση ισχύος από τον άνεμο. Αυτό θα πραγματοποιηθεί λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τους περιορισμούς που θέτουν τα κατασκευαστικά χαρακτηριστικά της γεννήτριας και οι απαιτήσεις του δικτύου. Η προσομοίωση του συνολικού συστήματος θα γίνει στο περιβάλλον του Matlab/Simulink. Μέσω της προσομοίωσης αυτής θα προκύψουν οι αποκρίσεις των βασικών μεγεθών του συστήματος, από τα οποία θα εξαχθούν συμπεράσματα σχετικά με την ποιότητα των επιλογών μας. / The increasing demand for electricity, in our times, combined with the rapid climate change, leads to the need of economical, abundant and clean sources of production. Therefore, wind energy is gaining ground around the world. In this thesis a wind turbine topology will modeled and analyzed. It consists of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), a frequency back-to-back converter and an RL filter from the network side. By using a permanent magnet synchronous generator the model becomes efficient and reliable. The initial purpose is studying an analyzing the complete system, using d-q rotating vertical shaft system with Park transformation. Implementation of the appropriate control design will follow, in order to achieve maximum wind power extraction. Constrains, which are posed by the generator contraction characteristics and network requirements, must and will be considered. The simulation of the complete system will take place in Matlab/Simulink computing environment. The responses of the fundamental units will be presented and valuated, in order to extract conclusions regarding the quality of different control methods.

A wind turbine needs to be controlled to ensure its safe and optimal operation, especially during high wind speeds. The most common control objectives are to limit the power and rotational speed of the wind turbine by using pitch control. Aero Energy is a company based in Potchefstroom, South Africa, that has been developing and manufacturing wind turbine blades since 2000. Their most popular product is the AE1kW blades. The blades have a tendency to over-speed in high wind speeds and the cut-in wind speed must be improved. The objective of this study was to develop an active pitch control system for wind turbines. A prototype active pitch control system had to be developed for the AE1kW blades. The objectives of the control system are to protect the wind turbine from over-speeding and to improve start-up performance. An accurate model was firstly developed to predict a wind turbine’s performance with active pitch control. The active pitch control was implemented by means of a two-stage centrifugal governor. The governor uses negative or stalling pitch control. The first linear stage uses a soft spring to provide improved start-up performance. The second non-linear stage uses a hard spring to provide over-speed protection. The governor was manufactured and then tested with the AE1kW blades. The governor achieved both the control objectives of over-speed protection and improved start-up performance. The models were validated by the results. It was established that the two-stage centrifugal governor concept can be implemented on any wind turbine, provided the blades and tower are strong enough to handle the thrust forces associated with negative pitch control. It was recommended that an active pitch control system be developed that uses positive pitching for the over-speed protection, which will eliminate the large thrust forces. Keywords: pitch control, wind turbine, centrifugal governor, over-speed protection, cut-in wind speed, blade element-momentum theory, rotor, generator, stall, feathering. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

A wind turbine needs to be controlled to ensure its safe and optimal operation, especially during high wind speeds. The most common control objectives are to limit the power and rotational speed of the wind turbine by using pitch control. Aero Energy is a company based in Potchefstroom, South Africa, that has been developing and manufacturing wind turbine blades since 2000. Their most popular product is the AE1kW blades. The blades have a tendency to over-speed in high wind speeds and the cut-in wind speed must be improved. The objective of this study was to develop an active pitch control system for wind turbines. A prototype active pitch control system had to be developed for the AE1kW blades. The objectives of the control system are to protect the wind turbine from over-speeding and to improve start-up performance. An accurate model was firstly developed to predict a wind turbine’s performance with active pitch control. The active pitch control was implemented by means of a two-stage centrifugal governor. The governor uses negative or stalling pitch control. The first linear stage uses a soft spring to provide improved start-up performance. The second non-linear stage uses a hard spring to provide over-speed protection. The governor was manufactured and then tested with the AE1kW blades. The governor achieved both the control objectives of over-speed protection and improved start-up performance. The models were validated by the results. It was established that the two-stage centrifugal governor concept can be implemented on any wind turbine, provided the blades and tower are strong enough to handle the thrust forces associated with negative pitch control. It was recommended that an active pitch control system be developed that uses positive pitching for the over-speed protection, which will eliminate the large thrust forces. Keywords: pitch control, wind turbine, centrifugal governor, over-speed protection, cut-in wind speed, blade element-momentum theory, rotor, generator, stall, feathering. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Dissolved and Colloidal substances (DSC) and metals are released from woodduring thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production. These components have atendency to accumulate in process waters, as the water circulation systems inintegrated paper mills are closed. Disturbances such as pitch depositions in thepaper machine (pitch problems), specks in the paper, decreased wet and drystrength, interference with cationic process chemicals, and impaired sheetbrightness and friction properties appear when DSC are present. Transition metalions such as manganese results in higher consumption of bleaching chemicals(hydrogen peroxide) and lowers the optical quality of the final product, andaddition of complexing agents, such as EDTA or DTPA, to prevent this is needed.The never ending trends to decrease water consumption and increase processefficiency in pulp and paper production emphasizes that it is very important bothto know the effects of wood substances on pulping and papermaking and to beable to remove them in an efficient way. From a biorefinery point of view, DSCcomponents can be promising renewable raw materials for biofuels, bio‐basedchemicals and materials.In this thesis, a new approach using induced air flotation (IAF) without a cationicpolyelectrolyte addition for the removal of pitch and metal ions from mechanicalpulp mill process waters is presented. The induced air flotation of different processwaters is facilitated by the addition of a chelating surfactant and different foamingagents. The influence of the pH value, temperature and foaming agentconcentration on the flotation efficiency has been investigated. The investigations presented show that the disturbing components can be removed from TMP presswater to a high extent. A 90% decrease in turbidity and a 91% removal of lipophilicextractives (i.e. resin and fatty acids, triglycerides, sterols and steryl esters) fromunbleached and bleached TMP process water can be obtained by addition of acationic surfactant as foaming agent during flotation. Lower amount of foamingagent is needed to purify efficiently bleached TMP process water, than unbleached.Additionally, fibres located in TMP press water are not removed with the foamfraction but purified. A retained concentration of hydrophilic extractives (i.e.hemicelluloses and lignans) in the process water indicates that the flotation isselective. Moreover, by introduction of a new recoverable surface activecomplexing agent, a chelating surfactant, manganese ions in the form of chelatescan be successfully removed from the pulp fibres and separated from the processwater in the same flotation process. Furthermore, from the purified unbleachedTMP process water a 90% recovery of dissolved hemicelluloses by anti‐solventprecipitation was obtained.The findings presented above indicate new possibilities for the internal watercleaning stage to decrease DSC emissions to recipient and for recovery of valuableraw materials from purified process water if flotation technology is applied in anintegrated mechanical pulp mill. / FORE

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a method to obtain a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. The controller is for a control surface that controls pitch motion, by using data from flight tests with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Finding a suitable method to develop the controllers is essential to make the UAV autonomous, whilst being stable and controllable. Before developing the PID, data from test flights were used to model a transfer function for the control surface with MATLAB's toolbox for system identification. Thereafter, using the transfer function, the PID was developed by using MATLAB’s toolbox for control systems. The whole method was evaluated by studying the rise time, settling time, and overshoot for the PID, and studying how well the transfer function fits with the flight data. The method of modeling the pitch motion with system identification and finding the PID gains has good potential to simplify the process of finding a PID controller. However, to acquire an accurate model for the pitch motion, which in turn can give a well-performing PID, an improved data sampling was suggested. Additionally, flight tests conducted before and after PID tuning, and in different conditions are recommended to be done in future studies. The flight test would work as a validation for the model to acquire a robust PID that performs as expected. / Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla och utvärdera en metod för att hitta en proportionerlig integrerande deriverande (PID) regulator. Regulatorn är för en kontrollyta som kontrollerar tipprörelsen genom att använda data från flygtester med en drönare. Att hitta en lämplig metod för att utveckla regulatorer är nödvändigt för att göra drönaren autonom, samtidigt som den är stabil och kontrollerbar. Innan PID:n utvecklades användes data från flygtester för att modellera överföringsfunktionen för kontrollytan med MATLAB:s programvara för systemidentifiering. Därefter, genom att använda överföringsfunktionen, utvecklades PID:n med MATLAB:s programvara för reglersystem. Hela metoden utvärderades genom att studera stigtid, insvängningstid och översläng för PID regulatorn, samt studera hur väl överföringsfunktionen modellerar flygdata. Metoden för att modellera tipprörelsen och att hitta PID förstärkningarna har en god potential att förenkla processen av att hitta en PID regulator. Däremot för att få en precis modell för tipprörelsen, vilket i sin tur kan ge en välpresterande PID, föreslogs det att förbättra datainsamlingen. Dessutom rekommenderades det i framtida studier att flygtester genomförs i olika förhållande, både före och efter att PID regulatorn har hittats. Flygtesterna skulle fungera som en bekräftelse för modellen för att få en robust PID som presterar som väntat. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται χαρακτηριστικά της αιολικής ενέργειας. Μελετάται η ισχύς του ανέμου όπου βλέπουμε στοιχεία όπως τον τρόπο που σχηματίζονται οι άνεμοι, και περιγράφονται τα στοιχεία τη ανεμογεννήτριας και τα χαρακτηριστικά της αιολικής απόδοσης. Παρουσιάζονται τέλος, συνοπτικά, μερικά εισαγωγικά στοιχεία για τις κατανεμημένες παραγωγές, για τις κατανεμημένες πηγές ενέργειας και τον τρόπο που διανέμεται η παραγωγή της ενέργειας. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο της διπλωματικής εργασίας γίνεται περιγραφή των φορτίων που υπάρχουν στα ηλεκτρικά κινητήρια συστήματα. Μελετάμε τη δομή αυτών και τα κατηγοριοποιούμε με κριτήριο τη ροπή τους. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο μελετάμε το τριφασικό βραχυκύκλωμα και τον τριφασικό διακόπτη. Αναφέρουμε τις παραμέτρους που παίζουν ρόλο στο βραχυκύκλωμα, τον τρόπο που συμπεριφέρεται μία μηχανή σε αυτό και τις συνιστώσες συνεχούς μεταβαλλόμενου ρεύματος. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφουμε τον τριφασικό μετασχηματιστή. Μελετάμε τις συνθήκες σύνδεσης αυτών και τον τρόπο που συνδέονται. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο μελετάμε τις ανεμογεννήτριες μεταβλητής ταχύτητας, τον έλεγχο που γίνεται στον ανεμοκινητήρα για την ισχύ , τα κατάλληλα ηλεκτρονικά που χρησιμοποιούμε στις ανεμογεννήτριες, τους μετατροπείς συχνότητας και τα είδη γεννητριών. Αναφέρονται οι συνδεσμολογίες τους και ο τρόπος που ελέγχουμε τάσεις, ενεργό και άεργο ισχύ μέσω συστημάτων αυτομάτου ελέγχου. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται ανάλυση του αιολικού συστήματος μεταβλητών στροφών , όπου βλέπουμε τον μετασχηματισμό Park για τη μετατροπή συστήματος αξόνων, αναλύουμε το μοντέλο της μηχανής σε άλλο πλαίσιο αναφοράς (d – q) και εφαρμόζουμε διανυσματικό έλεγχο. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο σχεδιάζουμε το σύστημα που μελετάμε με το πρόγραμμα MATLAB / Simulink, Γίνεται μία αναφορά στους ελέγχους που μελετήθηκαν στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, χρησιμοποιώντας τους για την εξομοίωση. Αναλύουμε τον τρόπο που αρχικοποιούμε το σύστημά μας και εξομοιώνουμε το σύστημα με τις ανεμογεννήτριες παραθέτοντας τις απαραίτητες κυματομορφές. / The first chapter indicates characteristics of wind energy. Studied the wind power, where we see how winds are formed, and we describe the elements of wind and the characteristics of wind performance. Presented finally, briefly, a few introductory information on distributed generation for distributed energy sources. In the second chapter, there is a description of the electric motor systems loads. We study their structure and categorize them according to their torque. In the third chapter we study the three-phase fault and three phase switch. We report the parameters that play a role in short and how it behaves a machine on it. The fourth chapter describes the three-phase transformer. We study the association of these conditions and it is connected. In the fifth chapter we study the variable wind speed control, in Wind Turbines, the power, electronics that we use, frequency inverters and types of generators. We specify the connections and the way we control voltages, active and reactive power through control systems. The sixth chapter is an analysis of the variable wind speed system, where we see Park transformation to convert the axis system, we analyze the model of the machine in another frame of reference (d - q) and apply vector control. In the seventh chapter we design the system with the program MATLAB / Simulink, simulating the system. We analyze the way that we do the initialization of our system in order to simulate in several wind speeds, giving the necessary waveforms.