South African cities were subjected to artificial, unnatural growth patterns brought about by apartheid planning that legitimated exclusionary practices in the city and which created and maintained racial, social and class differences between people. Post-apartheid South Africa has witnessed processes of urban fortification, barricading and the gating of urban space that are manifested in contemporary urban South Africa. This research showed that the privatisation of urban public space is not solely a post-apartheid phenomenon. Closure legislation has been, and still is, used by citizens to remove urban space from the public realm through its privatisation. Closures are largely citizen-driven, either individually or as a collective, and it is small public spaces that are privatised, hence the micro-privatisation of public space that could influence the immediate surroundings and erf-sized living space of individuals.

The city of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, has grown the last 40 years according to an urban plan. However, this urban planning process does not permit the citizen participation in public recreation planning.The Popular Participation Law approved in April, 1994, open new possibilities for citizen participation in public recreation planning in Santa Cruz. However, there are limitation in the implementation of the law.In order to correct those limitation the present study proposes basic criteria for popular participation in management of public recreational facilities. These criteria refer to delimitation of the neighborhoods in the city, the democratization of the Juntas Vecinales, and the definition of the organic structure of the Juntas Vecinales in a way that can permit popular participation. / Department of Urban Planning

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-03T12:58:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Rossin Polo.pdf: 2859409 bytes, checksum: 626dc1b40f2d78284d909bf17a073431 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T12:58:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Rossin Polo.pdf: 2859409 bytes, checksum: 626dc1b40f2d78284d909bf17a073431 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-17 / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / Based on the conceptions of Socio-Historical Psychology, the research aims to characterize aspects of the subjective dimension of the participatory process of a municipal urban planning policy, accessed through the identification and analysis of the meanings present in different areas of the process. The research takes as its object the particularity of the Participative Master Plan of Jundiaí-SP, developed from 2014 and approved as a municipal law in 2016, specifically in relation to the processes of social participation understood as part of the mechanisms that seek to guarantee the right to city, as recommended by the City Statute. The empirical research was developed from two main procedures: a) reading and analysis of the content of the documents of the public policy, which presented and discussed the social participation models referenced and its execution; and b) individual interviews with four participants who composed the work of the Master Plan, all of whom were elected representatives of civil society. The analysis sought to discuss the aspects identified from three articulated contexts: political, procedural and singularities. What is perceived in the analysis is that the participatory process of urban politics was characterized by providing a contradictory subjective experience to the subjects. This means that, while it was based on democratic guidelines for urban planning, it pointed to the social function of the city as a precept and opened up to public participation, enabling innovative experiences, it also had limiting characteristics in its methodological strategies and, in a certain way, conservative strategies, such as reducing the issue of democratic participation to procedural aspects, non-explicitness and limits produced inequality in the representation of participants and maintaining liberal and elitist aspects of character in their speeches and positions. The advances and limitations that characterize the subjective dimension of the participatory process with a view to the production of a radically democratic policy are then considered, with the expectation that the case study will collaborate to broaden the discussions and practices of social participation in planning urban / Fundamentada nas concepções da Psicologia Sócio-Histórica, a pesquisa tem como objetivo caracterizar aspectos da dimensão subjetiva do processo participativo de uma determinada política municipal de planejamento urbano, acessados pela identificação e análise das significações presentes em diferentes âmbitos do processo. A pesquisa toma como objeto de estudo a particularidade do Plano Diretor Participativo de Jundiaí-SP, desenvolvido a partir de 2014 e aprovado como lei municipal em 2016, especificamente em relação aos processos de participação social compreendidos como parte dos mecanismos que buscam garantir o direito à cidade, conforme preconizado pelo Estatuto da Cidade. A pesquisa empírica foi desenvolvida a partir de dois procedimentos principais: a) levantamento, leitura e análise do conteúdo dos documentos da política pública, os quais apresentavam e discutiam os modelos de participação social referenciados e executados; e b) entrevistas individuais com quatro participantes que compuseram os trabalhos do Plano Diretor, sendo todos estes delegados eleitos representantes da sociedade civil. A análise buscou discutir os aspectos identificados a partir de três contextos articulados: político, processual e das singularidades. O que se apreende na análise é que o processo participativo da política urbana se caracterizou por proporcionar uma experiência subjetiva contraditória aos sujeitos. Isso quer dizer que, ao mesmo tempo em que se fundamentava em diretrizes democráticas de planejamento urbano, apontava a função social da cidade como preceito e abria à participação pública, possibilitando experiências inovadoras, também carregava em suas estratégias metodológicas características limitadoras, e, em certo sentido, conservadoras, tais como a redução da questão da participação democrática aos aspectos processuais, a não explicitação e os limites produzidos pela desigualdade na representação dos participantes e a manutenção de aspectos de caráter liberais e elitistas em seus discursos e posições. Consideram-se, então, os avanços e as limitações que caracterizaram a dimensão subjetiva do processo participativo com vistas a produção de uma política radicalmente democrática, com a expectativa de que o estudo de caso colabore para adensar as discussões e práticas de participação social no planejamento urbano

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 236-240. / by Mauricio Miguel Gaston. / M.C.P.

This dissertation addresses an age-old topic, but introduces some different insights. Overall, it is a sound piece of research that satisfies the requirements of a course work masters. Her topic is interesting in the context of a large-scale infrastructure project and the research questions are carefully formulated. The research method is appropriate and adequately described. In view of the (not unexpected) difficulties encountered with respondents in the field, she has made effective use of the sources that were available. The theoretical framework appears to cover most of the relevant literature; and is written in a coherent way. The description of the case study is clear. It presents a complex and fascinating set of stakeholders and daunting challenges for Planners attempting to mediate between macro, national scale infrastructure needs on the one hand, and on the other, social justice in communities where the prevailing laws and practices militate against women and the poorly educated. The findings are reported in chapter 4. These provide a valuable insight into dynamics within and surrounding the participation process. In the course of this chapter, she unveils an interesting array of issues, many of which are about power relations. This makes the topic difficult to research fully in the context of an MTRP dissertation. However, while not achieving much analytical depth, she has produced a useful set if insights that will be of value to other researchers in this field. The conclusions and recommendations have been dealt with in a systematic, yet thoughtful manner. / Thesis (M.Arch)-University of Natal, 2001.

While many communities have readily adopted "sustainability" as one of the community objectives in their planning documents, the actual application of sustainable practices has proven to be challenging for planners and communities. Some of the primary reasons for these challenges may include: • the disconnect between communities visual preferences and sustainable landscapes; • the limitations of current public consultation processes to solicit representational and meaningful input from the community due to the "shopping list" approach to developing official community plans encouraged by the Local Government Act; • the failure of conventional public consultation processes to reach certain segments of the community because of cultural differences or reluctance to publicly "speak one's mind"; and • the difficulties in the prioritization of the information from the public consultation processes into holistic planning policies. In the mean time, current research from various disciplines has established evidence to suggest incongruence between visual preferences and ecologically sustainable landscapes: preference for specific landscape typologies does not seem to be affected by the ecological performance of the landscape. The gap in ecological knowledge about sustainability may have contributed to this situation. The bridging of this gap between knowledge and preference was explored through the application of visual preferences for stormwater management in a rural context. The coastal community of Royston on Vancouver Island was used as a case study for a visual preference survey pilot project. The survey results were synthesized to identify a community aesthetic for Royston and to transform into criteria for selecting sustainable stormwater management best management practices that are appropriate to a rural community to reflect: • the community's preferred aesthetic based on the results from the visual preference survey to promote better acceptance of sustainable working landscapes; • the goals and objectives, and the policies adopted in the Royston Local Area Plan; • the economic realities of a small community; and • flexibility to address new development needs and the necessity to "retrofit" stormwater management practices into existing developments

Since 1994, South African governance has been in transition from bureaucracy to democracy. In tenns of democracy, local government is specifically tasked with providing goods and services equitably and sustainably not only to it's citizens, but along with them. In South Africa, the provision of refuse removal services and landfill sites for waste disposal are under local government control. Recently, Durban Solid Waste, a municipal waste management contractor in the Durban Metropolitan Area, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa embarked on a comprehensive exercise, the first of it's kind in the country. to locate, plan, develop and operate new generation landfill sites with the aid of a public participation process involving capacity building which is a requirement of legislation. It is in the North Zone of this area that the existing landfill is to close by December 2000, and so there is an urgent need to locate and develop a new landfill site for the region. It is the capacity building and public participation process of the North Zone landfill site selection process which is the subject of this study. A case study format provides an intensive examination of the public participation and capacity building process. Qualitative research methodology was employed to compliment the interp retive approach undertaken in the research process, which used conceptual frameworks drawn from literature for the data interpretation. Data were collected via participant observation at meetings and workshops, and semi-strucrured interviews with stakeholders of the North Zone process. The research findings revealed that while a variety of capacity building and public participation means suggested by government policy have been utilised., none of the statutory principles of public participation for landfill siting have been implemented satisfactorily by participants in the North Zone public participation process. The findings also indicate that the predominant type of public participation being followed in the North Zone is instrumental in nature. and thus in the main does not exhibit outcome measures of empowerment which are associated with transformative participation. Furthermore. the findings demonstrate that while capacity building made the North Zone public participation process more democratic than previous landfill site selection exercises, principles of equity were only satisfied to the extent that the statutory requirements, the will of the developer, a shortage of time and adequate funding pennitted. The recommendations suggest: lobbying for changes to the statutory requirements. ways of building trust between stakeholders. activities to promote equity and democracy, and the use of more suitable means of capacity building and public participation for landfill site selection public participation processes in South Africa / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

South African cities were subjected to artificial, unnatural growth patterns brought about by apartheid planning that legitimated exclusionary practices in the city and which created and maintained racial, social and class differences between people. Post-apartheid South Africa has witnessed processes of urban fortification, barricading and the gating of urban space that are manifested in contemporary urban South Africa. This research showed that the privatisation of urban public space is not solely a post-apartheid phenomenon. Closure legislation has been, and still is, used by citizens to remove urban space from the public realm through its privatisation. Closures are largely citizen-driven, either individually or as a collective, and it is small public spaces that are privatised, hence the micro-privatisation of public space that could influence the immediate surroundings and erf-sized living space of individuals.

Since the mid 1970s there has been an increasing effort to adopt community participation as a necessary instrument for people driven development. NGOs and governments have come to use this participatory approach not only to empower local people, but also to give them a platform to plan and implement their own development projects. However in Zimbabwe, the government has failed to fund most projects and it has created a gap for NGOs to provide most, if not all services in rural communities. NGOs have been seen as better institutions to facilitate development projects and to engage local people to actively participate in development issues. Community participation is a central component in development projects as the projects respond to the people’s needs and that local people are in full control and ownership of these projects. This study is an assessment of community participation in NGO development projects in Zimbabwe. The study investigates the extent of community participation in development projects and it is guided by the Participatory Development (PD) theory. Research findings reveal that community participation is minimal in development projects of Bulilima and Mangwe districts in Zimbabwe. Local people are just passive participants of the development projects who are told what to do. The local people’s contributions and influences are sidelined in the planning and decision-making processes; instead these are made by the rural elite who plan and make decisions on behalf of the local people. It is the view of this study that the purpose of community participation is to create opportunities for local people to participate in planning, decision making, implementation, allocation and distribution of resources. The development projects should be responsive to the people’s needs. Similarly, participatory development just like community participation is a process whereby communities are given the opportunity to determine their future in terms of their needs and resources. In this regard, it is relevant that rural communities actively participate in planning, decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development projects. By so doing, the projects become not only successful but also sustainable.

This study focused on community participation in relation to policy formulation in Lesotho. It paid particular attention to whether the Lesotho community participated in the formulation of the Lesotho Land Bill 2009. Literature related to the concept of participatory development, community participation and policy formulation was reviewed. From the literature, it was clear that the attainment of effective community participation in policy formulation is not something that can take place overnight and this makes community participation a crucial aspect of any development project. The study used the qualitative approach to provide more information and detailed examination of community participation in the formulation of the Lesotho Land Bill 2009. This approach adopted the case study design. The data was collected using focus groups, interview schedule and document analysis. The study found that the government did not consult widely on the Bill before it was enacted into an Act of parliament. Therefore, it recommends that the government of Lesotho should involve all relevant stakeholders to participate in policy formulation. This will help to establish a link between the government and civil society stakeholders at local levels, for participatory policy-making to be effective.