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Values in conflict : New York City's planning and implementation of scatter-site public housing and a high school in Forest Hills and Corona.Milgram, Gene Bruce January 1975 (has links)
Thesis. 1975. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Bibliography: leaves 441-444. / M.C.P.
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Environment, people and planning in Mount Barker, South Australia : problems of the urban fringeFant, Mary P. (Mary Pacolette) January 1987 (has links) (PDF)
Bibliography: leaves [261]-266.
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Co-ordination and decision-making in the new towns development programmeCheung, Ka-wai, Kelvin., 張嘉偉. January 1987 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences
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Conservation and community : the opportunities and constraints to community based planning for inner city neighbourhood conservation : a case study of the Mole Hill planning processProft, Joanne 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis explores the opportunities and constraints to community based planning for
neighbourhood conservation in the context of an expanding urban core, using the Mole Hill
planning process and draft Concept Plan as a case study. In response to previous public
processes, and increasing community activism against top-down revitalization, City of Vancouver
Planning Staff were directed in April 1996, to undertake a participatory planning process in order
to develop conservation strategies for Mole Hill which balance physical, social, environmental
and economic goals.
Drawing from a broad range of literature on urban conservation and post-industrial urban change,
this thesis begins by providing a rationale for area-based urban conservation within the context of
post-war North American and European cities. Further, it outlines some of the conflicts arising
from conservation, primarily those conflicts relating to post-war economic restructuring and
corresponding socio-economic changes in inner cities specifically, gentrification. The thesis uses
cases from inner city communities in Vancouver and New York to examine contemporary trends
in neighbourhood conservation, and to explore those elements which contribute to a locally
focused and sustainable conservation and revitalization strategy. Three characteristics of
successful neighbourhood conservation schemes are abstracted by way of a literature review and
are subsequently used as a framework to analyse the Mole Hill case study. These characteristics
are: a focus on local involvement; multi-dimensional programs and policies; and an ongoing
collaborative approach.
The case study reveals the complex and contentious nature of planning for conservation within an
expanding urban context. The multiplicity of players, the exigency of issues, the amount and
availability of resources, and the often adversarial positions demonstrate the fragmented and
complex quality of planning in this context. The study found that in Mole Hill a reliance on top-down
methods for conflict negotiation and decision making undermined the effectiveness of the
community based model and ultimately led to a fractured set of policies and principles for the
neighbourhood. Tensions which were created by a misapplication of power resulted in a
polarization between a "Staff' position and a "Working Group" position, thus diluting the idea of
a consensus based, collaborative process. Despite these setbacks, a multi-agency and multi-interest
approach to the process achieved a number of positive principles and strategies which
attempt to address the site as a comprehensive whole, bringing the goals of heritage conservation
closer to those of housing and community needs.
Finally, the case showed that by drawing on existing community knowledge and expertise the
process was able to generate innovative ideas such as those which involve local reinvestment and
community economic development initiatives which are directed at social and physical
improvement. These ideas challenge traditional notions of conservation and revitalization —
which often rely on outside capital investment and /or economic incentives to support
conservation — and provide a foundation for more culturally appropriate and sustainable
strategies for community based neighbourhood conservation.
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Public participation in environmental impact assessment : a comparative analysis of the United Kingdom, South Africa and the United States'Decadt, Leen 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite calls for greater public participation in all aspects of environmental
planning, impact assessment and decision making, opportunities for participation in the
planning, legal and administrative systems governing these activities, are limited. Public
participation has often been reduced to a procedural exercise instead of a substantive
process to include the public in environmental decision making. Thus, it is relevant to
examine public participation in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), providing ways
to improve its effectiveness.
The emphasis of this thesis is therefore, to compare the role of public
participation in the environmental assessment process in the United Kingdom, South
Africa and the United States. It begins by defining the principles of Environmental Impact
Assessment and the concept of public participation and explores how the rationales of
public participation may be integrated into the environmental planning process.
Features of each of the three existing EIA systems are examined since components such
as the appropriate legislative framework, the institutional framework, the public, and
formal and informal public participation opportunities in the EIA process are the factors
contributing towards effective public participation in Environmental Impact Assessment.
The author argues that public participation deserves attention because the degree
of participation affects the quality of the Environmental Impact Assessment, which, in
turn, affects the quality of a decision about a project. Broader participation creates more
information and alternatives to be presented to decision makers, enhancing the
opportunity to mesh public values and government policy. Although public participation
may slow down the EIA process, the real goal of EIA theory is to ensure sustainable
development, no matter how long the EIA process takes.
Apparently, the three EIA laws discussed in the comparative analysis, are
consistent with sustainable development since these laws operate to force considerations
of environmental impacts into the decision making process. Moreover, properly drafted EIA laws are based on a strict standard of procedural compliance to ensure that the
responsible decision makers are fully apprised of the environmental consequences which
they review.
Involving the public is a safeguard against bad or politically motivated decisions,
and a mechanism to increase public awareness of the delicate balance between economic
and environmental trade offs. If conducted openly, it may ultimately increase public
confidence in the decision making process. Public participation has the potential to
enhance the maintenance of accountability in public and private sectors. The public
should realise that they, individually or through interest groups, can participate in public
matters that affect them, with a view to persuading decision makers and shaping
environmental policies.
The thesis further reviews the different roles the public can play during the various
stages of an Environmental Impact Assessment process, whereby formal and informal
public participation opportunities are explored according to the country-specific context.
The comparative analytical framework in the thesis reveals significant variations
within and between the three countries. Apparently, the three EIA systems seem to
possess more or less mature, well-defined and formal Environmental Impact Assessment
systems. For the UK and South Africa, examples could be taken from the United States,
which has developed more adequate public participation provisions than those of the
European Directive and of the South African EIA Regulations, particularly as far as the
level and degree of public participation and techniques are concerned. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van beroepe op groter openbare deelname in alle aspekte van
omgewingsbeplanning, inpakbeoordeling en besluitneming, is geleenthede vir deelname
in die beplannings-, administratiewe en wetlike sisteme wat hierdie aktiwiteite beheer,
beperk. Openbare deelname word dikwels gereduseer tot 'n proseduriële oefening in
plaas van 'n substantiewe proses te wees om die publiek in omgewingsbesluitneming te
betrek. Dit is derhalwe relevant dat openbare deelname in Omgewingsimpakbeoordeling
(algemeen in Engels na verwys as EIA) ondersoek word tot einde wyses vir
effektiwiteitsverbetering daar te stel.
Die aksent van hierdie tesis is dus 'n vergelyking van openbare deelname in
omgewingsbeoordeling in die Verenigde Koninkryk, Suid-Afrika en die Verenigde State
van Amerika onderskeidelik. Daar word begin met definiëring van die beginsels van EIA
en die konsep "openbare deelname" en 'n ondersoek na integrering van die rationales vir
openbare deelname in die omgewingsbeplanningsproses. Kenmerke van elk van die drie
bestaande EIA -stelsels word ondersoek aangesien komponente soos die geskikte
wetgewende raamwerk, die institusionele raamwerk, die publiek, asook formele en
informele openbare deelname-geleenthede in die EIA -proses, die bydraende faktore is tot
effektiewe openbare deelname in EIA.
Die navorser argumenteer dat openbare deelname aandag verdien omdat die
graad van deelname die kwaliteit van die EIA affekteer met voortspruitende effek vir die
kwaliteit van besluitneming rakende 'n projek. Breër deelname skep meer inligting en
alternatiewe vir voorlegging aan die besluitnemers ter verbetering van die geleentheid
vir die ineenskakeling van openbare waardes en regeringsbeleid. Hoewel openbare
deelname die EIA-proses mag vertraag, is die werklike doel van EIA-teorie die
bewerkstelliging van volhoubare ontwikkeling, ongeag van hoe lank die proses ook mag
duur. Die drie EIA-wette bespreek in die vergelykende analise is oënskynlik konsekwent
in terme van volhoubare ontwikkeling aangesien hierdie wette gerig is op die
inkorporering van omgewingsimpak oorwegings in die besluitnemingsproses. Verder is
behoorlik geformuleerde EIA-wette gebaseer op 'n streng standaard van proseduriële
onderworpenheid ten einde te verseker dat die verantwoordelike besluitnemers ten volle
ingelig is oor die omgewingsgevolge onder hersiening.
Die insluiting van die publiek is 'n voorsorg teen swak of polities gemotiveerde
besluite en 'n meganisme om openbare bewustheid ten opsigte van die delikate balans
tussen ekonomiese en omgewings komprimieë. As dit openlik gedoen word, behoort dit op
die lange duur die publiek se vertoue in die besluitnemingsproses te verhoog. Openbare
deelname kan tot die behoud van, deur hul betrokkenheid aanspreeklikheid in die
openbare en private sektore bydra. Die publiek moet besef dat hulle deur hulle
betrokkenheid, individueel of deur middel van belangegroepe, in openbare
aangeleenthede wat hulle raak, beluitnemers kan oorreed en omgewingsbeleid help vorm.
Die tesis beskou ook die verskillende rolle wat die publiek gedurende die
verskillende fases van 'n Omgewingsimpakbeoordelingsproses kan speel, en verken
geleenthede vir formele en informele openbare deelname binne elke land se spefieke
konteks.
Die vergelykende analitiese raamwerk in die tesis bring betekenisvolle variasies
binne en tussen die drie lande aan die lig. Oënskynlik verteenwoordig die drie EIA
stelsels min of meer volwasse, goed definieërde en formele
Omgewingsimpakbeoordelingstelsels. Die VK en Suid Afrika kan leer uit die voorbeeld
van die VSA wat meer voldoende voorsienning vir openbare deelname bied as die van die
Europese Direktief en van Suid Afrika se EIA Regulasies, in besonder sover dit die vlak
en graad van openbare deelname en tegnieke betref
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Assessing the local government turnaround strategy: the case of Ngqushwa Local MunicipalityBokwe, Nosiphiwo Gloria January 2014 (has links)
The thrust of the study is to investigate the Local Government Turnaround Strategy as introduced by Cabinet in the year 2009. In this treatise a critical evaluation of the Local Government Turnaround Strategy that was passed by cabinet as a panacea that seeks to address the challenges that are being faced by municipalities today will be embarked upon. A case study of the Ngqushwa Local Municipality in the Amathole District Municipal area will be undertaken with the view to understand whether the Local Government Turnaround Strategy will indeed assist ailing local municipalities like Ngqushwa. As can be seen in our country, apartheid has left many problems both in the social, economic and political realms of our society. When local government was first established it was for the perpetuation of separate development as enshrined in the policy of apartheid. Apartheid was not the beginning of geographic, institutional and social separation at the local level. Segregation was already a policy by the time apartheid was introduced in 1948. However, the Group Areas Act, the key piece of legislation, instituted strict residential segregation and compulsory removal of black people to own group areas. Through spatial separation, influx control, and a policy of own management for own areas, apartheid aimed to limit the extent to which affluent white municipalities would bear the financial burden of servicing disadvantaged black areas. These separate developments led to the collapse of the former Black Local Authorities. When the democratic government took over the same challenges reared their heads again. Many intervention programmes were introduced to assist ailing municipalities to be viable. The study thus has tried to indicate how the Turnaround has assisted municipalities like the Ngqushwa Local Municipality.
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Citizen participation, decentralization and inclusive development : a survey on citizen participation and decentralization in South Africa with specific reference to the Eastern Cape c.2005Robino, Carolina January 2009 (has links)
Contemporary debates about development confer a prominent role to citizen participation and decentralization. Growing scepticism about the efficacy of narrowly conceived measures add pressure to reform development both theoretically and in practical terms. There is a greater understanding that ‘traditional’ development approaches and policies need to be reformulated and decentralization and citizen participation have been proposed as remedies to previous development failures. It is frequently argued that citizen participation will improve the efficiency and efficacy of public services. Citizen participation is meant to render local government more accountable and to contribute to deepening democracy, by reinforcing representative democratic institutions with participatory forms. At the same time, decentralization reforms have been proposed as a response to the failures of highly centralized states. From a political perspective, it is argued, decentralization reforms can help the central state gain legitimacy and have been seen as a strategy for maintaining political stability. It has been repeatedly suggested that physical proximity makes it easier for citizens to hold local officials accountable for their performance. From an economic perspective, decentralization can improve the match between the mix of services provided by the public sector and the preferences of the local population. It has also been noted that people are more willing to pay for services that respond to their priorities and that increased competition between local governments generates spaces for more creative responses adapted to local needs. But then, can decentralization and citizen participation live up to the faith and expectations that they have inspired? I argue that the literature commonly over-emphasises the role of citizen participation and decentralization in development and what these processes and reforms can achieve. Much of the evidence is anecdotal in nature and tends to neglect the specific contexts in which these processes take place. Also largely ignored are political economy considerations and a critical exploration of the relationship between these two key words. At best, when their interrelationships are addressed decentralization and citizen participation are conceived as based on a symbiotic relationship. I suggest, however, that the relationship between these two processes is not as straightforward as most of the literature assumes. The meanings of these two key words in current development lexicon are explored and critically assessed. I argue that whether or not the rising prominence of these two words actually means the emergence of a new development agenda is a moot point. It critically depends on the understandings of these ambiguous terms. The thesis adopts a political economy approach. Combined with this is an awareness of the broader historical and socio-economic context in which citizen participation and decentralization take place. The thesis applies these ideas triangulating diverse research methods and data sources. It combines a literature review and documentary analysis, a survey conducted with municipal authorities and civil society organizations in the Eastern Cape as well as structured interviews with Ward councillors and with key informants. From a theoretical perspective, the study lays a foundation for understanding the relationship between development policies outcomes and the nature of citizen participation and decentralization in developing countries. This, in turn, provides a basis from which citizen participation and decentralization in South Africa can be assessed and understood. The thesis presents evidence from a case study of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. By revealing how different dimensions of decentralization and citizen participation operate and intersect, the findings demonstrate, that contrary to common knowledge, citizen participation and decentralization are frequently at odds. Moreover, contrary to frequent statements, the research also shows that opening new spaces for participation in decentralized local governance can result in fewer changes and disappointing results at best, undermining the transformative potential of the concepts of participation and decentralization.
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Land management institutions at the community level : the case of village land allocation committees in LesothoMorapeli, Matšeliso January 1990 (has links)
Replacement of traditional land administration institutions with modern institutions has been one of the strategies used by the Lesotho Government to solve land management problems. This thesis uses a case study approach to analyze the effectiveness of one modern institution, the Village Land Allocation Committees (VLAC), at the community level in Lesotho.
Customarily, land in Lesotho was allocated by traditional chiefs who could for various purposes revoke it. The system was allegedly open to abuse and under the Land Act 1979, the authority to allocate land was shifted from traditional chiefs to the VLAC, which is partly elected and partly nominated by the government. The thinking behind this change was that VLAC would be more democratic and efficient, representing local as well as national interests.
The study consists of three stages: a) review of background literature on Lesotho; b) a comparison of land tenure reforms in Tanzania, Kenya and Botswana; and c) field research carried out through questionnaires administered to VLAC members, community members and government officials responsible for land administration at the community level in Lesotho.
Conclusions drawn from this study are that lack of clear policy guidelines, lack of connection between land allocation and the overall planning and lack of meaningful community participation in the land allocation process, are among the major problems in the operation of VLAC.
The study's major recommendations are: a) integrating land allocation with the overall land use planning; b) recognizing the continuing influence of traditional institutions and incorporating them into VLAC activities; c) providing VLAC with clearer goals and necessary resources; and d) building a planning and evaluation component into VLAC procedures. The need for further research on the composition and election process of VLAC is identified. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate
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Conservation and community : the opportunities and constraints to community based planning for inner city neighbourhood conservation : a case study of the Mole Hill planning processProft, Joanne 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis explores the opportunities and constraints to community based planning for
neighbourhood conservation in the context of an expanding urban core, using the Mole Hill
planning process and draft Concept Plan as a case study. In response to previous public
processes, and increasing community activism against top-down revitalization, City of Vancouver
Planning Staff were directed in April 1996, to undertake a participatory planning process in order
to develop conservation strategies for Mole Hill which balance physical, social, environmental
and economic goals.
Drawing from a broad range of literature on urban conservation and post-industrial urban change,
this thesis begins by providing a rationale for area-based urban conservation within the context of
post-war North American and European cities. Further, it outlines some of the conflicts arising
from conservation, primarily those conflicts relating to post-war economic restructuring and
corresponding socio-economic changes in inner cities specifically, gentrification. The thesis uses
cases from inner city communities in Vancouver and New York to examine contemporary trends
in neighbourhood conservation, and to explore those elements which contribute to a locally
focused and sustainable conservation and revitalization strategy. Three characteristics of
successful neighbourhood conservation schemes are abstracted by way of a literature review and
are subsequently used as a framework to analyse the Mole Hill case study. These characteristics
are: a focus on local involvement; multi-dimensional programs and policies; and an ongoing
collaborative approach.
The case study reveals the complex and contentious nature of planning for conservation within an
expanding urban context. The multiplicity of players, the exigency of issues, the amount and
availability of resources, and the often adversarial positions demonstrate the fragmented and
complex quality of planning in this context. The study found that in Mole Hill a reliance on top-down
methods for conflict negotiation and decision making undermined the effectiveness of the
community based model and ultimately led to a fractured set of policies and principles for the
neighbourhood. Tensions which were created by a misapplication of power resulted in a
polarization between a "Staff' position and a "Working Group" position, thus diluting the idea of
a consensus based, collaborative process. Despite these setbacks, a multi-agency and multi-interest
approach to the process achieved a number of positive principles and strategies which
attempt to address the site as a comprehensive whole, bringing the goals of heritage conservation
closer to those of housing and community needs.
Finally, the case showed that by drawing on existing community knowledge and expertise the
process was able to generate innovative ideas such as those which involve local reinvestment and
community economic development initiatives which are directed at social and physical
improvement. These ideas challenge traditional notions of conservation and revitalization —
which often rely on outside capital investment and /or economic incentives to support
conservation — and provide a foundation for more culturally appropriate and sustainable
strategies for community based neighbourhood conservation. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate
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Optimalisering van gemeenskapsdeelname in geintegreerde ontwikkelingsbeplanning : 'n Wellington-gevallestudieSmit, Jacobus Francois 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africans are familiar with apartheid principles and practices. Apartheid
principles were not only used as a mechanism that robbed people of their
human rights, but it also gave rise to limited or no community participation in
government decision-making. South Africa's democratic regime (after 1994) is
striving to increase community participation in government decision-making.
In this regard, the South African national government is initiating community
development policies and programmes such as the Reconstruction and
Development Programme (1994), Masakhane programme (1998) and
Integrated Development Planning (1997).
This research focuses on Integrated Development Planning (lOP) and local
government's role in stimulating community participation. Various participation
models are highlighted, and the Wellington case is used to illustrate that
communities will participate optimally in development activities if their
participation will bring about their own empowerment.
The research methodology includes interviews, television news programmes,
newspaper articles and focus group sessions. Responses from the focus
group interviews indicated that the community is easy-going and they expect
activities to be undertaken for them. It was also noted that meaningful
mechanisms for enhancinq community participation are limited. The
community-empowerment model and recommendations are presented to
optimise community participation. The following recommendations are made,
namely accessibility of development initiatives, mobilising the community,
relevant administrative skills of public officials, democratic constitution and
legislation, concrete policy relating to community participation, meaningful
empowerment of the community, explaining the content of concepts,
programmes and projects, training for public officials, awareness of policy
implications with regards to community participation and municipal planning in
co-operative government. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrikaners is vertroud met apartheidsbeginsels en praktyke.
Apartheidsbeginsels is nie net as 'n meganisme gebruik om groepe van hul
menseregte te ontneem nie, maar dit het ook aanleiding gegee tot gebrekkige
of geen gemeenskapsdeelname in owerheidsbesluitneming. Suid-Afrika se
demokratiese regeringstelsel (na 1994) streef daarna om
gemeenskapsdeelname in owerheidsbesluitneming te verhoog. Binne hierdie
hoedanigheid het die nasionale regering gemeenskapsontwikkelingsbeleide
en programme soos die Heropbou-en Ontwikkelingsprogram (1994),
Masakhane-program (1988) en GeTntegreerde Ontwikkelingsbeplanning
(1997) daargestel.
Die navorsing fokus op Ge"integreerde Ontwikkelingsbeplanning (GOB), en
plaaslike owerhede se rol ten opsigte van die stimulering van
gemeenskapsdeelname. Verskeie deelname-modelle word uitgelig en aan die
hand van die Wellington-geval, word aangetoon dat gemeenskappe optimaal
sal deelneem aan ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite indien hul deelname sal bydra tot
hul eie bemagtiging.
Die navorsingsmetodologie sluit in onderhoude, televisie-nuusprogramme,
koerantartikels en fokusgroep-sessies. Terugvoering van die fokusgroeponderhoude
dui aan dat die gemeenskap gemaksugtig is en verwag dat
aktiwiteite vir hulle onderneem word. Daar is waargeneem dat betekenisvolle
meganismes om gemeenskapsdeelname te optimaliseer gebrekkig was. Die
kommunikasie-bemagtigingsmodel en aanbevelings word aangebied ten
einde gemeenskapsdeelname te optimaliseer. Die volgende aanbevelings
word gemaak naarnlik, toeganklikheid van ontwikkelingsinisiatiewe;
mobilisering van die gemeenskap; relevante administratiewe vaardighede van
openbare amptenare; demokratiese grondwet en beleide; konkrete beleide
rakende gemeenskapsdeelname; betekenisvolle bemagtiging van die
gemeenskap; verduideliking van die inhoud van konsepte, programme en projekte, opleiding van amptenare; bewuswording van beleidsimplikasies
rakende gemeenskapsdeelname en munisipale beplanning in 'n
samewerkende regering.
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