• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Dental Calculus: Combining Current Methods in the Study of Diet and Mouth Use Activities Among Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Hunter-Gatherers of the Cis-Baikal, Siberia

2015 June 1900 (has links)
The utility of dental calculus as a proxy for diet and mouth use is explored for the Middle Holocene Cis-Baikal region of Central Siberia based on two methods: a macroscopic analysis of severity and a microscopic analysis of particles within deposits. The study area was inhabited by two culturally and biologically distinct cultures, the Early Neolithic (EN) Kitoi culture (8,000 to 7,000/6,800 cal B.P.) and the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age (LN-EBA) Isakovo-Serovo-Glaskovo (ISG) cultural complex (6,000/5,800 to 4,000 cal B.P.), separated by a period of cultural transition marked by a cessation in formal cemetery use. Data were collected from four cemetery sites, two dating to the EN and two dating to the LN-EBA. Nonparametric testing of calculus severity revealed that, for adult males and juveniles, lakeshore populations displayed greater affinity to each other than to their contemporaneous cultural counterpart populations living along riverine systems in the Angara River Valley. Trends within the EN cemetery Shamanka II contrasted to the other cemetery populations, with noticeably larger deposits in anterior quadrants and significant sexual distinctions. The proportion of protein to carbohydrates consumed is known to influence calculus formation, but both cultural groups lived on a diet based predominately on meat sources so dietary ratios alone do not adequately explain the differences distinguished. A complex multifactorial model involving microregional differences in resources/environment, foraging patterns, individual variation, and dental wear patterns provides at least a partial explanation for the results observed. A wide range of particles were recovered during the microscopic analysis of calculus, albeit in low concentrations. The low starch grain counts were consistent with a diet based predominately on meats but still provide some of the first direct evidence for plant consumption in the Cis-Baikal, including possible plant processing by cooking or grinding based on damage evident on the grains. Other particles recovered may provide evidence of mouth use activities or palaeoenvironmental influences. Together, the two components of this analysis offer strong evidence that dental calculus is a useful tool for reconstructing hunter-gatherer lifeways but also highlight the limitations of conducting this type of research on previously excavated and potentially contaminated material.
2

Relations Structure/Propriétés de Suspensions de Particules Végétales / Structure/Properties Relationships of Soft Plant Cells Suspensions

Leverrier, Cassandre 06 December 2016 (has links)
Les purées de fruits et légumes sont considérées dans ce travail comme des suspensions concentrées de particules végétales déformables suspendues dans une phase aqueuse non-Newtonienne, riche en sucre et en pectines solubles. Par une approche de type sciences des matériaux, ce travail a pour but de mieux comprendre et modéliser les relations structure-propriétés de ces systèmes à base de végétaux transformés.Pour limiter les facteurs de variabilité liés à la variété, la maturité ou au procédé de transformation des fruits, un lot unique de purée de pommes Golden Delicious a été utilisé pour l’intégralité de ce travail.L’utilisation de traitements mécaniques variables a permis de mettre en avant l’importance des paramètres de structures sur les propriétés rhéologiques des suspensions de particules végétales et de confirmer l’impact de premier ordre de la concentration en particules sur les propriétés rhéologiques. Trois domaines de concentration ont été mis en évidence et modélisés, permettant ainsi de proposer une définition de la fraction volumique pour ces particules végétales molles et très déformables, la fraction volumique des suspensions de particules végétales ne faisant pas encore consensus en littérature. La définition proposée dans ce travail permet, à phase continue équivalente, d’obtenir une courbe maitresse regroupant les différentes distributions de taille de particules sur toutes les gammes de concentration étudiées.Afin de mieux appréhender l’impact de la phase continue sur le comportement rhéologique des suspensions de particules végétales, des particules modèles ont été mises au point à partir du lot de purée réelle et suspendues dans cinq phases aqueuses modèles variant en viscosité, en composition et en force ionique. Les résultats de cette étude permettent de conclure que les propriétés élastiques des suspensions concentrées sont essentiellement gouvernées par les interactions entre les particules, la phase continue ayant un impact négligeable. Le rôle lubrifiant de la phase continue en domaine concentré a pu être mis en évidence par les mesures de seuil d’écoulement et par les mesures de viscosité.Une approche originale combinant particules modèles, microscopie confocale et reconstitution 3D a permis d’accéder aux modifications morphologiques subies par les particules en milieu très concentré, donnant ainsi accès aux ordres de grandeurs de diminution de volume subie par les particules lors de l’encombrement du système.Ce travail a également permis d’aboutir à la proposition d’une loi d’écoulement permettant de modéliser la dépendance de la viscosité à la fraction volumique occupée par les particules végétales, sur une large gamme de concentration. Ce modèle représente une avancée certaine dans la compréhension de ces systèmes, aucun modèle comparable n’avait encore été proposé dans la littérature sur ce type de particules. / In this work, fruit and vegetable purees are considered as concentrated suspensions of soft, deformable plant particles, suspended in a non-Newtonian aqueous phase, containing sugar and soluble pectins. Using a materials science approach, this work aims in better understanding and modelling the structure/properties relationships of plant based processed systems.A single batch of Golden Delicious apple puree was used in this work to avoid variability related to variety, maturity or processing method.Mechanical treatments were used to highlight the impact of structural parameters on the rheological behaviour of plant particles suspensions. It confirms the first order impact of particle concentration on rheological properties. Three concentration domains have been identified and modelled, allowing to provide a definition of the volume fraction for these soft and highly deformable plant particles. The volume fraction of plant particle suspensions is not forming consensus yet in literature. The definition proposed in this work allows to built a master curve bringing together the different particle size distributions, all over the concentrations studied.To understand the impact of the continuous phase on the rheological behaviour of plant particle suspensions, model particles have been developed from the original batch of apple puree. Model particles were suspended in five controlled aqueous phases varying in viscosity, composition, and ionic strength. This study shows that elastic properties of concentrated suspensions are essentially governed by the interactions between the particles, continuous phase having a negligible impact. The lubricating role of the continuous phase in the concentrated domain has been highlighted by yield stress and viscosity measurements.An original approach combining model particles, confocal microscopy and 3D reconstruction gives us access to morphological changes experienced by particles in very concentrated medium. The volume decrease experienced by the particles was evaluated. In this work, a model describing the dependence of the viscosity to the volume fraction of soft plant particles was proposed. This model represents a clear progress in the understanding of these systems. No comparable model has ever been proposed in the literature to describe this kind of plant particles.

Page generated in 0.0714 seconds