• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 242
  • 153
  • 49
  • 24
  • 15
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 3
  • 3
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 598
  • 598
  • 233
  • 172
  • 169
  • 157
  • 150
  • 116
  • 96
  • 91
  • 73
  • 70
  • 66
  • 62
  • 56
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
331

Fingerprinting of full and half-sib black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) progenies using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD).

Naguran, Riann. January 2005 (has links)
Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii), which belongs to the genus Acacia, is one of the many species of trees or hardwoods grown commercially in South Africa. Black wattle is a species indigenous to Australia and was introduced into South Africa by the van der Plank brothers in 1864. These trees are grown in South Africa because of its tannin-rich bark, the extract of which is used by the leather tanning industry. Black wattle is also grown for its timber, timber products and pulp. The introduction and cultivation history of black wattle suggests that the South African plantations contain limited genetic variation with relatedness amongst groups estimated to be high, thus implying a narrow genetic base in the South African black wattle population. In this investigation, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to estimate the genetic variation between seven different black wattle groups. A total number of 34 individuals obtained from different areas in South Africa were examined; Piet Retief (group 47 and 50: half-sibs), Kumbula (group 85: unrelated individuals), Howick (group 400: unrelated individuals) and an unknown area (groups 88, 89, 91: full-sibs). As this investigation was the first of its kind, a DNA isolation method as well as a PCR-RAPD protocol had to be modified. Total genomic DNA was successfully extracted using the CTAB DNA extraction method. This method removed large amounts of tannin present in the cells of the black wattle leaves and extracted high quality DNA to conduct between 50-100 RAPD reactions. The DNA purities ranged from 0.1 to 1.8, with an average of 1.46. A total of fourteen 10-mer RAPD primer sequences were randomly selected from the Operon Technologies primer list A, and tested in this investigation. Of the 14 primers used, only nine primers produced clear, single and repeatable bands. Therefore nine primers were selected for subsequent analyses. Ninety one loci that generated bands ranging from 300-3050 base pairs were produced. Seven to 13 loci per primer were generated. A total of 95.6 % of the loci were polymorphic. The overall expected mean heterozygosity (H = 0.3) obtained in this study was high in comparison to other studies conducted on acacias. The high levels of genetic variation were attributed to mating systems, dissortative mating and geographic distribution. The statistical packages POPGENE and ARLEQUIN were used to analyse the RAPD fingerprints. The genetic measures, Nei's diversity and Shannon's Information Index, showed that there was greater diversity exhibited (Nei's gene diversity = 32.09 % and Shannon's = 48.31 %), in the whole population than in each of the groups (with average of Nei's gene diversity = 20.33 % and Shannon's = 34.64 %). With regards to individual group analyses, low levels of genetic variation was obtained in group 400 (unrelated), from the Howick region, and group 85 (unrelated), from the Kumbula region, (mean 0.14 and 0.17 respectively). The low genetic values were attributed to limited gene exchange occurring in these two areas, bottlenecks and selection pressures. Groups 88, 89 and 91, from the unknown region (full-sib groups), were the most variable in comparison to the other groups, with means of (0.27,0.24 and 0.18 respectively). These high genetic variation values could be due to the fact that gene migration could have occurred between these groups and others in the area. It is thought that most acacias are insect-pollinated and this could have lead to gene migration between groups or populations, thereby explaining the high mean values. The gene flow obtained for the seven groups (FST = 0.174) indicated that great genetic differentiation existed in this population of black wattle studied. This value is higher in comparison to other woody species; however it is similar to other acacia species. UPGMA cluster analysis using Nei's unbiased genetic distance, revealed four distinct clusters of groups corresponding to the distribution areas represented in this study. The Howick (group 400: unrelated) and Kumbula (group 85: unrelated) were more closely related to each other than to the other groups, since both these groups are from Natal. The Piet Retief groups (groups 47 and 50: half-sibs), branched-off together, indicating that they are distinct from the other groups. The pairwise analysis of identity showed that the relationship between the group from Howick (group 400: unrelated) and all the other groups from the other regions was the lowest, ranging from 64 % to 79 %. The relationship between all the groups beside the group from Howick (group 400: unrelated) was reasonably high, ranging from 78 % to 90 %. This distance displayed by group 400 (unrelated) from Howick in relation to the groups, is attributed to the fact that it is frost resistant and the other groups not. Genetic variation was also detected and partitioned, between and within groups, by Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMQVA). Majority of the variation existed within groups (82.65 %) but significant differentiation was recorded between groups (17.44 %). This high level of within group differentiation may be explained by many aspects, such as the species breeding system, genetic drift or genetic isolation of groups or populations. The application of RAPD fingerprinting in black wattle has provided a more in depth understanding of the genetic variation residing in the South African population. The results achieved implementing this technique has shown that significant genetic variation exists within the black wattle population in South Africa. The results obtained in this study are also important since it is contrary to the expectation that the black wattle population in South Africa has low genetic variation. This knowledge is of great value to genetically discriminate between individuals or groups, to improve the selection of superior genotypes and allowing improved quality control in breeding programmes and seed orchard management. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
332

Breeding for Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Soft Red Winter Wheat

Hitz, Katlyn 01 January 2015 (has links)
Nitrogen use efficient (NUE) wheat varieties have potential to reduce input costs for growers, limit N runoff into water ways, and increase wheat adaptability to warmer environments. Previous studies have done little to explain the genetic basis for NUE and components, nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE). Four studies were conducted to 1) determine genotypic stability of NUE under high and low N regimes and under warming 2) determine effect of warming on NUE 3) indentify QTL associated with NUE components 4) assess the utility of canopy spectral reflectance (CSR) as a high-throughput phenotyping device for NUE. Genotypic response to N stress or warming varied. Uptake efficiency was found to be more important than utilization efficiency to genotypic performance under high and low N environments and under warming. Selection under low N for NUpE and under high N for NUtE most efficiently identified NUE varieties. Uptake and utilization were lower under warming due to quickened development. No strong correlations between the CSR indices and NUE existed. No QTL were found to be significantly associated with NUE components. Further research into the mechanisms controlling NUE and to reveal plant response to N stress and under warming is necessary.
333

Genetic analysis and response to selection for resistance to two stem borers, Busseola fusca and Chilo partellus, in tropical maize germplasm.

Mwimali, Murenga Geoffrey. 19 June 2014 (has links)
Maize is the principal staple food in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but production lags behind population growth. The African stem borer, Busseola fusca, Fuller (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), and the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus, Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) are serious insect pests of maize in tropical environments. The damage can be managed by breeding stem borer resistant maize varieties but there is limited information that can be used to devise appropriate breeding programs. Therefore breeding investigations were conducted to appraise germplasm screening methods, and to determine combining ability, heterosis and response of maize populations to S1 progeny recurrent selection. The study was conducted in Kenya during 2010 to 2013. The results showed that most of the test genotypes were susceptible to B. fusca and less so to C. partellus, indicating that breeding for B. fusca would be more challenging. Therefore more resources would be required to improve maize germplasm for resistance to B. fusca to broaden the base from which breeders will select suitable lines for breeding. There was a highly significant (r=0.947, p≤ 0.01) correlation between rank selection index in the greenhouse and laboratory. The detached leaf disk bioassay method was effective for screening maize genotypes for resistance to both stem borers. Therefore it will be recommended for use in screening maize genotypes in future studies. The line x tester studies indicated a preponderance of the additive gene effects for borer resistance traits. Specific combining ability effects were significant for resistance traits and grain yield indicating that non-additive effects were also influential. Findings from the breeding investigations will impact positively on both food security and plant breeding capacity. The completed study was successful in identifying new maize inbred lines with resistance to both stem borers. These lines have high utility to maize breeding programmes that emphasise stem borer resistance in tropical environments. For the hybrid-oriented programmes, combining ability and heterotic orientation data for the 66 maize inbred lines will be crucial. In this regard the study was very successful in classifying the lines into three heterotic groups according to single cross testers (CML395/CML444, and CML312/CML442) that are widely used at CIMMYT, and by public breeding programs throughout SSA. Importantly, this was done based on grain yield potential of hybrids under B. fusca and C. partellus infestations in three mega environments. The study demonstrates that S1 progeny recurrent selection is effective for improving stem borer resistance, without compromising yield. There was significant reduction (69%) in maize plant damage by both pests, and yield gains of 25% to 70% were realised in two populations. This represents significant contribution to plant breeding capacity, especially to maize breeding programmes that emphasise stem borer resistance in hybrids. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2014.
334

Resistência à ferrugem asiática em linhagens elite de soja / Asiatic rust resistance in elite soybean lines

Oliveira, Maiara de 01 February 2019 (has links)
O melhoramento genético de plantas tem proporcionado incrementos significativos em produtividade na cultura da soja. Porém a existência de inúmeros insetos-praga e doenças tem dificultado o trabalho dos melhoristas, que buscam formas de resistência eficientes para esses estresses. Dentre as doenças que atacam a soja destaca-se a ferrugem asiática da soja, sendo uma ameaça global à produção da cultura, diminuindo a produtividade e aumentando consideravelmente a aplicação de fungicidas nos sistemas de cultivo. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar linhagens elite de soja, oriundas de cruzamentos entre genitores adaptados e exóticos, visando à seleção de linhagens resistentes à ferrugem asiática da soja, com altas produtividades e com características agronômicas favoráveis. Foram avaliadas 299 linhagens de soja e cinco testemunhas comerciais, avaliados em três locais contrastantes na safra 2017/2018. Os genótipos foram avaliados com base nos seguintes caracteres: Número de dias para o florescimento (NDF), Número de dias para a maturidade (NDM), Altura da planta na maturidade (APM), Valor agronômico (VA), Acamamento (AC), Massa de cem sementes (MCS) e Produtividade de grãos (PG). Para cada característica, os componentes de variância foram estimados usando o método REML e os valores genotípicos de cada indivíduo foram estimados pelo procedimento BLUP. Também foram estimados os parâmetros de herdabilidade, correlação e ganho com a seleção. Foram selecionados os indivíduos que obtiveram média de PG superior a 1700 kg.ha-1. Para maioria dos caracteres avaliados a variância do ambiente, superou a variância genética e da interação, indicando que o ambiente tem grande influência na expressão dos caracteres. As correlações significativas não apresentaram altas magnitudes, inviabilizando a seleção indireta, portanto é recomendado à seleção conjunta para todos os caracteres. A seleção baseada em altas produtividades gerou ganhos satisfatórios para as demais características. Foi possível observar genótipos que apresentaram bom desempenho nos três ambientes avaliados. Em um dos locais, com maior pressão da doença, foi avaliada a severidade da doença (SEV). Os mesmos 299 genótipos e mais quatro testemunhas, duas resistente (Orba e Bing Nan) e duas suscetíveis (IAC 100 e CD 215), foram avaliados quanto à resistência em casa de vegetação. Três caracteres foram avaliados: Tipo de lesão (RB ou TAN), quantidade de esporos nas lesões na base da planta (QE1) e quantidade de esporos nas lesões na copa da planta (QE2). A herdabilidade para SEV foi de 0,61, esse valor é intermediário, mostrando que a seleção realizada com base nessa característica pode resultar em genótipos mais resistentes. Para EQ1 e EQ2, os resultados indicam que existe variabilidade e consequentemente a herdabilidade também apresentou valores elevados. Constatou-se a dificuldade em unir genótipos com bons níveis de resistência à ferrugem e altas produtividades. Foram encontradas linhagens promissoras para a seleção ou inclusão em cruzamentos visando resistência a esta importante doença da soja. / Breeding of plants has provided significant increases in productivity in the soybean crop. However, the existence of numerous pests and diseases has hampered the work of breeders, who are looking for effective resistance to these stresses. Among soybean diseases, soybean rust is an important threat to soybean production, reducing productivity and considerably increasing fungicide application in cropping systems. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate elite soybean lines, originated from crosses between adapted and exotic parents, aiming the selection of strains resistant to soybean Asian rust, with high yields and favorable agronomic characteristics. A total of 299 soybean lines and five commercial checks were evaluated at three contrasting sites in the 2017/2018 season. The genotypes were evaluated based on the following characters: Number of days to flowering (NDF), Number of days to maturity (NDM), Plant height at maturity (PHM), Agronomic value (AV), lodging (L), 100 seed weight (HSW) and grain yield (GY). For each trait, the components of variance were estimated using the method REML and genotypic values of each individual were estimated by procedure BLUP. The parameters of heritability, correlation, and gain selection were also estimated. Individuals who obtained an average yield of more than 1700 kg.ha-1 were selected. For most of the characters evaluated the environmental variance, it exceeded the genetic variance and the interaction, indicating that the environment has a great influence on the expression of the characters. The significant correlations did not present high magnitudes, making indirect selection unfeasible, so it is recommended to joint selection for all the characters. The selection based on high yields generated satisfactory gains for the other characteristics. It was possible to observe genotypes that showed good performance in the three evaluated environments. In one of the sites with the highest disease pressure the severity of the disease (SEV). The same 299 genotypes and four other checks, two resistant (Orba and Bing Nan) and two susceptible (IAC 100 and CD 215) were evaluated resistance in the greenhouse. Three characters were evaluated: Type of lesion (RB or TAN), amount of spores in the lesions at the base of the plant (QE1) and amount of spores in the crowns of the plant (QE2). The heritability for SEV was 0.61, this value is intermediate, showing that selection based on this characteristic may result in more resistant genotypes. For EQ1 and EQ2, the results indicate that there is variability and consequently the heritability also presented high values. It was verified the difficulty in joining genotypes with good levels of resistance to Rust and high yields. Promising lines were found for selection or inclusion in crosses for resistance to rust.
335

Mapas de ligação e mapeamento de QTL ("Quantitative Trait Loci") em maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) / Linkage maps and QTL mapping in the yellow passion-fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.)

Moraes, Michel Choairy de 29 August 2005 (has links)
A despeito da importância comercial da cultura do maracujá-amarelo para o Brasil, estudos genéticos e de melhoramento são bastante escassos. Neste trabalho, foi conduzido um experimento visando construir mapas de ligação e mapear QTL para caracteres relacionados à produção e qualidade de frutos. Foi utilizada uma população composta por 160 indivíduos, proveniente do cruzamento de duas plantas dos acessos IAPAR-06 e IAPAR-123. Devido à alogamia da espécie, optou-se pela abordagem de mapeamento conhecida por "pseudocruzamento teste" para a construção de dois mapas de ligação, sendo um para cada genitor, utilizando marcadores moleculares do tipo AFLP, com segregação 1:1 e 3:1. No mapa do acesso IAPAR-06 foram obtidos 10 grupos de ligação, enquanto que no mapa do IAPAR-123, nove grupos foram obtidos. Os locos bi-parentais foram alocados como marcas acessórias nos mapas de ligação e serviram para o estabelecimento da homologia entre os grupos de ligação de cada genitor. Um total de oito grupos de ligação foi alinhado com base nesses locos. Em paralelo, procedeu-se a avaliação fenotípica de 100 indivíduos dessa mesma população, os quais foram avaliados em campo, na primeira safra de produção da cultura, para uma série de caracteres, quais sejam: velocidade de crescimento; produção total; número total de frutos; peso médio de frutos; comprimento e largura média de frutos; porcentagem de polpa; teor de sólidos solúveis totais; e formato médio de frutos. As análises genético-estatísticas dos dados fenotípicos indicaram que a população é amplamente variável para os caracteres avaliados, com exceção da velocidade de crescimento, apresentando coeficientes de herdabilidade entre médias que variaram de 52,6 a 83,0%. O mapeamento de QTL, utilizando o método de mapeamento por intervalo composto, identificou várias regiões associadas ao controle desses caracteres nos mapas individuais. Foram mapeados QTL para todos os caracteres que apresentaram variabilidade genética na população. A proporção da variação fenotípica explicada pelos QTL detectados variou de 4,6 até 21,8%. / Although the yellow passion-fruit plays an important commercial role in Brazil, breeding and genetics studies are insipient. The present study was conducted aiming the construction of linkage maps and mapping of QTL for traits related to yield and fruit quality. It was used a population, composed of 160 individuals, derived from a cross from two plants of the IAPAR-06 and IAPAR-123 accessions. Since this is an allogamous species, the pseudo testcross mapping strategy was used for the construction of two linkage maps, one for each parent, using AFLP markers segregating in 1:1 and 3:1 configuration. The IAPAR-06 map was composed of 10 linkage groups, while in IAPAR-123 map, nine linkage groups were obtained. The bi-parental loci were located as accessory markers and served to establish the homology between the groups of each parent. Eight linkage groups were aligned using these markers. For the phenotypic evaluation, 100 individuals were evaluated in the field, during the first harvest of the culture, for various traits, including: growth increment, total yield, total number of fruits, average fruit weight, average fruit length, average fruit width, percentage of pulp, soluble solids content and fruit shape. The results of the phenotypic data indicated that the population had a wide genetic variance for all the traits, with the exception of growth increment, presenting broad-sense heritability varying from 52.6% to 83.0%. The analysis of QTL, using the composite interval method, has mapped various regions associated with the traits evaluated in both maps. It was mapped QTL for all the traits that exhibited genetic variation. The proportion of the phenotypic variation explained by the QTL identified ranged from 4.6 to 21.8%.
336

Desenvolvimento de marcadores microssatélites e caracterização do germoplasma de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) / Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for castor (Ricinus communis L.) germplasm

Bajay, Miklos Maximiliano 28 January 2010 (has links)
A mamona (Ricinus communis) é uma cultura de clima tropical de importância social e econômica no Brasil e no mundo. As sementes contém um óleo com excelentes propriedades para o uso industrial. Esse óleo é o mais indicado para a produção de biodiesel, pois é o único solúvel em álcool e requer menos calor que os outros óleos vegetais para a produção de combustível. A grande diversidade genética observada no germoplasma de mamoneira possibilita a seleção de genótipos superiores a partir do material base, no entanto não existem informações sobre a caracterização molecular desses acessos, representando um sério risco quanto a perda de diversidade genética. O sucesso dos programas de melhoramento depende do conhecimento sobre a diversidade genética do banco ativo de germoplasma. Os microssatélites são ferramentas moleculares muito úteis em estudos de diversidade. Desta forma uma biblioteca genômica foi construída para a seleção dos fragmentos contendo marcadores moleculares microssatélites (SSR), a serem utilizados para estimar a diversidade genética dos acessos do banco de germoplasma da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) e da UNESP - Botucatu. A partir dos 41 locos analisados, 26 apresentaram polimorfismo, revelando 111 alelos (4,27 por loco). Destes, 37 alelos foram considerados raros devido à frequência genética menor do que 5%. 41 alelos foram privados, sendo observados em somente uma das três populações (germoplasma) analisadas. O valor da riqueza alélica média foi 2,554. A heterozigosidade média esperada (HE=0,473) foi muito maior do que a observada (HO = 0,054), indicando taxa relativamente alta de endogamia nos genótipos estudados, confirmada através do alto valor médio de GIS (0,845). O valor obtido de GST\' (0,364) foi superior a 0,25, indicando que existem fortes indícios de estruturação na amostra. Os 26 locos apresentaram desvios na proporção do Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (P<5%) depois da correção de Bonferroni. Os resultados obtidos indicam a formação de dois grupos geneticamente distintos, um grupo é composto pelos acessos da EMBRAPA e o outro grupo é composto pelos acessos do IAC e pelos genótipos da UNESP - Botucatu. Esse fato indica que a diversidade genética da mamona está bem representada nesses bancos de germoplasma. Estas informações serão de extrema importância para os programas de melhoramento da mamoneira. O conhecimento gerado nesse estudo sobre a diversidade genética da mamona pode ser utilizado para uma melhor eficiência na conservação dessa diversidade, no manejo do germoplasma, guiando programas de melhoramento genético no desenvolvimento de novos genótipos. / The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oil plant with a high economic and social value in Brazil and over the world. The seeds contain oil with excellent properties for industrial uses. It is the only vegetable oil soluble in alcohol, presenting high viscosity and requiring less heating than other oils during the production of biodiesel. Castor diversity is well represented in Brazilian germplasm collections, but there is little information on the molecular characterization of the accessions, and diversity loss is a serious risk. The success in a breeding program depends on the knowledge about the genetic diversity of the available germplasm. Microsattelite is an important tool for estimating the Genetic diversity, This study aims to develop microsatellite markers from an enriched microsatellite DNA library for castor and characterize in genotypes accessions from the castor germplasm of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (EMBRAPA), castor germplasm of the Agronomic Institute at Campinas (IAC) and genotypes from State University of São Paulo (UNESP) - Botucatu. From the 41 loci microsatellites analyzed, 26 showed polymorphism revealing 111 alleles independent (4,27 alleles by loco). 37 alleles have presented an inferior frequency 5%, being considered as rare alleles. 41 alleles are particular, being observed in only one of the three analyzed populations. The average allelic richness was 2,554. The average HO=0,054 was smaller than the average HE=0,473, evidencing a heterozygote deficit (average GIS=0,845). The samples has shown a strong structure with a significant differentiation (GST\'= 0.364). The Twenty six loci differ significantly from Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (P<5%) after Bonferroni correction. The Results of STRUCTURE graphic, main component analysis and dendrograms shows the formation of two genetically distinct groups, a group is composed by the accesses of the EMBRAPA and the other group is composed by the accesses of the IAC and the genotypes of UNESP - Botucatu. This fact indicates that the genetic diversity of castor is well represented. Knowledge on the genetic diversity of castor can be used to gain a better understanding on genetic diversity conservation, and germplasm management, guiding breeding programs and conservation strategies.
337

Avaliação da variabilidade genética em Musa spp. utilizando marcadores microssatélites. / Evaluation of genetic variability in musa spp. using microsattelite markers.

Souza, Silvana Aparecida Creste Dias de 10 May 2002 (has links)
Em todo o mundo, a cultura da banana tem enfrentado uma série de problemas relacionados a ocorrência de doenças e pragas, para as quais, a obtenção de cultivares resistentes é a forma mais viável de controle. Híbridos tetraplóides promissores, obtidos a partir do cruzamento de cultivares triplóides com diplóides cultivados, selvagens ou melhorados, têm sido produzidos pelos diferentes programas de melhoramento. No entanto, o sucesso num programa de melhoramento depende inicialmente do completo conhecimento da diversidade genética do germoplasma disponível. Os marcadores microssatélites constituem-se em ferramentas valiosas para este fim. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar, por marcadores microssatélites, 84 genótipos de Musa, a partir do estabelecimento de uma metodologia de detecção do polimorfismo em géis de seqüenciamento, por meio da coloração com prata. Os genótipos foram analisados em dois experimentos distintos. No primeiro experimento, as relações genéticas existentes entre 35 genótipos, compreendendo cultivares triplóides, raças locais (landraces) e híbridos tetraplóides foram investigadas empregando-se 11 primers SSRs. A análise fenética obtida mostrou concordância com a caracterização baseada em descritores morfológicos. Os genótipos agruparam-se com base na composição genômica, grupo genômico e subgrupo. Alguns híbridos tetraplóides apresentaram distorções na proporção de alelos doados pelo genitor feminino triplóide, o que suporta constatações recentes sobre a ocorrência de recombinação durante a formação dos gametas femininos. No segundo experimento, nove primers SSRs foram empregados na caracterização de 49 genótipos diplóides, divididos em três 'subgrupos' (cultivados, selvagens e melhorados) e na determinação das relações genéticas existentes entre estes materiais e nove cultivares comerciais triplóides. A análise fenética conduzida sobre todos os genótipos, não evidenciou uma perfeita separação dos genótipos diplóides em seus respectivos subgrupos, possivelmente devido a existência de muitos alelos comuns a eles. A estatística Rst confirmou este resultado. Alguns genótipos diplóides exibiram uma forte relação com as cultivares triplóides AAA tipo exportação. Os marcadores microssatélites mostraram-se altamente eficientes na caracterização e discriminação do germoplasma de Musa, gerando fingerprinting únicos para um grande número de genótipos. Um grande número de alelos pôde ser detectado, o que comprovou a natureza multialélica deste tipo de marcador. Os genótipos diplóides foram os que apresentaram a maior diversidade, refletida pelo maior número de alelos detectados e pela baixa similaridade entre os clones. Nos dois experimentos, observou-se uma alta proporção de alelos "multiplex", bem como locos duplicados, o que resultou na perda do caráter codominante dos marcadores SSRs. As implicações decorrentes destas observações foram consideradas. A metodologia de coloração com prata apresentada mostrou ser um procedimento eficiente, rápido, simples e de baixo custo na detecção do polimorfismo SSRs. / The banana (Musa) industry has faced various disease and pest problems all over the world, and the development of resistant cultivars is the most attractive way of control. Promising tetraploid hybrids, derived from crosses between triploid cultivars and wild, cultivated or selected diploids, have been developed from different breeding programs. However, the success in a breeding program depends on the knowledge about the genetic diversity of the available germplasm. Microsattelite is an important tool for estimating the genetic diversity. This work aimed to characterize 84 Musa genotypes using microsattelite markers, based on a method for polymorphism detection with electrophoresis on sequencing gel stained with silver nitrate. The genotypes were analyzed in two experiments. In the first one, the genetic relationships between 35 genotypes, including triploid cultivars, landraces and tetraploid hybrids, were investigated using 11 microsattelite primers. The phenetic analysis disclosed a grouping in agreement with the characterization based on morphological descriptors. The genotypes clustered according to genomic composition, genomic group and subgroup. Some tetraploid hybrids presented distortion of the proportion of alleles donated by the female triploid genitor, in support to recent description about the occurrence of recombination during female gamete formation. In the second experiment, 9 microsattelite primers were used to characterize 49 diploid genotypes, divided into three subgroups (cultivated, wild and selected) and to determine the genetic relationships between these genotypes and 9 commercial triploid cultivars. The phenetic analysis of all the genotypes did not demonstrate a separation of the diploid genotypes into the respective subgroups, possibly because of the occurrence of various alleles in common The statistic Rst confirmed this result. Some diploid genotypes showed a strong relationship with export-type triploid AAA cultivars. Microsattelite markers were shown to be highly efficient for Musa germplasm characterization and discrimination, generating unique fingerprinting for a large number of genotypes. A large number of alleles was detected, demonstrating the multi-allelic nature of this marker. The diploid genotypes presented the largest diversity, reflected by the largest number of detected alleles and by the low similarity between clones. In both experiments, a large proportion of multiplex alleles was, as well as duplicated loci, resulting in the loss of the codominant character of the marker. The resulting implications were considered. The methods of silver staining showed to be a quick, simple, efficient, and low-cost procedure to detect SSR polymorphism.
338

Competição intergenotípica na análise de testes de progênie em essências florestais. / Intergenotypic competition in the analysis of forest tree progeny trials.

Leonardecz Neto, Eduardo 26 August 2002 (has links)
No presente trabalho buscou-se introduzir o efeito da competição entre plantas nas análises dos testes de progênie/procedências em essências florestais, com o fim de identificar os seus efeitos e as distorções devidas à sua não observância. Para tanto, foram utilizados ensaios com níveis de precisão e mortalidades diferentes, de cinco espécies, a saber: Gallesia gorarema Vell. Moq., Eucaliptus grandis Hill ex Maider, Eucaliptus citridora Hook, Pinus elliottii Engl. var. elliottii e Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. Obtiveram-se as esperanças dos quadrados médios das fontes de variação da análise de variância nos delineamentos aqui utilizados. Com base nestas derivações, foi demonstrado explicitamente o viés nas estimativas de parâmetros genéticos quantitativos. Este viés está diretamente relacionado com a magnitude do coeficiente de regressão b e com a grandeza relativa das somas de quadrados de diferentes efeitos contidos na análise de variância da variável competição. Caso ignorado o efeito de competição, quando este influencia a variável resposta Y, os ponderadores b, que compõem o índice de seleção terão estimativas viesadas, gerando erro na seleção dos indivíduos superiores. Na análise de dados observou-se que a inclusão da competição, de maneira geral, reduziu as estimativas das componentes de variância, e por conseqüência, outras estimativas de parâmetros que são função destes, quando comparado com as estimativas feitas por via das análises sem o ajuste para a competição. A análise com a variável competição não mostrou diferenças significativas para o efeito de progênies. Isto demostra que a competição comportou-se de forma aleatória, o que corrobora para que seja colocada na análise como uma covariável; caso contrário esta teria que ser considerada uma componente da performance e introduzida numa análise multicaracterística. Utilizando as análises com e sem ajuste para a competição, para estimar os valores genéticos e o ganho com a seleção, observou-se que os indivíduos selecionados não são concordantes. Isto indica que os equívocos na seleção podem ser comuns, haja vista que o fato de se ajustar os dados faz com que o posto dos indivíduos tidos por superiores seja alterado. É recomendável considerar os efeitos da competição na análise de dados em que os indivíduos estão sujeitos a competir uns com os outros, no seu desenvolvimento. / The aim of this work was to introduce competition effects in the model underlying the analysis of forest tree experiments. Results were compared with analyses in which effects were neglected. Progeny trails with different levels of precision and mortality were used, including the following species: Gallesia gorarema Vell. Moq., Eucaliptus grandis Hill ex Maider, Eucaliptus citridora Hook, Pinus elliottii Engl. var. elliottii and Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. Mathematical expectation of mean squares values were derived and the bias of estimates was explicitly shown. Competition effects were found significant in all experiments, but were primarily of random nature. Bias was shown to be directly proportional to the magnitude of the regression parameter b and to the relative magnitude of sums of squares of the competition variable. Including the variable in general lead to a reduction of estimates of variance components and to smaller expected progress from selection. The b coefficients of multi-effect selection index are also biased if competition is ignored. Results indicated that different sets of genotypes could be selected if the analyses of data were carried out with or without the competition effects. Including a competition variable in the analysis of trials in which plants are exposed to competing with each other is recommendable.
339

Análise genética de caracteres quantitativos em milho com o delineamento III e marcadores moleculares. / Genetic analisys of quantitative traits in maize by using the design III and moleculars markers.

Silva, Adelmo Resende da 16 May 2002 (has links)
Caracteres importantes em espécies vegetais estão, em sua maior parte, sob o controle de vários locos gênicos, denominados locos de caracteres quantitativos (QTLs). A expressão fenotípica desses caracteres produz uma distribuição contínua de valores devido à segregação genotípica, aos efeitos ambientais e à interação genótipos por ambientes. Com o advento dos marcadores moleculares e de modelos estatístico-genéticos adequados tornou-se possível a detecção e o mapeamento de regiões cromossômicas que controlam estes caracteres. Este trabalho foi realizado para analisar caracteres quantitativos em uma população de milho tropical com os objetivos: (1) obter estimativas das variâncias genéticas aditiva e de dominância, e do grau médio de dominância; (2) construção de um mapa genético utilizando marcador molecular do tipo microssatélite; (3) detecção de QTLs e estimação de seus efeitos genéticos, e de suas interações com ambientes, utilizando o delineamento III. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas 250 progênies F2:3 retrocruzadas para ambos os genitores, totalizando 500 progênies, que foram avaliadas em seis ambientes para a obtenção de dados fenotípicos. Foi realizada a genotipagem com 140 marcadores moleculares para as 250 plantas F2 genitoras. O mapa genético foi construído utilizando o programa MAPMAKER/EXP V.3.0. Os componentes das variâncias genéticas e o grau de dominância dos caracteres foram estimados utilizando-se o delineamento III. A detecção de QTLs e as estimativas de seus efeitos genéticos foram efetuados utilizando a metodologia de Cockerham & Zeng (1996). Os resultados das análises de variâncias evidenciaram sobredominância para produção de grãos e dominância parcial para os outros nove caracteres. Por causa do desequilíbrio de ligação nesta população, estas estimativas estão, provavelmente, superestimadas. O mapa genético com 140 marcadores tem 1.730,1 centiMorgans (cM) de extensão e intervalo médio de 12,4 cM entre marcadores adjacentes. Foram detectados QTLs em todos os cromossomos para todos os caracteres, indicando que os locos que controlam estes caracteres estão distribuídos pelo genoma. A análise genética utilizada permitiu a estimação dos efeitos aditivos, dominantes e epistáticos dos QTLs. Efeitos aditivos, dominantes e epistáticos foram detectados para todos os caracteres. As magnitudes, em módulo, dos efeitos aditivos e dominantes foram maiores do que os efeitos epistáticos para todos os caracteres, exceto para posição relativa da espiga onde os efeitos epistáticos foram um pouco maiores do que os efeitos dominantes. A porcentagem de marcadores que detectaram efeitos epistáticos variou de 10,71% para teor de umidade nos grãos a 50,71% para número de folhas. Para produção de grãos, os efeitos epistáticos foram detectados em 32,14% dos marcadores, sendo encontrados valores altos para alguns marcadores. Os efeitos dos QTLs detectados variaram muito em magnitude e sinal entre marcadores adjacentes, demonstrando que os QTLs contribuem de forma diferenciada para as expressões dos caracteres. Os efeitos dos QTLs tiveram pequena ou nenhuma interação genótipos por ambientes para os caracteres avaliados, exceto para teor de umidade nos grãos. / Most of the agronomic traits in crop species are under the control of unknown number of loci, which have been termed quantitative trait loci (QTL). Because of genotypic segregation, environmental effects, and of genotype by environment interaction, the phenotypic values of these traits present continuous variation. The advent of molecular markers, and of sophisticated statistical-genetic models allowed the analysis of quantitative traits at the DNA level, by detecting and mapping chromosomal regions with loci affecting those traits. This research was carried out to analyze quantitative traits in a tropical maize population by (1) estimating genetic parameters as additive and dominance genetic variance, and the level of dominance; (2) developing a genetic map with microsatellites as molecular markers; (3) detecting and estimating genetic effects of QTLs as well as QTLs by environment interaction by using the Design III methodology. The genetic material was a set of 250 F2:3 progenies developed from a cross of two inbred lines. The F2 plants, parents of the F2:3 progenies, were genotyped with microsatellites and a genetic map was developed by using MAPMAKER/EXP V.3.0 software. The F2: 3 progenies were backcrossed to both parental inbred lines giving rise to 500 backcrossed progenies, which were evaluated in six environments. The components of genetic variances and the level of dominance of the traits were estimated by using the Design III approach. The detection of QTLs and estimates of their genetic effects were computed by using Cockerham & Zeng (1996) methodology. Average level of dominance was overdominance for grain yield (GY), and partial dominance for the other nine traits. Because of the linkage disequilibrium in this population, probably these estimates are overestimated. The genetic map with 140 markers spanned 1,730.1 centimorgans (cM) in length with an average interval of 12.4 cM between adjacent markers. QTLs were detected at all chromosomes for all traits, indicating that the genes controlling the quantitative traits assessed are spread in the genome. The genetic analysis used allowed the estimation of additive, dominance and epistatic effects of the QTLs. Additive, dominance and epistatic effects were detected for all traits, although the magnitudes, in module, of additive and dominance effects were larger than epistatic effects for all traits, except for ear placement where epistatic effects were slightly larger than dominance effects. The percentage of markers that detected significant epistatic effects ranged from 10.71% for grain moisture to 50.71% for number of leaves. For GY, the dominance effects were more important than additive effects; epistatic effects were detected in 32.14% of the markers, whereas in some markers high values were found. The magnitudes and signs of the QTLs effects were highly variable among the markers, showing that the contribution of the QTLs for the expression of the traits was very different, and that epistatic effects are important for the expression of all traits. Also, fewer QTL effects by environment interactions were detected for all traits, except for grain moisture.
340

Caracterização molecular de germoplasma de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) por microssatélites / Molecular characterization of commercial cultivars of potato using SSR markers

Favoretto, Patrícia 02 June 2009 (has links)
A cultura da batata (Solanum tuberosum L) está se tornando cada vez mais importante, tanto do ponto de vista dos produtores, dos pesquisadores e dos consumidores, por ser um dos alimentos protéicos mais consumidos em todo o mundo, entretanto, o Brasil depende de variedades importadas, originárias de clima temperado o que não condiz com as nossas condições, refletindo assim em valores inferiores de produtividade e de qualidade. Apesar da grande evolução que esta cultura apresentou em todos estes anos de cultivo se faz necessário a busca por materiais mais produtivos, adaptados e resistentes. Os programas de melhoramento convencionais são extremamente importantes para a seleção de novos progenitores, entretanto o tempo gasto para desenvolver e lançar uma variedade é bastante longo. Diante deste cenário, novas metodologias estão sendo cada vez mais utilizadas no processo de identificação de bancos de germoplasma e cultivares mais promissoras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de marcadores microssatélites, 108 acessos de batata de cinco coleções contendo variedades comerciais, clones para programas de melhoramento e cultivo orgânico, visando a caracterização genética, a identificação de duplicatas e de possíveis parentais para uso nos programas de melhoramento. Para a caracterização molecular foram utilizados 10 iniciadores específicos (primers), gerando-se um total de 50 alelos (bandas) os quais foram analisados como dados binários, sendo que a partir destes dados foi obtida uma matriz de similaridade utilizando o coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard. Com este coeficiente e com o método aglomerativo UPGMA, foram realizadas análises de agrupamento utilizando o software NTSYSpc e um método de reamostragens (bootstraps), gerando dendrogramas que permitiram a distinção genética entre os acessos. O conteúdo de informação de polimorfismo (PIC) e a heterogozidade esperada (He) foram significativos, sendo que os maiores valores foram 0,8594 e 0,8725, respectivamente, para o primer STM0019a. Em média, o número de alelos por loco foi cinco, variando de dois alelos para os primers STM 1053 e STM 1104 até 13 alelos por loco para o primer STM0019a. Para facilitar a visualização dos resultados, além de serem avaliados como um todo os 108 acessos foram divididos em grupos de acordo com as coleções (variedades comerciais, clones e cultivo orgânico), sendo que a maior variação pelo coeficiente de Jaccard foi de 0,39 a 0,93 para 57 acessos das coleções de cultivares orgânicos e comerciais. Ao se avaliar os 108 acessos juntos, o coeficiente de Jaccard variou de 0,42 a 0,93, mostrando a grande variabilidade genética entre os acessos das cinco coleções. Foram observadas seis possíveis duplicatas [ATLANTIC (Canadá) e ATLANTIC (Chile); 67-2 e 17-10 (clones CNPH1); COLORADO e ÁGATA (EPAMIG); 253 E 266 (clones CNPH2); MELODY e APTA 21-54 (cultivo orgânico); e 387-1 (E1) e VOYAGER], identificando-se também os acessos mais distantes geneticamente [clone 383-19 (EmbrapaCNPH1) e a cultivar comercial HPC-7B], permitindo desta forma a identificação de possíveis parentais para os programas de melhoramento. Os altos níveis de polimorfismo observados paraSolanum tuberosum sugerem que os marcadores microssatélites podem ser uma ferramenta útil para detectar as diferenças genéticas entre cultivares de batata. / The cultivation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is becoming increasingly important from the point of view of producers, researchers and consumers, for representing one of the food protein mostly consumed in the world. However, Brazil depends on imported varieties, originated from temperate climate which does not complies with our conditions, thus reflecting in lower productivity and quality. Despite the great progress that this crop presented in all these years of cultivation, it is necessary to search for more productive, adapted and resistant materials. The conventional breeding programs are important for the selection of new parents, but the time spent to develop and launch a new variety is quite long. In this scenario, new approaches are being increasingly used in the identification of germplasm banks and most promising cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate, using microsatellite markers, 108 accessions of five potato collections containing commercial varieties, clones for breeding programs and organic farming varieties, aiming at the genetic characterization, identification of duplicates and possible parents to be used in potato breeding programs. For the molecular characterization, 10 specific primers were used, generating a total of 50 alleles (bands) which were analyzed as binary data, and from this data a similarity matrix was obtained using the Jaccard coefficient of similarity. With this coefficient and the UPGMA method, cluster analysis were carried out using the NTSYSpc software and bootstraps analyses, generating dendrograms which allowed the genetic distinction between accessions. The polymorphism information content (PIC) and expected heterozygosity (He) were both significant, with the highest values (0.8594 and 0.8725, respectively) obtained for primer STM0019a. On average, the number of alleles per locus was five, ranging from two alleles for primers STM 1053 and STM 1104 to 13 alleles per locus for primer STM0019a. To facilitate the visualization of the results, in addition to being evaluated as a whole, the 108 accessions were divided into groups according to the collections (commercial varieties, clones and organic farming), where the highest variation for the Jaccard coefficient (0.39 - 0.93) was found for the 57 accessions of organic and commercial cultivars collections. When assessing the 108 accessions together, the Jaccard coefficient ranged from 0.42 to 0.93, showing a high genetic variability between accessions of the five collections. Six possible duplicates were found [\'ATLANTIC (Canada) and ATLANTIC (Chile); 67-2 and 17-10 (clones CNPH1); Color and AGATE (EPAMIG); 253 E 266 (clones CNPH2); MELODY and APTA 21-54 (organic farming); and 387-1 (E1) and VOYAGER], and also the more genetically distant accessions [clone 383-19 (EmbrapaCNPH1) and the commercial cultivar HPC- 7B] were identified, thereby enabling the identification of potential parents for breeding programs. High levels of polymorphism observed for Solanum tuberosum suggest that microsatellite markers can be a useful tool to detect the genetic differences between potato cultivars.

Page generated in 0.0886 seconds