One of the advantages of intercropping has been the increase in yield over the monocultures. Intercrop yield can be improved by selecting for compatible cultivars and by efficient spacing arrangements of the component crops. A field experiment was conducted in the 1990 growing season to compare two spacing arrangements for the pepper/bean intercrop, to observe the effects of three bean cultivars on the system, and to examine whether there is any interaction between cropping system and bean cultivar. Three bean cultivars (Frenchie, Earliserve, and E-Z Pick), differing in their morphology and time to maturity, and one pepper cultivar (Hybrid Bell Boy) were used in the study. In the intercrop, the beans were sown at 50% of the optimum bean monocrop density while the peppers were planted at 100% or 50% of the optimum pepper monocrop density, resulting in 50:50 and 100:50 pepper/bean intercrop treatments. The experiment was repeated the following growing season with the addition of light transmission measurements, an $ sp{15}$N experiment to test for the possibility of nitrogen transfer, and the addition of three monocrop treatments (one for each cultivar) with the same intra-row spacing as in the intercrops. Beans were generally the dominant crop for both years. When compared to the optimum monocrops on a per plant basis, intercropping increased bean yields by 52% and 31% and decreased pepper yields by 49% and 21% in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) ranged from 0.96 to 1.23 in 1990 and from 1.09 to 1.42 in 1991, with the 100:50 intercrops usually having the higher values. Frenchie and E-Z Pick were best suited for intercropping in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The overall increase in yields in intercropping was probably due to the larger bean intra-row spacing and the greater utilization of light, water and nutrients, as well as the increased population pressure in the 100:50 intercrop. Bean cultivars generally performed the same relative t

Concern about NO$ sb3 sp-$-N leaching and groundwater pollution from monoculture corn (Zea mays L.) has prompted investigation of alternative production systems which reduce N leaching. Both intercrop systems and water table controls alone have been shown to increase nitrogen (N) uptake and reduce soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N accumulation in cropping systems. There is a need to maintain crop productivity while reducing the potential for soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N leaching into groundwater. However, there has been no information available regarding agronomic and physiological aspects of N and water management for monocrop corn and corn competing with annual Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) in an intercrop system. A study was conducted in southwestern Quebec during 1993 and 1994. Nitrogen and dry matter components in the plant-soil system were determined. Intercropped corn grain yield did not differ from monocropped corn under high N fertility. At harvest, the corn-annual ryegrass intercrop system increased total aboveground N uptake by 77.2 and 50.7 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ when compared with the corn monocrop system in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The intercrop system reduced the amount of NO$ sb3 sp-$-N in the top 1 m of soil by 47% (92.3 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$) at harvest in 1993. Water table controls had little effect on corn yield, N use efficiency and soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N accumulation over the two years of this study. Both plant establishment and weather conditions affected the ability of annual ryegrass to aid in the uptake of soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. The reproductive development of water stressed plants after silking was limited more by overall plant changes due to water stress than assimilate supply. The delivery of C (sucrose) and N ($ sp{15}$N urea) into corn plants via stem-injection showed that externally supplied C changed both the source strength (photosynthetic inhibition) and sink strength (decreased total grain production), while distribution of $ sp{15}$N was affected by p

This project explores one method of controlling flooding of Pipe Creek in Alexandria, Indiana. The method used is one of placing wetlands and grass filters within one subwatershed of Pipe Creek to reduce peak discharge and the time to peak discharge. A computer program called Sedimot II was used to determine the peak discharge for the Thurston Ditch subwatershed of Pipe Creek. Both 10 and 50 year 24 hour storms were studied. Following the construction of base line hydrographs for both storm events, four examples of wetland and grass filter placement were shown for the watershed. Hydrographs were then produced for all four alternatives for both 10 and 50 year storms. Recommendations were then made on how these examples could be used in the rest of the Pipe Creek watershed to further reduce the potential for flooding in Alexandria. / Department of Landscape Architecture

Field experiments were conducted during the 1989 dry season (July to December) at the Manggoapi Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cenderawasih University in Manokwari, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. The objectives of the experiments were to determine the effects of four sweet potato cropping systems on the population density of sweet potato weevils (SPW) and on the diversity of other insects within these agroecosystems. / Fewer SPW were found in intercropped sweet potato + corn (2 weevils per kg infected tubers), sweet potato + soybean (21 weevils), sweet potato + corn + soybean (8 weevils) than in monoculture sweet potato (37 weevils); percentage of damaged tubers followed the same trend, ranging from 2.6% to 14.0% in intercropped sweet potato, to 21.9% in the sweet potato monoculture. However, the higher number of SPW and damaged tubers in the monoculture did not reduce yield below that in the intercropped plots. / Insect and spider populations were more diverse in the intercropped sweet potato systems than in monoculture. Number of arthropods increased throughout the growing season. Intercropping may reduce the population density of other insect pests associated with sweet potato and may increase the population density of natural enemies.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Licentiatavhandling Stockholm : Tekn. högsk., 2005.

Lic.-avh. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Botany))--Rhodes University, 2000.

CNPq / O morangueiro é uma das culturas agrícolas que apresentam o maior custo de produção, principalmente devido a aquisição das mudas. Esse fato tem levado os produtores a manter as plantas por mais uma safra, devido ao baixo custo vinculado a essa prática. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto dessa prática sobre a qualidade do fruto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de frutos de morangueiro de primeira (2013) e de segunda safra (2014) de um mesmo cultivo, levando em consideração aspectos físicos, químicos e nutricionais dos frutos. Posteriormente foi elaborado um queijo tipo Petit suisse com a cultivar Camarosa que apresentou os maiores teores de substâncias antioxidantes polares. Para as características físicas, o tamanho não difereriu em relação ás épocas de cultivo, mas os frutos de primeira época apresentaram-se mais vermelhos do que os de segunda época, o que pode estar relacionado com o teor de fenólicos totais. Com relação as características químicas (pH, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável), observou-se que os frutos de primeira época apresentaram pH maior e menor teor de acidez titulável. Esses dados sugerem que sensorialmente o consumidor pode preferir os frutos de primeira época. A atividade antioxidante (ABTS) e o teor de antocianinas dos frutos de morango foi maior na segunda época de cultivo; e a atividade antioxidante (DPPH), compostos fenólicos e vitamina C apresentaram valores superiores na primeira época de cultivo. Esses resultados sugerem que dependendo da época de cultivo os frutos de morango possuem diferentes teores de substâncias bioativas em sua composição, que podem atuar na nutrição humana. Para a elaboração do queijo tipo Petit suisse, optou-se pela cultivar Camarosa, pois em ambas as épocas de cultivo essa cultivar apresentou maior teor de antioxidantes polares (vitamina C, compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e flavonoides) do que as demais cultivares. Ao elaborar o queijo tipo Petit Suisse observou-se que com a adição do microencapsulado de polpa de goiaba o teor de carotenoides totais do produto aumentou, e com a adição da farinha de feijão houve aumento no valor proteíco e mudança na textura do queijo. Ambos os ingredientes interferiram no pH do produto. Com os resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que os ingredientes microencapsulado de polpa de goiaba e farinha de feijão agregaram valor nutricional ao queijo tipo Petit Suisse, devido ao maior teor de proteínas e carotenoides totais, indicando que esses ingredientes podem ser utilizados para a fabricação de outros produtos alimentícios. / Strawberry is one of the crops that have the highest cost of production, mainly due to the acquisition of the seedlings. This has led producers to keep the plants for another season, due to low cost linked to this practice. However, little is known about the impact of this practice on the quality of the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the first fruits of strawberry (2013) and second crop (2014) of the same crop, taking into account physical, chemical and nutritional fruit. Later we designed a cheese type Petit Suisse with the cultivar Camarosa showed the highest levels of polar antioxidants. For physical characteristics, size does not difereriu compared ace growing seasons, but the fruits of the first season were more red than the second season, which may be related to the total phenolic content. Regarding the chemical characteristics (pH, soluble solids and titratable acidity), it was observed that the fruit first period had lower pH and higher titratable acidity. These data suggest that sensory consumers may prefer the fruits of the first season. The antioxidant activity (ABTS) and the anthocyanin content of strawberry fruits was higher in the second growing season; and the antioxidant activity (DPPH), phenolic compounds and vitamin C had higher values in the first growing season. These results suggest that depending on the growing season the strawberry fruits have different levels of bioactive substances in its composition, which can act in human nutrition. In preparing the cheese type Petit suisse, we chose to cultivate Camarosa because in both growing seasons this cultivar showed higher content of polar antioxidants (vitamin C, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and flavonoids) than the other cultivars. In preparing the cheese type Petit Suisse was observed that with the addition of guava pulp microencapsulated the total carotenoid content of the product increased, and with the addition of bean flour was increased-protein value and change in the texture of the cheese. Both ingredients interfere in the pH of the product. With the obtained results it can be stated that the ingredients microencapsulated of guava pulp and bean flour added nutritional value to cheese type Petit suisse, due to the high amount of protein and carotenoids, indicating that these ingredients can be used to manufacture other food products. / 5000

O trabalho foi realizado na área experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Pato Branco, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do estabelecimentode espécies forrageiras hibernais antes e após a colheita da soja (Glycine max Merrill) e o uso do nitrogênio na produção e valor nutricional de forragem. A semeadura das espécies forrageiras foi realizada a lanço, antes da colheita da soja, quando essa encontrava no estágio fenológico reprodutivo R5, e após a colheita, em linhas com semeadora. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas, distribuídas em um arranjo fatorial 3x3, sendo três espécies forrageiras hibernais e três doses de nitrogênio, com três repetições. Nas parcelas principais foram alocadas as épocas de semeadura, nas subparcelas e subsubparcelas, a combinação entre níveis de nitrogênio e espécies forrageiras. As espécies forrageiras utilizadas foram aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) cv. IAPAR 61, azevém comum (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) e ervilhaca comum (Vicia sativa L.) com densidade de semeadura de 80, 40 e 35 kg ha-1 de sementes viáveis, respectivamente. As doses de nitrogênio, na forma de uréia, foram de 0, 150 e 300 kg ha-1, aplicadas em cobertura, dividida em duas aplicações. A semeadura das forrageiras antes da colheita da soja possibilita antecipar o primeiro pastejo, obtendo maior produção de massa de forragem por hectare (azevém e aveia) com melhor qualidade, maior eficiência e recuperação do N, além de reduzir o déficit de forragem no outono. O nitrogênio não influencia a produtividade de forragem da ervilhaca e o teor de fibras das 8 forrageiras. As doses de 150 e 300 kg ha-1 de N apresentaram produtividade e qualidade de forragem semelhante, no entanto a dose de 150 kg ha-1 de N apresenta maior recuperação e eficiência de utilização. / The study was conducted in the experimental area of the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Pato Branco, with the objective of evaluating the effect of the establishment of cool season forages before and after harvest of soybean (Glycine max Merrill) and nitrogen use production and nutritional value of forage. The seeding of forage species was broadcasted before soybean harvest, when that found in the reproductive phenological stage R5, and after harvest, sowing in rows. The experimental design was completely randomized, split-plot, distributed in a 3x3 factorial arrangement , three cool season forages three nitrogen with three replications. In the main plots were allocated sowing times, subplots and subsubplots, the combination of nitrogen and forage species. The forages used were oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) Cv. IAPAR 61, common ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) to sowing density of 80, 40 and 35 kg ha-1 of viable seeds, respectively. The levels of nitrogen as urea, were 0, 150 and 300 kg ha-1, applied in bands divided into two applications. The sowing of fodder before the soybean harvest is possible to anticipate the first grazing, obtaining higher production of dry matter per hectare (ryegrass and oats) with better quality, greater efficiency and N recovery and reduce the deficit forage in the fall. Nitrogen does not influence forage yield of vetch and fiber content of the forage. Level of 150 and 300 kg ha-1 N in yield and quality of forage similar, but the level of 150 kg N ha-1 shows greater recovery and utilization efficiency.