CAPES; CNPq / Uma das alternativas para minimizar as perdas de nitrogênio (N), além do uso de cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) mais eficientes na utilização desse nutriente, e a identificação de manejos que intensifiquem o aproveitamento do N. Para as cultivares e condições climáticas do Brasil, existem poucos estudos que tenham quantificado como o arranjo espacial de plantas afeta a eficiência de uso do N. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes arranjos espaciais (combinação entre densidades de semeadura e espaçamento entre linhas) no desempenho agronômico e aproveitamento do N mineral aplicado. O experimento foi conduzido em Pato Branco, nas safras agrícolas de 2014 e 2015, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em modelo fatorial, com três repetições. Dois cultivares de trigo (CD 150 e Ametista) foram submetidos a quatro densidades de semeadura (150, 300, 450 e 600 sementes m-2), duas doses de N (20 e 120 Kg ha-1) e dois espaçamentos entrelinhas (0,17 e 0,25 m). As maiores produtividades de grãos foram alcançadas no menor espaçamento entrelinhas e alta dose de N, para ambos os cultivares e anos avaliados. As densidades, para máxima eficiência técnica, de 400 sementes m-2 para a cultivar CD 150 e 425 sementes m-2 para a cultivar Ametista proporciona os maiores rendimento de grãos, ambas para o menor espaçamento. A eficiência de uso, de absorção e de utilização do N foram superiores nas condições com menor nível de N. Em ambos os espaçamentos utilizados, a eficiência de uso do N foi favorecida no menor espaçamento, bem como a eficiência de absorção do N. Os resultados permitem concluir que o teor de N proveniente da mineralização da matéria orgânica deve ser empregado como parâmetro para aplicação de N em cobertura. Com isso, evitar o uso excessivo do mesmo e otimizar tanto o rendimento de grãos quanto os parâmetros da eficiência de uso do N. / An alternative to minimize Nitrogen (N) losses, beyond use of more efficient wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties on the use of this nutrient, is the identification of managements to intensify the use of N. For the varieties and climatic conditions of Brazil, there are few studies that have quantified how the spatial arrangement of plants affects the N-use efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different spatial arrangements (combination between seeding rates and row spacing) on agronomic performance and utilization of the applied mineral nitrogen. The experiment was conducted in Pato Branco in the crops year 2014 and 2015, in a randomized block design, a factorial model, with three replications. Two wheat cultivars (CD 150 and Ametista) were submitted to four seeding densities (150, 300, 450 and 600 seeds m-2), two N doses (20 to 120 kg ha-1) and two row spacings (0.17 and 0.25 m). The highest grain yields were reached at the lowest line spacing and high nitrogen dose for cultivars and evaluated years. The densities, for maximum technical efficiency, of 400 seeds m-2 for the cultivar CD 150 and 425 seeds m-2 for the cultivar Ametista provides highest grain yield, for both cultivars and years evaluated. The N-use efficiency, N-uptake efficiency and N-utilization efficiency were higher in the conditions with lower level of N. In both spacings used, N-use efficiency was favored in the least spacing, as well as N-uptake efficiency. The results showed that the N content from the mineralization of organic matter should be used as a parameter for N application in the cover. Thus, avoiding excessive use of it and optimize both the grain yield as the N-use efficiency parameters.

CAPES; CNPq / Uma das alternativas para minimizar as perdas de nitrogênio (N), além do uso de cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) mais eficientes na utilização desse nutriente, e a identificação de manejos que intensifiquem o aproveitamento do N. Para as cultivares e condições climáticas do Brasil, existem poucos estudos que tenham quantificado como o arranjo espacial de plantas afeta a eficiência de uso do N. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes arranjos espaciais (combinação entre densidades de semeadura e espaçamento entre linhas) no desempenho agronômico e aproveitamento do N mineral aplicado. O experimento foi conduzido em Pato Branco, nas safras agrícolas de 2014 e 2015, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em modelo fatorial, com três repetições. Dois cultivares de trigo (CD 150 e Ametista) foram submetidos a quatro densidades de semeadura (150, 300, 450 e 600 sementes m-2), duas doses de N (20 e 120 Kg ha-1) e dois espaçamentos entrelinhas (0,17 e 0,25 m). As maiores produtividades de grãos foram alcançadas no menor espaçamento entrelinhas e alta dose de N, para ambos os cultivares e anos avaliados. As densidades, para máxima eficiência técnica, de 400 sementes m-2 para a cultivar CD 150 e 425 sementes m-2 para a cultivar Ametista proporciona os maiores rendimento de grãos, ambas para o menor espaçamento. A eficiência de uso, de absorção e de utilização do N foram superiores nas condições com menor nível de N. Em ambos os espaçamentos utilizados, a eficiência de uso do N foi favorecida no menor espaçamento, bem como a eficiência de absorção do N. Os resultados permitem concluir que o teor de N proveniente da mineralização da matéria orgânica deve ser empregado como parâmetro para aplicação de N em cobertura. Com isso, evitar o uso excessivo do mesmo e otimizar tanto o rendimento de grãos quanto os parâmetros da eficiência de uso do N. / An alternative to minimize Nitrogen (N) losses, beyond use of more efficient wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties on the use of this nutrient, is the identification of managements to intensify the use of N. For the varieties and climatic conditions of Brazil, there are few studies that have quantified how the spatial arrangement of plants affects the N-use efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different spatial arrangements (combination between seeding rates and row spacing) on agronomic performance and utilization of the applied mineral nitrogen. The experiment was conducted in Pato Branco in the crops year 2014 and 2015, in a randomized block design, a factorial model, with three replications. Two wheat cultivars (CD 150 and Ametista) were submitted to four seeding densities (150, 300, 450 and 600 seeds m-2), two N doses (20 to 120 kg ha-1) and two row spacings (0.17 and 0.25 m). The highest grain yields were reached at the lowest line spacing and high nitrogen dose for cultivars and evaluated years. The densities, for maximum technical efficiency, of 400 seeds m-2 for the cultivar CD 150 and 425 seeds m-2 for the cultivar Ametista provides highest grain yield, for both cultivars and years evaluated. The N-use efficiency, N-uptake efficiency and N-utilization efficiency were higher in the conditions with lower level of N. In both spacings used, N-use efficiency was favored in the least spacing, as well as N-uptake efficiency. The results showed that the N content from the mineralization of organic matter should be used as a parameter for N application in the cover. Thus, avoiding excessive use of it and optimize both the grain yield as the N-use efficiency parameters.

Rice is an important crop ranking third after maize and wheat in Kenya. Its demand is growing at 12% per annum, while production has stagnated for quite a number of years. This situation has lead to consumption outstripping production by about 84%. There is therefore an urgent need to step up domestic production. To understand farmers’ preferences, the first survey on rice production was carried out. To supplement on this survey information, focus group discussions and key informants were incorporated to further shed more information. The farmers demonstrated their preferences for varieties that were high yielding, hybrid rice and with high nutrient use efficiency and these constituted 53.7% of their wishes. Among the crops grown by the selected farmers, rice was the most important followed by maize, however, the hectarage of maize was higher followed by rice. The farmers also identified labour costs as a factor limiting production especially for irrigated rice and thus they preferred upland rice due to its ease of production. Farmers identified land preparation, inputs, planting, weeding and harvesting as the most expensive activities. The existing varieties were viewed as being highly dependent on inputs which they could not afford. The main fertilizers used were Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Sulphate of Ammonia (SA), Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) and NPK (23:23:0), the amounts used were low even though the farmers were aware that soil fertility was low. No studies or attempts had been carried out to determine performance of rice genotypes and their heritability parameters for adaptation to low soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) conditions identified by the farmers as a major constraint in Kenya. Since the existing genetic base was narrow, accessions were acquired to broaden the variability of the local cultivars. However, their adaptation to local conditions was important for them to be useful. Evaluation of 390 accessions showed that genotypes and soil environments were highly significant for all the ten traits studied. The degree of genetic determination (H(2)) ranged from 8.0% for 1000 grain weight to 27% for top biomass. The phenotypic coefficient of variation of genotypes ranged from 12% for days to maturity to 149% for top biomass, while, that of days to maturity ranged from 14% to 160% for top biomass. The genetic advance (GA) had values ranging from, 0.2 for phosphorous tolerance to 1081 for grain yield, while the genetic advance expressed as percent of the mean was 6% for days to maturity and 88% for top biomass. The mean values for the ten characters studied had wide variability under the four soil environments with days to maturity ranging from 188 for genotype ARCCU1Fa1-L4P3-HB under both N and P application (N+P+) to 177 for genotype CT16333(1)-CA-1-M under none N and P application (N-P-) condition. The highest yielding genotype was CT16328-CA-18-M under none N and P application with 5916 kg ha(-1). The germplasm revealed usable variability under low soil N and P adaptation and thus warrant rice improvement for traits of interest to farmers. In order to establish the genetic factors controlling upland rice adaptation to contrasting soil N and P a study was conducted to determine genotypes with better performance under the prevailing farmers’ production environments. The GCA and SCA mean squares were significant and their interactions with environment were highly significant. The GCA:SCA ratios were mostly less than 1.0 for the majority of the traits under most of the soil N and P environments, indicating preponderance of nonadditive genetic effects. The maternal and nonmaternal mean squares were significantly different from zero (P<0.05) for most of the ten traits under study, indicating influence of cytoplasm effects and cytoplasm by nuclear gene interactions, respectively. The GCA effects for the parents were significant under different experimental environments but they had both positive and negative signs indicating different directions of influencing the trait of interest. The genotypes had both specific and broad adaptation as exhibited by their diverse rankings under different environments. The relationship between leaf and grain nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) with actual tolerance to low and high soil N and P conditions indicated significant genotypes, environments and genotypes by environment interactions. The analysis of genetic components gave highly significant GCA and SCA mean squares for the days to heading, anthesis and maturity, phosphorous and nitrogen tolerance, top biomass, plant height, number of panicles, 1000 seed weight and grain yield under the four soil experimental environments. The general combining ability (GCA) effects for parents were significant for both F(2) and F(3) segregants for the above ten traits and under the experimental conditions. The leaf and seed N and P contents gave significant genotype mean squares values for the three mega-environments. The GCA and SCA mean squares were significant for leaf and seed N and P for the three locations. The same case was observed for GCA effects for the parents, with all the nine parents showing significant values for leaf N and P for the three locations. The GCA:SCA mean square ratios were generally larger than 1.0 values for leaf N and grain P for the three locations. This clearly manifested the predominant role of additive gene action over the dominance effects and that improvement for tolerance to low soil N and P condition was practical. The fragrance in rice is an important quality traits and an experiment was conducted to establish the association of organoleptic test and the variations in SSR marker (RM223) among the parents. Plant leaves of the parental genotypes were sampled for DNA analysis using SSR markers RM223 and RM284. The RM223 was polymorphic while, RM284 gave monomorphic results. Four alleles were detected as follows: 146, 155, 161, and 163. The GCA:SCA ratio was 1.48 indicating that the fixable additive effects were greater than the nonadditive effects in inheritance of fragrance. Test for independence using Chi-square indicated that there was no association between organoleptic and variations in SSR markers. The performance of the aromatic lines was generally lower than that of non-aromatic lines for the agronomic traits. There was negative relationship between fragrant score and other agronomic traits such as grain yield across the three soil N and P regimes. The NERICA1 was found to be a good donor for aroma based on sensory testing and can be exploited in a breeding programme. Analysis on genetic components governing grain yield was investigated using Hayman’s analysis to generate various components of variation and to elucidate their potential, utilization, and provide a thorough understanding of their role in grain yield development and improvement. The additive gene action was significant for all cases of soil N and P environments and the two mega-environments. They were also far above the dominant gene effects, indicating the need to use mass selection in the early generations of segregating populations. The narrow sense heritability (h2(ns)) for upland rice grain yield was 21.52% and 4.22% under soil P and N conditions, respectively. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 866222 bytes, checksum: cbdbded2850cc1ef6103484fe1a6ca43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-18 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O) rates on potato nitrogen status indicators and tuber yield, biofortification, greening and sprouting, Agata cultivar. The experiment was carried out on the field of Universidade Federal de Viçosa from June 7 to September 23th, 2013. The treatments consisted of five magnesium sulfate rates (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha-1) pre planting applied with four replications. Plant nitrogen status indicators were evaluated at 21 and 60 days after plant emergence (DAE). Such indicators were SPAD, Dualex, and greenness indices and biomarkers determined in the fourth leaf (length, width, petiole diameter, leaf number, area, fresh and dry matter mass). Also they were determined the biomarkers in the plant organs (stem, leaf and tuber numbers, length and diameter of the main stem, fresh and dry matter mass of leaves, stems, roots and tubers and total plant leaf area). Besides, it was also determined the N content and concentration in the fourth leaf. The fourth leaf, leaves, stems, tubers and roots magnesium (Mg) contents in the dry matter were evaluated at 21 and 60 DAE and the Mg in the tubers was evaluated at end of the harvest, at 88 DAE. Additionally, it was performed analysis of the emergence speed índex (EVI), tuber number, commercial tubers (classes 2 and 3) fresh and dry yield, greening and sprouting of washed and unwashed tubers. Different potato nitrogen status indicators are differently influenced by Mg rates and evaluation time. The highest commercial tuber yield was 40,09 t ha-1 with 800 kg ha-1 of magnesium sulfate which led to 0,904 dag kg-1 of Mg in the fourth leaf dry matter, at 21 DAE. Greenness of tubers yielded from plants fertilized with 800 kg ha -1 of magnesium sulfate, washed or not, were more intense than those from plants without Mg fertilization. After 90 days of storage, increasing magnesium sulphate rates increased linearly the number of sprouted tubers washed and unwashed. It was not possible to biofortify potato tubers using magnesium sulphate rate up to 800 kg ha-1 however, there were Mg "luxury concentration" inductions in leaves, stems and roots of potato plant at early plant development stages. / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de sulfato de magnésio (MgSO4.7H2O) sobre indicadores do estado de nitrogênio na planta, produtividade, biofortificação, esverdeamento e brotação de tubérculos de batata, cultivar Ágata. O experimento de campo foi realizado na Horta Nova do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (DFT/UFV), no período de 7 de junho a 23 de setembro de 2013. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco doses de sulfato de magnésio (0, 100, 200, 400 e 800 kg ha -1) aplicadas em pré - plantio, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas, aos 21 e 60 dias após emergência (DAE), características indicadoras do estado de nitrogênio na planta. Tais características foram os índices SPAD, Dualex, intensidade do verde e os bioindicadores determinados na quarta folha (comprimento, largura, diâmetro do pecíolo, número de folíolos, área foliar, massas das matérias fresca e seca) e nos órgãos da planta (número de hastes, folhas e tubérculos, comprimento e diâmetro da haste principal, massas das matérias fresca e seca de folhas, hastes, raízes e tubérculos e área foliar), além do teor e conteúdo de N na massa da matéria seca da quarta folha. Também foram avaliados teor e conteúdo de magnésio (Mg) na massa da matéria seca da quarta folha, folhas, hastes, tubérculos e raízes, aos 21 e 60 DAE e nos tubérculos na colheita final, aos 88 DAE. Adicionalmente foram avaliados o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), número, massas das matérias seca e fresca de tubérculos comerciais (classes 2 e 3), esverdeamento e brotamento de tubérculos lavados e não lavados. Diferentes características indicadoras do estado de nitrogênio da batata são diferentemente influenciadas por doses de Mg e por época de avaliação. A maior produtividade comercial foi 40,09 t ha -1 de tubérculos com a aplicação da dose de 800kg ha-1 de sulfato de magnésio que propiciou, aos 21 DAE, a concentração de 0,904 dag kg-1 de Mg na massa da matéria seca da quarta folha. Tubérculos oriundos das plantas do tratamento que recebeu 800kg ha-1 de sulfato de magnésio, lavados ou não, apresentaram maior intensidade de esverdeamento do que aqueles produzidos nas plantas não adubadas com Mg. Após 90 dias de armazenamento, dose crescente de sulfato de magnésio aumentou linearmente o número de brotos de tubérculos lavados e não lavados. Não foi possível biofortificar os tubérculos de batata usando dose de até 800kg ha-1 de sulfato de magnésio, porém, houve indução da concentração de luxo de Mg em folhas, hastes e raízes de batata, no início do ciclo da planta.

Excessive soil moisture can impact planting date, plant establishment, and N availability, resulting in reduced yields and N use efficiency. Nitrogen management practices such as use of urease and nitrification inhibitors, and split applications may be used to reduce N lost during the growing season, improving N use efficiency and crop productivity. The objective of this study was to determine whether N management practices could improve corn (Zea mays L.) productivity with or without subsurface drainage on a fine-textured clay soil in eastern North Dakota. Five field trials were conducted in 2009 and 2010 in eastern North Dakota. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of N management practices [urease inhibitor n-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), starter fertilizer, nitrification inhibitor 2-Chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine (nitrapyrin), and split applications], N rates (56, 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha-1), and the presence of subsurface drainage (two environments). In both 2009 and 2010 there was no grain yield differences among drainage treatments. Differences in grain yield were observed with different N rates. Nitrogen management practices also affected grain yield. The interactions between N management practices and drainage were not significant. End of season stalk nitrate content showed differences in N availability with different N rates, but not N management practices. Neither NBPT nor the starter fertilizer significantly increased yield over the untreated check in any environment. Nitrapyrin significantly increased yield over the untreated check at Fargo in 2010. Increased N rates resulted in greater corn grain protein.