Bibliography: leaves 200-225 / xxiii, 225 leaves, [39] leaves of plates : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1984

Orientador: Renato de Mello Prado / Banca: Cid Naudi Silva Campos / Banca: Priscila Lupino Gratão / Resumo: A deficiência oculta de potássio (K) é comum em feijoeiro, mas o silício (Si) quando fornecido via solução nutritiva (raiz) ou via foliar pode aliviar os estresses ocasionados pela deficiência deste nutriente, entretanto, isso ainda não é conhecido nesta espécie. A partir disso, objetivou-se verificar a melhor fonte e concentração de Si aplicado via foliar, e se essa fonte fornecida via solução nutritiva e foliar é eficiente em mitigar os estresses por deficiência de potássio em feijoeiro. Para isso, foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação com plantas de feijão cultivadas em sistema hidropônico. Um estudo preliminar visou definir a melhor fonte e concentração de Si aplicados via foliar. O segundo experimento foi em esquema fatorial 2x3, com solução nutritiva deficiente (0,2 mmol L-1 de K) e suficiente (6 mmol L-1 de K) em potássio, e o fornecimento de Si foi via solução nutritiva (2 mmol L-1 de Si), foliar (5,36 mmol L-1 de Si) e controle (0 mmol L-1 de Si), disposto em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em 4 repetições. Foram avaliados parâmetros fisiológicos, nutricionais e crescimento das plantas. E verificou-se que a pulverização foliar com Si foi viável agronomicamente para o feijoeiro, destacando-se o silicato de sódio e potássio estabilizado na concentração de 5,36 mmol L-1. A deficiência de K causou prejuízo no desenvolvimento das plantas de feijão que não receberam Si. O Si mitigou estresses por deficiência de K no feijoeiro devido a melhoria d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Undetected potassium (K) deficiency is common in bean plants. Although silicon (Si) supplied via nutrient solution (roots) or foliar application may alleviate the resulting stress, it remains unknown in this species. This pioneering study aimed to determine the best source and concentration of leaf-applied Si, and whether providing it via nutrient solution and foliar application is efficient in alleviating K deficiency stress in bean plants. To that end, two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with bean plants grown in a hydroponic system. Due to the lack of reliable information for the bean plant, a preliminary study aimed at determining the best leaf-applied source and concentration of Si. The second experiment used a completely randomized 2x3 factorial design, with deficient (0.2 mmol L-1 of K) and sufficient potassium solution (6 mmol L-1 of K), Si supplied via nutrient solution (2 mmol L-1 of Si), foliar application (5.36 mmol L -1 of Si) and controls (0 mmol L-1 of Si), and 4 repetitions. Physiological, nutritional and plant growth parameters were measured. Foliar spraying with Si was agronomically feasible for the bean plant, with silicate of sodium and potassium stabilized at a concentration of 5.36 mmol L -1 . K deficiency without the addition of Si compromised plant growth. Si mitigated K deficiency stress in the bean plant due to enhanced nutritional, physiological and growth variables, underscoring Si supply via nutrient solution over foliar application, al... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Fernando Broetto / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Marcelo Leonardo / Banca: Douglas José Marques / Banca: Maria Marcia Pereira Sartori / Resumo: O amendoim é uma cultura de interesse econômico para o estado de São Paulo, principalmente para renovação de canaviais e pastagens na região oeste do estado. Nesta região, os crescentes custos de produção do amendoim acompanhados por baixo rendimento por área devido à suscetibilidade às variações climáticas são influências negativas e contribuem para desestimular a produção dessa cultura. Nesse âmbito, a associação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) e suplementação com bioestimulante a base de extrato solúvel de algas (Ascophyllum nodosum) (ESA) podem promover melhorias no crescimento e desenvolvimento da planta, além de atenuarem os efeitos negativos provocados pela deficiência hídrica. As plantas foram cultivadas em estufa agrícola, com monitoramento das relações hídricas além do estudo de trocas gasosas, análise de crescimento, análises microbiológicas e de produção, bem como das respostas metabólicas das plantas em função dos tratamentos. A presente pesquisa valida os benefícios para a cultura do amendoim quando em associação com os FMAs e / ou com a suplementação com o ESA, pois além de incrementarem o crescimento e taxa de assimilação líquida de carbono nas plantas em condições hidratadas, mantiveram o status hídrico das plantas e proveram também o acionamento de enzimas do complexo antioxidativo nas plantas em condições de deficiência hídrica moderada e severa. / Abstract: Water is essential element for plant development and its absence or deficiency induces physiological changes with severe consequences for productivity. Peanut is a culture of economic interest to the State of São Paulo especially in the western region. In this region, the increasing of production costs in peanuts is associate by low yield due to susceptibility to climate variations, such as dry seasons. They are negative influences and do not contribute to production in that crop. In this context, the association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and supplementation with biostimulant based on soluble algal extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) (ESA) can promote improvements in plant growth and development, as well as attenuate the negative effects caused by water deficiency. The plants grown in a greenhouse with monitoring of water relations in addition to the study of gas exchange parameters, growth analysis, microbiological analysis, production, and metabolic responses of plants in the treatments. The present study validates the benefits for peanut cultivation with fungus and/or seaweed extract supplementation. Plants under hydrated conditions had better performance in growth and carbon assimilation rate and under conditions of moderate and severe water deficiency.of, they maintained water status of the plants... / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-10-09. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-27T13:45:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000868507_20161020.pdf: 285189 bytes, checksum: b85306372b47acfd2d205957d3ba6810 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-10-21T11:52:44Z: 000868507_20161020.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-10-21T11:53:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000868507.pdf: 2029237 bytes, checksum: d3b1875d2d1132ea3143df460c8cda27 (MD5) / A aplicação energética dos subprodutos da cana-de-açúcar faz dessa cultura uma das líderes em investimentos do agronegócio internacional. Para suprir a demanda mundial e expandir o setor sucroenergético, estratégias de engenharia genética que possam gerar plantas transgênicas mais tolerantes a estreses bióticos e abióticos podem ser uma alternativa para ganhos de produtividade. Um dos mecanismos mais utilizados em plantas para minimizar os efeitos causados por estresses é o acúmulo de solutos. Entre eles, pode ser destacada a família de oligossacarídeos da rafinose (RFOs). Ela é formada a partir da adição sucessiva de radicais galactosil a uma molécula de sacarose, em reação catalisada pelas enzimas galactinol sintase (GolS), rafinose sintase e estaquiose sintase. A GolS é considerada o passo-chave de regulação da síntese de RFOs em plantas modelo. Embora a compreensão das etapas moleculares da produção de RFOs e sua modulação por estresses abióticos tenham potencial de contribuir na tolerância a estresses em plantas, esta estratégia é pouco compreendida em gramíneas, entre elas a cana-de-açúcar. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho pretende compreender aspectos moleculares relativos à produção de RFOs em cana-de-açúcar e sua relação com estresses abióticos e desenvolvimento. Para tanto, foram avaliados transcricionalmente genes relacionados a síntese de RFOs em cana sob estresse hídrico, bem como obteve-se plantas transgênicas com expressão constitutiva do gene CaGolS2, uma galactinol sintase de cafeeiro. Sob estresse hídrico, gene ScGolS1 teve seu nível transcricional reduzido em folhas e induzido em colmo. ScRFS1 nos dois tecidos tem o padrão transcricional diretamente relacionado ao aumento da severidade do estresse, e o mesmo é observado em ScSTS1. Foram também obtidos 10 eventos transgênicos de cana-de-açúcar com a região codificante do gene CaGolS2 de Coffea arabica, dos quais... / Bioenergy application of sugarcane byproducts are making this crop one of the most important in the international agribusiness investments. To meet global demand and expand the sugarcane sector, genetic engineering strategies generating transgenic plants more tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is a promising to improve productivity. One of the most relevant mechanism related to stress tolerance in plants involves the accumulation of distinct solutes. The Raffinose Oligosaccharids Family synthesis starts from the successive addition of galactosyl radicals to a sucrose molecule, in a reaction catalyzed by galactinol synthase (GolS), raffinose synthase and stachyose synthase. GolS plays a key role in RFOs production in model plants. Although the stress-responsive action of RFOs may improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants, these mechanisms are almost completely unknown in grasses, like sugarcane. In this context, this study aims to understand molecular aspects of RFOs synthesis and its relation with abiotic stresses. We have evaluated the transcriptional level of genes related RFOs synthesis under water stress and we produced transgenic plants constitutively expressing a coffee galactinol synthase (CaGolS2). Under water stress, ScGolS1 was downregulated in leaves, but upregulated in stems. ScRFS1 and ScSTS1 were upregulated in both tissues, in a direct correlation between transcription level and stress. We produced 10 transgenic events containing the coding region of CaGolS2; in six events, the transgene were transcriptionally active. Transgenic plants presented differences in morphology and carbon assimilation when compared to non-transgenic controls. Overall, we inferred that the stress-responsive pattern of RFO synthesis genes might help carbon relocation during water stress. Raffinose and stachyose seems to have greater impact than galactinol in this process. Furthermore, CaGolS2 transgenic plants have promising traits for...

Plants possess a complex and poorly understood network of defence mechanisms that enable them to counteract the effects of abiotic and biotic stress. Aphid phloem feeding is source of biotic stress in plants. Russian wheat aphid and Bird Cherry-Oat aphid feeding cause significant losses in the annual wheat crop, and control by conventional methods such as pesticide application, has proved to be ineffective. Infestation by the Russian wheat aphid has a particularly devastating effect in South Africa. Aphid-resistant wheat cultivars have been identified but an incomplete understanding of the mechanism of the plant’s resistance thwarts the development of improved cultivars. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis method was developed, partially optimised and validated in order to determine the effect of Russian wheat aphid and Bird Cherry-Oat aphid phloem feeding on the Betta and Betta DN wheat proteome. Differentially expressed proteins that were up or down regulated more than two fold were identified using PDQuest™ Basic software and matched to known wheat proteins stored in the SwissProt protein database on the basis of their molecular mass and isolectric point. Initial analysis of the differential protein expression of Betta and Betta DN wheat in response to Russian wheat aphid and Bird Cherry-Oat aphid phloem feeding at different growth stages revealed that younger plants display higher levels of resistance than older plants. Feeding by the Bird-Cherry Oat aphid does not result in the upregulation of proteins implicated in a defence response, which indicates that the damage incurred by the plant due to feeding by this aphid is not enough to trigger a classic defence response. Feeding by the more damaging Russian wheat aphid resulted in a stress response in susceptible wheat cultivar Betta, and a defence response in resistant wheat cultivar Betta DN. The infestation of Betta DN resulted in the upregulation of putative thaumatins and amylase trypsin inhibitors, indicating that the Betta DN resistance response could be due to the combined effect of protease inhibitors that discourage aphid phloem feeding and the activation of the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid plant defence pathways.

Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document / Thesis (PhD (Botany))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Orientador: Douglas Silva Domingues / Banca: Danilo Centeno / Banca: Monalisa Sampaio Carneiro / Resumo: A aplicação energética dos subprodutos da cana-de-açúcar faz dessa cultura uma das líderes em investimentos do agronegócio internacional. Para suprir a demanda mundial e expandir o setor sucroenergético, estratégias de engenharia genética que possam gerar plantas transgênicas mais tolerantes a estreses bióticos e abióticos podem ser uma alternativa para ganhos de produtividade. Um dos mecanismos mais utilizados em plantas para minimizar os efeitos causados por estresses é o acúmulo de solutos. Entre eles, pode ser destacada a família de oligossacarídeos da rafinose (RFOs). Ela é formada a partir da adição sucessiva de radicais galactosil a uma molécula de sacarose, em reação catalisada pelas enzimas galactinol sintase (GolS), rafinose sintase e estaquiose sintase. A GolS é considerada o passo-chave de regulação da síntese de RFOs em plantas modelo. Embora a compreensão das etapas moleculares da produção de RFOs e sua modulação por estresses abióticos tenham potencial de contribuir na tolerância a estresses em plantas, esta estratégia é pouco compreendida em gramíneas, entre elas a cana-de-açúcar. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho pretende compreender aspectos moleculares relativos à produção de RFOs em cana-de-açúcar e sua relação com estresses abióticos e desenvolvimento. Para tanto, foram avaliados transcricionalmente genes relacionados a síntese de RFOs em cana sob estresse hídrico, bem como obteve-se plantas transgênicas com expressão constitutiva do gene CaGolS2, uma galactinol sintase de cafeeiro. Sob estresse hídrico, gene ScGolS1 teve seu nível transcricional reduzido em folhas e induzido em colmo. ScRFS1 nos dois tecidos tem o padrão transcricional diretamente relacionado ao aumento da severidade do estresse, e o mesmo é observado em ScSTS1. Foram também obtidos 10 eventos transgênicos de cana-de-açúcar com a região codificante do gene CaGolS2 de Coffea arabica, dos quais... / Abstract: Bioenergy application of sugarcane byproducts are making this crop one of the most important in the international agribusiness investments. To meet global demand and expand the sugarcane sector, genetic engineering strategies generating transgenic plants more tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is a promising to improve productivity. One of the most relevant mechanism related to stress tolerance in plants involves the accumulation of distinct solutes. The Raffinose Oligosaccharids Family synthesis starts from the successive addition of galactosyl radicals to a sucrose molecule, in a reaction catalyzed by galactinol synthase (GolS), raffinose synthase and stachyose synthase. GolS plays a key role in RFOs production in model plants. Although the stress-responsive action of RFOs may improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants, these mechanisms are almost completely unknown in grasses, like sugarcane. In this context, this study aims to understand molecular aspects of RFOs synthesis and its relation with abiotic stresses. We have evaluated the transcriptional level of genes related RFOs synthesis under water stress and we produced transgenic plants constitutively expressing a coffee galactinol synthase (CaGolS2). Under water stress, ScGolS1 was downregulated in leaves, but upregulated in stems. ScRFS1 and ScSTS1 were upregulated in both tissues, in a direct correlation between transcription level and stress. We produced 10 transgenic events containing the coding region of CaGolS2; in six events, the transgene were transcriptionally active. Transgenic plants presented differences in morphology and carbon assimilation when compared to non-transgenic controls. Overall, we inferred that the stress-responsive pattern of RFO synthesis genes might help carbon relocation during water stress. Raffinose and stachyose seems to have greater impact than galactinol in this process. Furthermore, CaGolS2 transgenic plants have promising traits for... / Mestre

Orientador: Carmen Regina Marcati / Coorientador: Magali Ribeiro da Silva / Resumo: Em ambientes tropicais, a disponibilidade hídrica é um dos principais fatores que interferem na atividade cambial das espécies vegetais. Estudos recentes, em campo, indicam também o comprimento do dia e a temperatura como sinalizadores importantes da atividade cambial nestas espécies. Este estudo experimental visa contribuir para o entendimento da influência dos fatores abióticos, água, comprimento do dia e temperatura, na atividade cambial em plantas com um ano de idade de Cordiera concolor (Cham.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae). A espécie, sempre-verde e arbustiva, é nativa, comum no cerrado paulista, e possui camadas de crescimento demarcadas por faixas marginais de parênquima axial. Realizamos dois experimentos (n=45 plantas cada um), sob regime hídrico controlado e sob comprimento do dia e temperatura naturais, um no início da primavera, quando o fotoperíodo aumenta de 11 para 12 horas e a temperatura média é de 19,9ºC e outro no final do verão, quando o fotoperíodo diminui de 12 horas para 11 horas e a temperatura média é de 23,9ºC, ambos durante cinco semanas. Cada experimento continha os mesmos três tratamentos hídricos, com 15 plantas cada, obtidos a partir de uma curva de retenção hídrica de solo de cerrado sensu stricto: saturação hídrica (21% de umidade), capacidade de campo (8% de umidade) e deficiência hídrica (3% de umidade). Ao final de cada semana, sorteamos três plantas de cada tratamento e coletamos a região mais desenvolvida do eixo caulinar. Obtivemos secções transve... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In tropics, the water availability is one of the main factors interfering in the cambial activity of plants. Recent studies, in the field, also indicate that day length and temperature are important signals of the cambial activity in tropical plants. This experimental study aims to contribute for understanding the role of these abiotic factors (water, day length and temperature) on cambial activity in 1-year-old plants of Cordiera concolor (Cham.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae). This species, evergreen and shrubby, is native and common in Cerrado of São Paulo, and have growth layers demarcated by axial parenchyma marginal bands. We conducted two experiments (n = 45 plants, each), under controlled water regimes and under natural day length and temperature, one in early spring, when the day length increases from 11 hours to 12 hours and mean temperature is 19,9ºC and another in late summer, when day length decreases from 12 hours to 11 hours and mean temperature is 23,9ºC, both for five weeks. Each experiment contained the same three water treatments, obtained from a water retention curve of cerrado soil, with 15 plants each: waterlogging (21% moisture), field capacity (8% moisture) and water deficit (3% moisture). At the end of each week, we randomly selected three plants of each treatment and collected the most developed region of the main stem. We obtained transverse and tangential and radial sections for cambial activity analyses. We identified cambial activity by mitotic figures and the presence of recently formed periclinal cell walls. We used fifteen sequential radial rows in the cambial zone to count the newly formed periclinal cell walls. We analyzed the data using generalized linear models (GLM) which allowed us to observe that in early spring, regardless of the amount of water, the cambial activity is increased by day length. In late summer, the amount... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The objective of this study was to determine the leaf water relations, gas exchange, and growth of the bedding plant salvia Salvia splendens 'Bonfire‘ as influenced by moisture stress conditioning (MSC - exposing plants to 4 sublethal dry-down cycles) and potassium (K) nutrition. Plants were fertilized with one of six K rates: 25, 75, 150, 300, 450, and 600 ppm as KCl in experiment one. Seven weeks after seeding plants were subjected to MSC. MSC and increasing K rate resulted in osmotic adjustment and increased cellular turgor potentials. Foliar K content increased as osmotic potentials decreased due to treatment. Although there was no interaction, MSC and high K rates both reduced transpiration (E), leaf conductance (g₁), and daily gravimetric water loss during well watered conditions. Greatest shoot dry weight occurred for plants grown with 300 ppm K and no-MSC. Gas exchange of salvia as influenced by MSC during the onset of moisture stress was determined in experiment two. On day one following final irrigation, MSC plants had lower mid-day E, g₁, hourly gravimetric water loss per unit leaf area, and net photosynthesis (Pn) compared to controls, despite no differences in leaf water potential (ψ₁). Percentage of stomatal inhibition of Pn (SI) was greater for MSC plants than controls with no differences in mesophyllic resistance to CO₂ (r_m). On day two, MSC plants had greater Pn, E, g₁, and hourly gravimetric water loss per unit leaf area, while SI and r_m were lower than controls. MSC plants maintained positive Pn rates and turgor to lower ψ₁ than control plants. Water use efficiency (WUE) estimates for MSC plants were greater than for controls. Salvia plants were fertilized with 75, 300, or 600 ppm K to determine the influence of K rate on gas exchange during the onset of moisture stress in a third experiment. On day one following final irrigation, plants grown with K rates of 300 and 600 ppm had lower E, g₁, hourly gravimetric water loss per unit leaf area, and Pn compared to 75 ppm K plants. On day two, 600 ppm K plants had greater Pn, E, and g₁ as the experiment was terminated compared to plants grown with 75 ppm K, although ψ₁ was similar. Potassium rate had little affect on WUE. / Ph. D.

Thesis submitted to the Division of Science and Engineering. Bibliography: leaves 219-235.