Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells isolated from morula stage embryos or the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos. They are capable of differentiating into tissues of all three primary germ layers. In recent years pluripotent cell lines have been created from somatic cell types using various methods, the primary method being viral transduction of exogenous Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc or Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28 transgene constructs. The resulting cell lines are termed induced pluripotency stem cells, and are similar to embryonic stem cells in many ways. However, these cell lines are not acceptable for clinical applications due to the use of both modified viral vectors and insertion of exogenous transgenes in their production. Recently the small molecule RepSox, a TGF-ß pathway inhibitor, was used to replace Sox2 during cellular reprogramming of murine embryonic fibroblasts. We evaluated the effects of RepSox on expression of pathways related to pluripotency in murine embryonic fibroblast, murine embryonic stem, and bovine embryonic fibroblast cells. Each cell type was treated with RepSox for 72 hours and subjected to standard qPCR for gene expression analysis. PCR arrays specific to stem cell pathways were used to initially evaluate the effects of RepSox on candidate genes. A subset of genes was then selected for further analysis based on these initial results. We report that RepSox inhibition of the TGF-ß pathway in murine embryonic fibroblasts results in significant upregulation of components of the Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways, all of which have been linked to stem cell maintenance. In addition, we observed significant upregulation of genes associated with embryonic, mesenchymal, stem cell, and neural cell lineages, indicating that RepSox may be useful in direct reprogramming of murine cells to other somatic cell types. RepSox treatment of murine embryonic stem cells did not result in consistent upregulation of Wnt, Notch, or Hedgehog pathway components, but did result in upregulation of Sox2 and Klf4 expression. Lastly, RepSox treatment of bovine embryonic fibroblasts did not result in the same effects as seen in murine fibroblasts, indicating a need for further analysis to determine the effects of RepSox on bovine cells.

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells isolated from morula stage embryos or the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos. They are capable of differentiating into tissues of all three primary germ layers. In recent years pluripotent cell lines have been created from somatic cell types using various methods, the primary method being viral transduction of exogenous Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc or Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28 transgene constructs. The resulting cell lines are termed induced pluripotency stem cells, and are similar to embryonic stem cells in many ways. However, these cell lines are not acceptable for clinical applications due to the use of both modified viral vectors and insertion of exogenous transgenes in their production. Recently the small molecule RepSox, a TGF-ß pathway inhibitor, was used to replace Sox2 during cellular reprogramming of murine embryonic fibroblasts. We evaluated the effects of RepSox on expression of pathways related to pluripotency in murine embryonic fibroblast, murine embryonic stem, and bovine embryonic fibroblast cells. Each cell type was treated with RepSox for 72 hours and subjected to standard qPCR for gene expression analysis. PCR arrays specific to stem cell pathways were used to initially evaluate the effects of RepSox on candidate genes. A subset of genes was then selected for further analysis based on these initial results. We report that RepSox inhibition of the TGF-ß pathway in murine embryonic fibroblasts results in significant upregulation of components of the Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways, all of which have been linked to stem cell maintenance. In addition, we observed significant upregulation of genes associated with embryonic, mesenchymal, stem cell, and neural cell lineages, indicating that RepSox may be useful in direct reprogramming of murine cells to other somatic cell types. RepSox treatment of murine embryonic stem cells did not result in consistent upregulation of Wnt, Notch, or Hedgehog pathway components, but did result in upregulation of Sox2 and Klf4 expression. Lastly, RepSox treatment of bovine embryonic fibroblasts did not result in the same effects as seen in murine fibroblasts, indicating a need for further analysis to determine the effects of RepSox on bovine cells.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23779号 / 医博第4825号 / 新制||医||1057(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 玄, 教授 篠原 隆司, 教授 斎藤 通紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No intuito de descrever a evolução do desenvolvimento do concepto bubalino entre 10 e 60 dias de gestação, esse estudo utilizou a metodologia de mensuração por Crow rump para revelar a idade estimada de 96 embriões e fetos coletados no Matadouro municipal de Macapá, no estado do Amapá entre os anos de 2006 a 2008. Os parâmetros utilizados consistiram em medidas de comprimento (crânio caudal) e peso utilizando-se balança eletrônica de precisão. Para visualização macroscópica foram feitas fotografias, e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura auxiliou na identificação de inúmeras estruturas externas dos embriões. Foram realizados cortes histológicos de 5µm os quais foram corados em HE e picrosirius, e submetidos a técnicas de imunohistoquimica para detecção de Oct4, PCNA e vimentina. Nossos resultados revelam que embriões de mamíferos até a 5° semana de gestação são muito semelhantes aos de outras espécies de mamíferos já estudados. Similaridades entre bovinos e bubalinos persistem com exceção dos estágios fetais onde aparentemente búfalos se desenvolvem mais rapidamente que bovinos. Em conclusão, o estudo indica características importantes que podem ser utilizadas para verificar a viabilidade de embriões de búfalos e auxiliar avaliações em exames complementares como os de ultrassonografia, e também indicam a presença de importantes sítios de células pluripotentes em regiões diferentes do embrião dependendo do estágio de desenvolvimento em que o mesmo se encontra. / The aim of this study was to describe the developmental changes in the bubaline conceptus from 10-60 days of gestation using the Crown rump methodology to diagnostic the estimated age of those 96 embryos and fetuses obtained at Matadouro Municipal de Macapá, on Amapá state, from 2006 until 2008. Parameters used were cranio-caudal length (CR) and weight. For macroscopic view photographies were done, Scanning electron microscopy helps to identify inumerous external structures of the embryos. Histotogic section of 5µm were done and stained using Hematoxilin-Eosin, picrosirius, and also subjected to immunohistochemistry for Oct4, PCNA and vimentin were evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy was used in fetal membranes to describe it better. The obtained results revealed that mammal embryos until 5th weeks of gestation has to much similar characteristics to others studied species. Similarities between bovine and bubaline persist; except on fetal stages that buffalos seems develop faster than bovine ones. In conclusion, the overall data indicated the important characteristics that can be evaluated to verify the viability of buffalo embryos and help the evaluations of ultrasonographic exams, also identify the presence of important regions with pluripotente cells that changes according to the stage of the embryo development.

No intuito de descrever a evolução do desenvolvimento do concepto bubalino entre 10 e 60 dias de gestação, esse estudo utilizou a metodologia de mensuração por Crow rump para revelar a idade estimada de 96 embriões e fetos coletados no Matadouro municipal de Macapá, no estado do Amapá entre os anos de 2006 a 2008. Os parâmetros utilizados consistiram em medidas de comprimento (crânio caudal) e peso utilizando-se balança eletrônica de precisão. Para visualização macroscópica foram feitas fotografias, e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura auxiliou na identificação de inúmeras estruturas externas dos embriões. Foram realizados cortes histológicos de 5µm os quais foram corados em HE e picrosirius, e submetidos a técnicas de imunohistoquimica para detecção de Oct4, PCNA e vimentina. Nossos resultados revelam que embriões de mamíferos até a 5° semana de gestação são muito semelhantes aos de outras espécies de mamíferos já estudados. Similaridades entre bovinos e bubalinos persistem com exceção dos estágios fetais onde aparentemente búfalos se desenvolvem mais rapidamente que bovinos. Em conclusão, o estudo indica características importantes que podem ser utilizadas para verificar a viabilidade de embriões de búfalos e auxiliar avaliações em exames complementares como os de ultrassonografia, e também indicam a presença de importantes sítios de células pluripotentes em regiões diferentes do embrião dependendo do estágio de desenvolvimento em que o mesmo se encontra. / The aim of this study was to describe the developmental changes in the bubaline conceptus from 10-60 days of gestation using the Crown rump methodology to diagnostic the estimated age of those 96 embryos and fetuses obtained at Matadouro Municipal de Macapá, on Amapá state, from 2006 until 2008. Parameters used were cranio-caudal length (CR) and weight. For macroscopic view photographies were done, Scanning electron microscopy helps to identify inumerous external structures of the embryos. Histotogic section of 5µm were done and stained using Hematoxilin-Eosin, picrosirius, and also subjected to immunohistochemistry for Oct4, PCNA and vimentin were evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy was used in fetal membranes to describe it better. The obtained results revealed that mammal embryos until 5th weeks of gestation has to much similar characteristics to others studied species. Similarities between bovine and bubaline persist; except on fetal stages that buffalos seems develop faster than bovine ones. In conclusion, the overall data indicated the important characteristics that can be evaluated to verify the viability of buffalo embryos and help the evaluations of ultrasonographic exams, also identify the presence of important regions with pluripotente cells that changes according to the stage of the embryo development.